AP BIOLOGY

REVIEW SESSION 4

Regulatorygene Promoter

DNA

Gene 1Operator

A typical operon

Gene 2Gene 3

Encodes repressorthat in active formattaches to operator

RNApolymerasebinding site

Switches operonon or off

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Early embryoresulting fromnuclear trans-plantation

Surrogatemother

Cloneof donor

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Early embryoresulting fromnuclear trans-plantation

Embryonicstem cellsin culture

Specializedcells

Generegulation

(a)prokaryoticgenes oftengrouped into

in eukaryotesmay involve when

abnormalmay lead to

can produce

is a normal gene thatcan be mutated to an

oncogene

can cause

(c)

(g)(f)

multiple mRNAsper genetranscription

femalemammals

(e)

(d)

(b)

operons

areswitchedon/off by

in activeform binds to

controlled byprotein called

occurs in are proteinsthat promote

1.EXPLAIN HOW PROKARYOTIC GENE CONTROL OCCURS IN THE OPERON

2.DESCRIBE THE CONTROL POINTS IN EXPRESSION OF A EUKARYOTIC GENE

3.DESCRIBE DNA PACKING AND EXPLAIN HOW IT IS RELATED TO GENE EXPRESSION

4.EXPLAIN HOW ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING AND MICRORNAS AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION

5.COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC GENES

YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO

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6.DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TERMS IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS: PROMOTER—OPERATOR; ONCOGENE—TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; REPRODUCTIVE CLONING— THERAPEUTIC CLONING

7.DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: BARR BODY, CARCINOGEN, DNA MICROARRAY, HOMEOTIC GENE; STEM CELL; X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION

8.DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, EXPLAIN HOW IT RELATES TO YEAST MATING, AND EXPLAIN HOW IT IS DISRUPTED IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT

YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO

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9. EXPLAIN HOW CASCADES OF GENE EXPRESSION AFFECT DEVELOPMENT

10.COMPARE AND CONTRAST TECHNIQUES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CLONING

11.DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF MUTATIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO CANCER

12.IDENTIFY LIFESTYLE CHOICES THAT CAN REDUCE CANCER RISK

YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bacterialclone

DNAfragments

Cut Bacterium

Recombinantbacteria

Genomic library

RecombinantDNA

plasmids

Cut

Plasmids

Longer fragmentsmove slower

Powersource

Shorter fragmentsmove faster

Mixture of DNA fragments

A “band” is acollection of DNAfragments of oneparticular length

DNA attracted to +pole due to PO4

– groups

Bacterialplasmids

(a)

(b)

are copied via

treated with

DNAamplified

via

treated with

DNAsample

(c)

DNAfragments

sorted by size via

Recombinant plasmidsare insertedinto bacteria

Add

(d)

ParticularDNA

sequencehighlighted

(e)

Collectionis called a

(f)

Bacterialplasmids

(a)

(b)

treated with

DNAamplified

via

treated with

DNAsample

are copied via

(c)

DNAfragments

sorted by size via

Recombinant plasmidsare insertedinto bacteria

Add

(d)

ParticularDNA

sequencehighlighted

(e)

Collectionis called a

(f)

(b)

1.DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TERMS IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS: RESTRICTION ENZYME—DNA LIGASE; GM ORGANISM—TRANSGENIC ORGANISM; SNP—RFLP; GENOMICS—PROTEOMICS

2.DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: CDNA, GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, GENE CLONING, GENOMIC LIBRARY, “PHARM” ANIMAL, PLASMID, PROBE, RECOMBINANT DNA, REPETITIVE DNA, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, STR, TAQ POLYMERASE, VECTOR, WHOLE-GENOME SHOTGUN METHOD

3.DESCRIBE HOW GENES ARE CLONED

YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO

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4.DESCRIBE HOW A PROBE IS USED TO IDENTIFY A GENE OF INTEREST

5.DESCRIBE HOW GENE THERAPY HAS BEEN ATTEMPTED AND IDENTIFY CHALLENGES TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS TREATMENT APPROACH

6.DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE USE OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS IN PRODUCING RECOMBINANT DNA PRODUCTS

7.IDENTIFY ADVANTAGES TO PRODUCING PHARMACEUTICALS WITH RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• WHAT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH GENOTYPE BECOMES EXPRESSED AS PHENOTYPE?

• A. GENE EXPRESSION

• B. PHENOGENESIS

• C. TRANSCRIPTION

• D. RECOMBINATION

ANSWER

• TO INITIATE TRANSCRIPTION, RNA POLYMERASE BINDS TO A(N) _______.

• A. OPERATOR

• B. EXON

• C. PROMOTER

• D. REGULATORY GENE

ANSWER

• GENETICALLY IDENTICAL ORGANISMS ARE CALLED __________________.

• A. OPERONS

• B. CLONES

• C. MICROARRAYS

• D. HOMEOTICS

ANSWER

• CANCER-CAUSING GENES ARE CALLED ________________.

• A. PATHOGENES

• B. ONCOGENES

• C. HOMEOTIC GENES

• D. CANCOGENES

ANSWER

• WHAT SUBSTANCE IS KNOWN TO CAUSE MORE CASES AND TYPES OF CANCER THAN ANY OTHER?

• A. ALCOHOL

• B. FOOD COLORING

• C. TOBACCO

• D. CAFFEINE

ANSWER

• WHAT IS RECOMBINANT DNA?

• A. DNA THAT IS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF CROSSING OVER

• B. DNA THAT CARRIES GENES FROM DIFFERENT ORGANISMS

• C. DNA THAT CARRIES ONCOGENES

• D. AN ALTERNATE FORM OF DNA THAT IS THE PRODUCT OF MUTATION

ANSWER

• HOW DOES A VACCINE WORK?

• A. IT INHIBITS BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

• B. IT KILLS CELLS INFECTED WITH A VIRUS

• C. IT PROVIDES TEMPORARY IMMUNITY TO A PATHOGEN

• D. IT STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

ANSWER

• RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE OBTAINED FROM ______.

• A. ARCHAEA

• B. BACTERIA

• C. EUKARYOTES

• D. RETROVIRUSES

ANSWER

• WHAT NAME IS GIVEN TO A REGION OF DNA THAT IS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF IDENTICAL TWINS, UNIQUE TO EACH INDIVIDUAL?

• A. GENETIC MARKER

• B. CODON

• C. GENETIC PROBE

• D. RESTRICTION FRAGMENT

ANSWER

• GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SEPARATES DNA FRAGMENTS PRIMARILY ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCES IN THEIR __________.

• A. G:T RATIO

• B. C:T RATIO

• C. A:G RATIO

• D. LENGTHANSWER