AP Biology

Chapter 6:Types of Cells and Cell Structures

Fig: 6.3

LE 6-41 µm

1 µm

Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) Cilia

Longitudinalsection ofcilium

Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)

Cross sectionof cilium

LE 6-5a

Homogenization

HomogenateTissuecells

Differential centrifugation

LE 6-5b

Pellet rich innuclei andcellular debris

Pellet rich inmitochondria (and chloro-plasts if cellsare from a plant)

Pellet rich in“microsomes”(pieces of plasmamembranes andcells’ internalmembranes) Pellet rich in

ribosomes

150,000 g3 hr

80,000 g60 min

20,000 g20 min

1000 g(1000 times theforce of gravity)

10 min

Supernatant pouredinto next tube

Fig: 6.6

Fig: 6.9 (plant)

Fig: 6.9 (animal)

Fig: 6.7

LE 6-10

Close-up of nuclearenvelope

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane

Nuclear pore

Porecomplex

Ribosome

Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)

1 µm

Rough ER

Nucleus

1 µm

0.25 µm

Surface of nuclear envelope

Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.

Fig: 6.11

Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fig: 6.13

LE 6-14a

Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

1 µm

Plasmamembrane

Food vacuole

Lysosome

Nucleus

Digestiveenzymes

Digestion

Lysosome

Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes

Food vacuolefuses withlysosome

Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles

LE 6-14b

Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

1 µm

Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion

Mitochondrionfragment

Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles

Digestion

Lysosome

Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle

Peroxisomefragment

Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents

Central Vacuole of a plant

Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

LE 6-17

Mitochondrion

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Cristae

Matrix

100 nmMitochondrialDNA

Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix

Fig: 6.18

Cytoskeleton

LE 6-21a

Vesicle

Receptor formotor protein

Microtubuleof cytoskeleton

Motor protein(ATP powered)

ATP

Fig: 6.22

Fig: 6.23

LE 6-24

0.5 µm

Microtubules

PlasmamembraneBasal body

Plasmamembrane

0.1 µm

Cross section of basal body

Triplet

Outer microtubuledoublet

0.1 µm

Dynein arms

Centralmicrotubule

Cross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets

Radialspoke

LE 6-25b

Wavelike motion

Cross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets

ATP

Anchoragein cell

Effect of cross-linking proteins

Fig: 6.27

Fig: 49.30

Muscle Tissue under the Microscope

Fig: 6.28

LE 6-29a

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen

fiber

Fibronectin

Integrin Micro-filaments

CYTOPLASM

Plasmamembrane

LE 6-29b

Polysaccharidemolecule

Carbo-hydrates

Coreprotein

Proteoglycanmolecule

Proteoglycancomplex

Fig: 6.31

LE 6-30

Interiorof cell

Interiorof cell

0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Cell walls

Fig: 6.30

Fig: 40.5