AP Biology Animal Behavior Chapter 51 AP Biology Why study behavior? Ethology— the study of...
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Transcript of AP Biology Animal Behavior Chapter 51 AP Biology Why study behavior? Ethology— the study of...
AP Biology
Ethologypioneers in the study of animal behavior
Niko TinbergenKarl von Frisch
1941 | 1973
Konrad Lorenz
AP Biology
What is behavior? Behavior
Defined as observable and coordinated responses to environmental stimuli. Result of genetic & environmental factors
Innate Behaviors inherited, “instinctive” automatic & consistent “Built-in”, no “learning curve” Despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior Ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis
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Evolutionary perspective Learned behaviors
Modified by experience Variable, changeable
change with experience & environment
Flexible with a complex & changing environment
Ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior develops during animal’s lifetime
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Levels of Behavioral Analysis Proximate causes
Immediate stimulus & mechanism Genetic & environmental interaction Sensory motor mechanisms “how” & “what” questions
Ultimate causes evolutionary significance how does behavior
contribute to survival & reproduction
“why” questions
male songbird what triggers singing?
how does he sing? why does he sing?
male songbird what triggers singing?
how does he sing? why does he sing?
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
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Ex. Most people like fatty foods What is the proximate cause?
What is the ultimate cause?
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Answers Proximate cause-Because it tastes good
Ultimate cause- Because it is high in
calories which are the stuff the body needs to function
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Innate Behaviors-developmentally fixed Taxis Kinesis Migration FAP Animal Signals & Communication
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Innate Behaviors-Taxis Automatic response toward or away from a
stimulus. Automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or
from away (negative taxis) a stimulus phototaxis Chemotaxis
Examples: Trout are and swim upstream so as not to be
swept away.
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A change in the activity rate in response to a stimulus.
Randomly directed, unlike taxis. Example:
Sow bugs are more active in dry areas and less in humid ones; this keeps them in moist environments.
Innate Behaviors- Kinesis
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Innate behavior: Fixed action patterns (FAP) Unlearned Usually carried to completion once started Triggered by a sign stimulus
male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
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Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns? The “eyebrow-flash”
Digger wasp
Human babies always smile at a
mask with two dark spots for
eyes.
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Fixed Action Patterns Examples
Male stickleback fish will show aggression toward any shape that has a red area.
attack on red belly stimuluscourt on swollen belly stimulus
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Complex Innate behaviors Migration
“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity
Migration is learned, but how to learn them is innate Celestial navigation- by sun, stars, Earth magnetic
fields
Monarchmigration
Sandpiper
ancient fly-ways
Bobolink Golden plover
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Examples of Migration Monarch butterflies from our area migrate to
Mexico in the fall and the next generation flies north in the spring.
Snow geese fly 2,700 km from James Bay, Canada to Louisiana nonstop in 60 hours.
The green sea turtle migrates 2,200 km across the Atlantic ocean from the east coast of South America to Ascension Island (10 km across) every 2-3 years where the adult females lay eggs.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks Circadian Rhythms “Sleep, wake cycle”
Humans~about 24 hours long Drosophila the normal clock is 24.2 hrs Mutant flies have cycles of 19 & 28 hrs.
Diurnal —active during the day Nocturnal —active during hours of darkness Crepuscular —having greatest activity during
twilight hours or at dawn or both
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks Lunar cycles Ex.
Grunion swarm from April-June when the spring tides occur
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks What controls the biological clock? No single mechanism—an interaction of a
number of biochemical processes The pineal gland is thought to play a role
in the timing system of rats, birds and some other vertebrates.
In mammals, regions of the hypothalamus are involved.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks How much is internal and how much is
governed by external clues? Answer: There is usually a strong
endogenous (internal) component, but an exogenous (external) cue is necessary to keep the behavior properly timed in the real world.
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Animal Signals & Communication An action by a sender that influences the
behavior of a receiver. Does not have to be purposeful Ex. bat sound pulses influence moth
evasive behavior.
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Social interaction requires communication Pheromones
chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals
Ex. Female moths secrete chemicals which attract males.
Cheetahs and other cats mark their territory with urine, feces, and anal gland secretions.
alarm pheromones sex pheromones
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Pheromones
Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey
Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
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Communication: Auditory Faster than chemical and also effective both
night and day. Can be modified by loudness, pattern,
duration, and repetition. Ex. Male crickets have calls and birds may
have one song for courting, another for distress, and still another for marking territories.
Humpback whales have complicated songs. Nonhuman primates have up to 40 different
vocalizations.
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Communication by song Bird song
species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period
Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically
controlled
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Communication: Tactile Occurs when one animal touches
another. Ex. A male leopard nuzzles a female’s
neck to calm her and to stimulate her willingness to mate.
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Honey bee communication dance to communicate
location of food source waggle dance Discovered by Karl von Frisch
in the 1940s. Waggle dance indicates both distance to and direction of food.
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Communication: Visual Most often used by species that are active
during the day. Contests between males involve threat
postures and possibly prevent fighting. Ex. Male birds often put on courtship dances
to attract females. Much human communication is nonverbal
such as smiling, blushing, body posture.
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Learned Behavior: Modified behaviors by experience
Habituation Imprinting Associative learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Cognition
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Learning: Habituation Loss of response to stimulus
“Cry-wolf” effect Decrease in response to
repeated occurrences of stimulus
enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli ex: falling leaves not
triggering fear response in baby birds
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Innate & Learning: Imprinting Learning to form social attachments at a
specific sensitive (critical ) period both learning & innate components
Konrad Lorenz- spent time with geese hours after hatched
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Figure 51.9 Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz with imprinted geese
Konrad Lorenz
ImprintingImprinting
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Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Conservation
Wattled crane conservation
teaching cranes to migrate
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Associative learning Learning to associate
a stimulus with a consequence Operant conditioning
BF Skinner Trial & error learningAssociate behavior with reward or punishment
Classical conditioningPavlovian conditioningAssociate stimuli with reward or punishment
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Operant Conditioning
•Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response connections.•Examples:
• Teaching an animal a trick by rewarding correct behavior with affection or food.
• B.F. Skinner’s experiments• Rats connect sugar treat with pressing a lever.
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Operant conditioning Skinner box
mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)
B. F. Skinner
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Critical period
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting some behavior must be
learned during a receptive time period
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Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s dogs
connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
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Learning: Cognition Ability for nervous system to store,
perceive, and process information
tool use
problem-solving crow
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Social Behavior Some animals are largely solitary and join
with a member of the opposite sex only for mating; others pair, bond and cooperate in the raising of offspring.
Still others form a society in which members are organized in a cooperative manner.
Society— a group of individuals of the same species that cooperate in an adaptive manner; e.g. bee hive, flock of birds, wolf pack, school of fish.
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Social behaviors Interactions between individuals
develop as evolutionary adaptations Result in survival and reproductive success Agonistic behaviors Dominance hierarchy Cooperation Altruistic behavior
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Social behaviors Agonistic behaviors
Threatening & Submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done
ex: territoriality, competitor aggression
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Dominance Hierarchies A higher ranking animal has greater
access to resources than a lower ranking animal.
Decided by confrontation during which one animal gives way to another.
Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting.
Dominant male mate more often with the females.
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Territoriality-- Protecting an area against other individuals.
Male songbirds sing to signify their territories and other males know to stay away. The song also alerts females to presence of a male.
May be adaptive—tends to reduce conflict, to control population growth, and to ensure the most efficient use of resources by spacing organisms throughout a habitat.
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Social behaviors
Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest
cooperatively
White pelicans “herding” school of fish
Cooperation working together in coordination
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Social behaviors Altruistic behavior
Reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of others in a population
kin selection increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel
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Examples of Altruistic Behaviors In social insects such as bees, only the queen
bee and her mate reproduce.
A female chimp often mates with several males in a group because they are all related and share genes in common.
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Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences
changes in behavior at different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression
Environmental influences modifies behavior
quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities
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Social Behavior & Reproduction
Natural selection has favored mechanisms that promote successful reproduction.
Behavior is thus adaptive—behavioral traits can evolve.
Sexual competition among males has contributed to the evolution of large size, brilliant breeding colors, antlers, etc.
Known as sexual selection and the traits are called secondary sexual characteristics.
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Social Behavior & Reproduction Courtship rituals may be long and elaborate. May serve as a sign signal to trigger nest
building and ovulation. Male spiders offer food. Female praying mantis eats head of male
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Behavior: Nature or Nurture?
Behavior is also shaped by environmental influences (nurture).
Studies of human twins have been used to help determine to what extent behavior is inherited.
Identical twins come from a single zygote. Fraternal twins are derived from two different fertilized eggs.
Fraternal twins, even when raised together, do not have similar behaviors.
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Identical twins raised separately are sometimes very similar; for example, the German twins raised in Germany and the Caribbean both liked sweet liqueurs, stored rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dipped buttered toast in their coffee, and had similar personalities.
Data seems to show that about 50% in human personality traits are due to polygenic inheritance and 50% are due to environmental influences.