“Biofiltration to Optimize Water Treatment”...“Biofiltration to Optimize Water Treatment”...
Transcript of “Biofiltration to Optimize Water Treatment”...“Biofiltration to Optimize Water Treatment”...
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“Biofiltration to Optimize Water Treatment”
• NC AWWA WEA Spring Conference • April 8, 2014
• Peter C. D’Adamo, Ph.D., P.E. • Chance Lauderdale, Ph.D., P.E.
• HDR Engineering, Inc. of the Carolinas
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Agenda
• Biofiltra/on Basics • Biofiltra/on Benefits • Biofiltra/on Challenges • Nutrient Enhanced Biofiltra/on • Peroxide Enhancement • Biofiltra/on Cost Benefits
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What is Biofiltra/on? Conventional Filtration Biofiltration
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What is Biofiltra/on? Conventional Filtration Biofiltration
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Biofiltra/on is Modified Conven/onal Granular Media Filtra/on
Granular Media Filter
Biofilter
+ =
Chlorine
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Enhanced Organic Removal
Biofiltra/on Improves Finished Water Stability
• Reduced re-‐growth poten/al
• Reduced corrosion poten/al
• Reduced taste and odor
• Reduced DBPs • Improved residual
• Reduced CECs
Disinfec<on Chlorine/
Chloramines
Filter Influent
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Biofiltra<on
Chlorine
Disinfec/on
Effluent
Floccula<on/Sedimenta<on BW
NaOH, Ammonia
Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Biofiltra/on Replaces Filtra/on in the Process Scheme
Raw Water
Ozona<on
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Current Biofilter Opera/onal Considera/ons Focus on Several Factors
• Temperature • Media selec/on • Acclima/on • Hydraulic loading rate • Backwashing strategy
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Temperature Has Minor Effects on Performance for Steady State Filters
• Can achieve excellent organics removal at temperatures even < 5oC
• Recovery periods can increase with decreasing T (rate of biogrowth)
• Impact is more significant if chlorine is used in BW water • Impact is less significant with GAC • Poten/al impact on trace contaminant removal • Longer EBCTs can compensate for lower Ts
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An Acclima/on Period will Always be Required for New Biofilters
• ~20-‐40 days to reach steady-‐state • GAC may decrease startup dura/on • Chlorine increases startup dura/on • Restart can be significantly shorter to reach steady state
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Media Selec/on is an Important Considera/on for Biofilter Design
• Op/ons: Sand, Anthracite, and GAC
• GAC maintains higher biomass, provides more robust performance
• Organic/turbidity removal rates similar among media at steady-‐state
• GAC benefits should be balanced against cost
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The Backwashing Strategy is the Most Important Opera/onal Component of any BAF Process
• Maintains uniform hydraulic flow • Removes par/cles, excess biomass • Low chlorine (<0.5 mg/L) can be used in a BW • Length of biological filter run is cri/cal
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Ozone Increases Biological Ac/vity by Transforming Complex Organics into Degradable Substrates
Ozone
Non-Degradable Organics
Biodegradable Organics
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Biofilters Demonstrate More Robust Aldehyde Removal to Provide Stability
20 0
10
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30
40
50
60
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100
9/29/2010 11/18/2010 1/7/2011 2/26/2011 4/17/2011 6/6/2011 7/26/2011 9/14/2011 11/3/2011
Alde
hyde
s (µg
/L)
Influent Abio/c Filter (No. 1) Anthracite Biofilter (No. 6) GAC Biofilter (No. 4)
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Over Time, Biofilter Void Space becomes Occupied by Par/culates and Biofilm
Microbial Aggregates (loose biofilm)
Biofilm
Granular media
Particles
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Excess EPS May Cause Media Clogging and Underdrain Failures
Stripped Anchors Blown Mas/c
Clogged IMS Cap Filter Floor Uplih
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Biofilm is Predominately Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
Adhesion
Positive Impacts to Bacteria
Granular media
Protection
Negative Impacts to Biofilter
Granular media
Biofilm (EPS)
Biofilm (EPS)
Headloss
Clogging
EPS Occupies >1000x More Void Space than Bacteria in Clogged Biofilters
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Effec/ve Biofiltra/on Requires a Nutri/onal Balance
Nutrients (P, NH3)
Biodegradable Organic Carbon
Oxygen
Intermediates, Carbon Dioxide, Water
EPS
Secondary Substrates/ Cometabolites (Mn, EDCs, Pes<cides, T&O)
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Nutri/onal Limita/ons Create Stressed Biofilter Condi/ons
Nutrients (P, NH3)
Biodegradable Organic Carbon
Oxygen
Intermediates, Carbon Dioxide, Water
X EPS
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Implementa/on of Nutri/onal Ra/o Reduces Biological Stress
Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus
100 (1 mg/L) 10 (0.1 mg/L) 1 (0.03 mg/L)
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At Arlington, Nutrient Enhancement Decreased Headloss and Increased Filter Run Time in a Pilot Study
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Filter Run Time (hr)
Head-loss (ft) Phosp
horus-‐Limited
Biofilter
Nutrient-‐Enha
nced
Biofilter
15% increase in filter run /me
15% decrease in terminal headloss
Loca/on: Arlington Filter Run Time: 18 hours Loading Rate: 4 gpm/h2
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Arlington Pilot Data has Translated to Full-‐scale Performance…..
30 0
2
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Head
loss (V
)
Date
Filter 6 -‐ Phosphorous Enhancement
Filter 16 -‐ Control (No Enhancement)
Filter 20 -‐ Control (No Enhancement)
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But we don’t get the benefits of biofiltration if we use chlorine!
What About Headloss and Clogging from EPS?
32
Chlorine
Clogged Biofilter
Inactivates (Kills) most Bacteria
Minimizes EPS Production (minimal EPS removal)
Unclogged Biofilter
Bacteria survive
How can we mitigate EPS???
Chlorine ?
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Microbial Enzymes Mediate Reduc/on Of Peroxide…….
Granular media
enzyme enzyme enzyme enzyme
enzyme enzyme
H2O2
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As Peroxide is Reduced EPS and Other Organics are Oxidized
Granular media
H2O + O2
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Hydrogen Peroxide Addi/on Reduces Headloss Significantly
0
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Date
1 mg/L Supplemental Hydrogen Peroxide (No Phosphorus)
Loading Rate: 4 gpm/sq.ft. Run time: 18 hours Dose: 1 mg/L
Head-loss (ft)
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Biofiltra<on may yield cost savings and water quality benefits across mul<ple processes
Raw Water
Ozonation
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Raw Water
Ozonation
Improved taste and odor removal may reduce ozone requirements to CT levels
Savings of >$60/mg/MG Treated for Arlington and Dallas
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Raw Water
Ozonation
Improved organics removal may reduce coagulant dosage requirements to meet TOC goals
Savings of ~$100/MG Treated for Dallas (30 mg/L Ferric Sulfate reducCon)
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Raw Water
Ozonation
Improved filter hydraulics decreases backwash cost
Savings of ~$2/MG Treated for Arlington
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Raw Water
Ozonation
Controlled/Mi<gated fouling may preserve filter mechanical equipment and underdrains
>$100,000 per replaced underdrain
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Biofiltration
Chlorine
Disinfection/UV
Effluent
Flocculation/Sedimentation BW
NaOH, Ammonia Coagulant
Polymer
BWW
Raw Water
Ozonation
Improving water treatment performance may delay/eliminate media change out requirements
>$4,000,000 for Dallas Bachman WTP >$250,000/yr for Peoria Greenway WTP