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CHAPTER 7 MEMBRANE STUCTURE

AND FUNCTION

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Study guide #20-27

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Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Governs biological systems!Universe tends to disorder!

Diffusion –movement from high>low concentration of THAT SUBSTANCE!

diffusion

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Diffusion of 2 Solutes

Each substance diffuses down its own concentration gradient, independent of concentration

gradient of any other substance.

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Diffusion•PASSIVE TRANSPORT

•No energy required

•So – How does that happen?

Brownian Motion

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Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane Water is very important to life,

so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from

high concentration of water to low concentration of water across a

semi-permeable membrane

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Concentration of water Direction of osmosis is determined by

comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

hypotonic hypertonic

water

net movement of water

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Osmosis 250 times the volume of cell/second! Osmosis = NET movement of water across a

selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentration on either side of the memrane.

“Free” water moves Less solute = more free water Water flows from low solute [ ] to high solute [ ] Until equilibrium

Slide 2

osmosis

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Osmosis

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What determines when and what direction water will move?

3 molecules of albumin 15 molecules of glucose

66,000 mw 180 mw

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Isotonic? Hypertonic? Hypotonic?

A & B are isotonic

A & B are hypertonic to C

C is hypotonic to A and B

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Osmotic Pressure Pressure generated by diffusion of water across

a membrane When pressure is equal water flow will stop Called “hydrostatic pressure” – water-stopping

pressure Osmolarity- [ ] in terms of # of particles in a

volume of liquid 1 osmolar soln = 1 M of osmoltically active

particles per liter.

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Red Blood Cells in NaCl solutions100mOs 500 mOs

hypotonic

isotonic

hypertonic

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Osmosis problems

Hydrostatic generator

Osmosis problems

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EndDiffusionOsmosis

Cell membrane

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The Cell Membrane

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Overview Cell membrane separates living cell from

nonliving surroundings thin barrier = 8nm thick

Controls traffic in & out of the cell selectively permeable allows some substances to cross more easily

than others hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

Made of phospholipids, proteins & other macromolecules

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Phospholipids

Fatty acid

Phosphate

Fatty acid tails hydrophobic

Phosphate group head hydrophilic

Arranged as a bilayer

Aaaah, one of those

structure–functionexamples

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Phospholipid bilayer

polarhydrophilic

heads

nonpolarhydrophobic

tails

polarhydrophilic

heads

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Two generations of membrane models

How do we know?

phospholipid bilayer -1920’s;

1930-60’s; models from EM views;

??-Not as hydrophyllic as pure PL’s?

D & D - Hydrophyllic Protein sandwich

??- all membranes identical???

??-amphipathic proteins? Solubile in H2O

hydrophobic region in aqueous?

1972; Singer, Nicholson

Dispersion model

Hydrophyllic regions in aqueous

Hydrophobic in hydrophobic PL

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL!

Freeze Fracture evidence

Permanent model????

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More than lipids… In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson

proposed that membrane proteins are inserted into the phospholipid bilayer

It’s like a fluid…It’s like a mosaic…

It’s the Fluid Mosaic Model!

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Evidence for the drifting of membrane proteins

Other Evidence: microsurgery on cells

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Membranes are fluid- like salad oil!

•held in place weak hydrophobic interactions•PL’S drift laterally •rarely flip-flop between layers

•larger proteins move slower•some proteins guided by cytoskeleton “motors”•some proteins anchored by cytoskeleton

Fluid Membrane

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Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer

Extracellular fluid

Cholesterol

Cytoplasm

Glycolipid

Transmembraneproteins

Filaments ofcytoskeleton

Peripheralprotein

Glycoprotein

Phospholipids

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The fluidity of membranes

Maintains and increases/decreases

fluidity

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Fluidity influenced by temperature

cool - more solid- PL’s closely packedif rich in unsaturated fatty acids - more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids - kinks prevent tight packingcholesterol steroid- wedged between PL’s of animal cells•warm -limits mvmnt. of PL’s, reduces fluidity•cool - maintains fluidity, prevents tight packing-EX: salmon

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•Must be fluidto work w/ enzymes & be permeable

•Cells alter lipid makeup to adjust for temp. changes

EX: cold organisms ( winter wheat, salmon, bears) increase % of unsat PL’s in autumn - prevents solidifying membranes

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Membrane fat composition varies Fat composition affects flexibility

membrane must be fluid & flexible about as fluid as thick salad oil

% unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids keep membrane less viscous cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat

increase % in autumn cholesterol in membrane

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Why areproteins the perfect

molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?

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Classes of amino acidsWhat do these amino acids have in common?

nonpolar & hydrophobic

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Classes of amino acidsWhat do these amino acids have in common?

polar & hydrophilic

I like thepolar onesthe best!

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Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions

cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins

Membrane proteins: peripheral proteins

loosely bound to surface of membrane cell surface identity marker (antigens)

integral proteins penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane transmembrane protein transport proteins

channels, permeases (pumps)

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2 major types of membrane proteins.Peripheral proteins - not embedded; bound

to inner/outer surface; may be connected to integral proteinsIntegral proteins - penetrate bilayer; - Transmembrane protein

•hydrophobic regions of nonpolar aa’s in contact with bilayer core; often alpha helices•hydrophilic regions of aa’s in contact w/ environment – beta pleated

- Unilateral – partially through; coupled

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Protein’s domain anchor molecule Within membrane

nonpolar amino acids hydrophobic anchors protein

into membrane On outer surfaces of

membrane polar amino acids

hydrophilic extend into

extracellular fluid & into cytosol

Polar areasof protein

Nonpolar areas of protein

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NH2

H+

COOH

Cytoplasm

Retinalchromophore

Nonpolar(hydrophobic)-helices in thecell membrane H+

Porin monomer-pleated sheets

Bacterialoutermembrane

proton pump channel in photosynthetic bacteria

water channel in bacteria

function through conformational change = shape change

Examples

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Many Functions of Membrane Proteins

Outside

Plasmamembrane

InsideTransporter Cell surface

receptorEnzymeactivity

Cell surface identity marker

Attachment to thecytoskeleton

Cell adhesion

UniportSymportAntiport

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Membrane carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition

ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens

important in organ & tissue development

basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system

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Some proteins reinforce shape of cell•cytoplasmic side, •some connect to cytoskeleton

• exterior side, •some attach to fibers of ECM

•ECM = extracellular matrix

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Sidedness of the plasma membrane

What makes the

endomembrane system

work?

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embranes are bifacial and sided•may differ in lipid composition•proteins have a direction orientation•outer surface has carbo’s•asymmetry begins w/ synthesis in ER•proteins in plasma membrane provide a variety of major cell functions

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The detailed structure of an animal cell’s plasma membrane, in cross section

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Cell-cell recognition = distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

important in cell sorting•organization into tissues and organs during development

basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system

•key in on surface molecules, often carbs

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Carbo’s - usually branched oligosaccharides = < 15

monomers•may be covalently bonded to •lipids= glycolipids •proteins = glycoproteins

•external OS’s vary from species to species, individual to individual, and even from cell type to cell type w/in same individual - identification

marks each cell type as distinct•blood types (A, B, AB, O)-RBCs

•Glycocalyx of animal cells – fuzzy!

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End membranes

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Movement across the Cell Membrane

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Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

governs biological systems universe tends towards disorder (entropy)

Diffusion movement from high low concentration

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Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration

“passive transport” no energy needed

diffusion osmosis

movement of water

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Diffusion across cell membrane Cell membrane is the boundary between

inside & outside… separates cell from its environment

INfoodcarbohydratessugars, proteinsamino acidslipidssalts, O2, H2O

OUTwasteammoniasaltsCO2

H2O products

cell needs materials in & products or waste out

IN

OUT

Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO!

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Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer What molecules can get through directly?

fats & other lipids

inside cell

outside cell

lipidsalt

aa H2Osugar

NH3

What molecules can NOT get through directly?

polar molecules H2O

ions salts, ammonia

large molecules starches, proteins

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Channels through cell membrane Membrane becomes semi-permeable

with protein channels specific channels allow specific material

across cell membrane

inside cell

outside cell

sugaraaH2O

saltNH3

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Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion through protein channels

channels move specific molecules across cell membrane

no energy needed

“The Bouncer”

open channel = fast transportfacilitated = with help

high

low

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Active Transport

“The Doorman”

conformational change

Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient shape change transports solute from

one side of membrane to other protein “pump” “costs” energy = ATP

ATP

low

high

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Active transport Many models & mechanisms

ATP ATP

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Getting through cell membrane Passive Transport

Simple diffusion diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

lipids high low concentration gradient

Facilitated transport diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel

high low concentration gradient Active transport

diffusion against concentration gradient low high

uses a protein pump requires ATP

ATP

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Transport summarysimplediffusion

facilitateddiffusion

activetransport

ATP

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How about large molecules? Moving large molecules into & out of cell

through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis

phagocytosis = “cellular eating” pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”

exocytosis

exocytosis

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Endocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

fuse with lysosome for digestion

non-specificprocess

triggered bymolecular signal

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The Special Case of Water

Movement of water across the cell membrane

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Osmosis is diffusion of water Water is very important to life,

so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from

high concentration of water to low concentration of water across a

semi-permeable membrane

AP Biology

Concentration of water Direction of osmosis is determined by

comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

hypotonic hypertonic

water

net movement of water

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Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing

water uptake & loss

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Managing water balance Isotonic

animal cell immersed in mild salt solution example:

blood cells in blood plasma problem: none

no net movement of water flows across membrane

equally, in both directionsvolume of cell is stable

balanced

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Managing water balance Hypotonic

a cell in fresh water example: Paramecium problem: gains water,

swells & can burst water continually enters

Paramecium cell solution: contractile vacuole

pumps water out of cell ATP

plant cells turgid

freshwater

ATP

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Water regulation Contractile vacuole in Paramecium

ATP

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Managing water balance Hypertonic

a cell in salt water example: shellfish problem: lose water & die solution: take up water or

pump out salt plant cells

plasmolysis = wilt

saltwater

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Aquaporins Water moves rapidly into & out of cells

evidence that there were water channels

1991 | 2003

Peter AgreJohn Hopkins

Roderick MacKinnonRockefeller

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Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonicBeaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonicWhich way does the water flow? in or out of cell

.05 M .03 M

Osmosis…

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Any Questions??