Anxiety and Stress. Anxiety Apprehension Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension” Future-oriented...

Anxiety and Stress

Anxiety Apprehension

• Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension”

• Future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events.

• State of undirected arousal following perception of threat

Anxiety: It is an emotion?

Specific event

Physiological arousal

Subjective feelings

Behavior

Cognitive Appraisals

How are fear and anxiety different?

Fear Anxiety


“Something bad now, very soon”

“Something bad in the future”


Controllable, Novel, Unexpected, Can Cope,

Close in Time.

Uncontrollable, Unexpected, Can’t Cope,

Far In Time

Physiology Weak limbs, heart races, dry mouth

Tension

Behavior Flee, desire to escape, can cope successfully!

Limited responses, can’t cope, don’t know how to

cope

Subjective Feelings

Unpleasant, highly arousing

Unpleasant highly arousing, helplessness

Timing Occurs post-stimulus Occurs pre-stimulus

Attention: Fear vs. Anxiety• Fear: • Focuses our attention to threatening stimuli• Post-Stimulus

• Anxiety: • Focuses our attention to threatening stimuli• Maintains our attention to threatening stimuli,

especially highly fearful stimuli• Pre-stimulus

Genetic Structure: Anxiety vs. Fear

Fear

AnimalPhobia

SituationalPhobia

Anxiety

Social Phobia

Panic &

Agor.PTSD GAD Depression

(Hettema et al., 2005)

Brain Activation:Anxiety versus Fear

(Davis & colleagues, 1998, 2003)

When fear becomes anxietyAnxiety = unresolved fear

When the coping attempts for fear fail

Often in uncontrollable situation

Is Anxiety a Basic Emotion?A few say yes!– Gray’s BIS

More say no!– Ekman, Izard, and Williams James!– No universal facial expressions. – But, universal appraisals.

Physiological Changes

SNS Activated

PNS Activated

What can anxiety disorders tell us about physiological changes of anxiety?

With PTSDWithout PTSD

With Previous PTSD

Physiological Measures

Heartrate

SCR BP0

1

2

3

Audiovisual Stimulus

Current PTSDPrevious PTSDNever PTSD

Heartrate

SCR BP0

1

2

3

4

Imagery


Curre

nt P

TSD

Previ

ous P

TSD

Never

PTSD

0

20

40

60

80

100

Audiovisual Stimulus

Subjective Distress

Curre

nt P

TSD

Previ

ous P

TSD

Never

PTSD

1

3

5

7

9

11

Imagery Stimulus

Subjective Unpleasant-ness

Subjective Feelings

Heartrate SCR BP0

2

4

6

8

10

Stressful Math Task


Physiological Arousal

Fear Response

Anxiety Response

Combo!

What is the purpose of anxiety?

Automatic Processing: To detect/anticipate potential threats in our environment

Maintains our attention toward threatening stimuli (less likely to disengage)

To be aware of objects we consider most dangerous (e.g., phobias)

Automatic Processing and Threat Detection

Automatic, non-conscious mental activity gives us early warning system for detecting threat

Implication: You can know and not know something at the same time--not know it consciously, know it unconsciously

Basic technique: Backward masking

1. Present picture of threatening stimulus very quickly (30 milliseconds)

2. Immediately after threat photo is shown, show a non-threatening picture. The second picture is a mask, blocks first picture from consciousness.

3. Reaction to first (masked) picture indicates unconscious processing

Backward Masking

Automatic Processing of Fearful Stimuli:Results of Masked Stimuli Only

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

SnakePhobic

SpiderPhobic

Control

Ski

n C

on

du

ctan

ce L

evel

SnakesSpidersFlowers

Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage

Dot Probe Detection Paradigm

Present two words above a cross.

Words were threatening or neutral.

Position of words varied.

A dot replaces one of two words.

Sometimes dot replaces threatening word.

Sometimes dot replaces neutral word.

Told to read top word aloud.

Press button when see the dot.

Measure reaction time to locating dot.

Dot probe detection paradigm


AGONY

FLOOR

GAD Control200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Dots Replace Threatening WordDots Replace Neutral Word

Rea

ctio

n T

ime

(MacLeod et al., 1986)

Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage


(Bradley et al., 1998)

Fear or Anxiety?

Cut the rope!

How to sing

Cinderella Man

Jurassic Park

http://www.wingclips.com/movie-clips/vertical-limit/cut-the-rope

http://www.wingclips.com/movie-clips/imagine-that/how-to-sing

http://www.wingclips.com/movie-clips/cinderella-man/i-need-you

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnRxQ3dcaQk

Anxiety: It is an emotion?

Specific event


Behavior

Appraisals

Subjective feelings

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 34

Is stress an emotion?

Specific event


Behavior

Appraisals

Subjective feelings

UNPLEASANT PLEASANT

ACTIVATION

DEACTIVATION

1 2

34

PIN YOUR ANSWER!

INTRO VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEcdGK4DQSg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEcdGK4DQSg

Low NA

PLEASANT

High PA

Low PA

Strong Engagement

Disengagement

High NA

UNPLEASANT

7

3

56

2

41

8

PIN YOUR ANSWER!


Views of Stress

Seyle: stress is a response to significant changes in life events– Stress is a Basic Emotion!

Lazarus: stress is our interpretation of an event as threatening PLUS our perceived ability to cope– Stress is a mixed emotion!


GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (Selye, 1974)

Evidence for GAS: Cortisol


Action Unit 4 – Brow Lowerer

Action Unit 25 – Lips part

Action Unit 26 – Jaws Drop

Action Unit 12 – Lip Corner Pull

Lazarus


1-10 11-20

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60-0.0999999999999996

3.60822483003176E-16

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Minutes

Eff

ect

size

(d)

**

***

***

***

***

***

(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)

Cortisol Changes – Onset of Stressor


0-20 Min Poststressor 21-40 Min Poststressor 41-60 Poststressor

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5E

ffec

t siz

e (d

)

***

***

Cortisol Recovery

(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)

Evidence for GAS: Vagal Tone


Low Mean High1.6

2.1

2.6

Low Stress Mean Stress High Stress

Level of Vagal Tone

Dai

ly N

egat

ive

Em

otio

nal

Aro

usa

l

(Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)


Low Mean High1.6

2.1

2.6


Level of Vagal Tone

Dai

ly N

egat

ive

Em

otio

nal

Aro

usa

l



Primary Appraisal: perceive a threat to oneself

Secondary Appraisal: assess whether one has the resources to cope with the threat

Coping: process of executing a response to the stressor.

(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)


Primary Appraisal: Not passing my qualifying exams

Secondary Appraisal: Can I handle this? I can make a study schedule!

Coping: Study everyday from 8-5 and take off on Wednesday

(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

Evidence for Lazarus


Think about your first exam.

• Anticipating the exam…• Emotions?Thursday

• Waiting for your grade…• Emotions?Saturday

• Good grade!• Emotions?Tuesday


Think about your first exam.

• Anticipating the exam…• Emotions?Thursday

• Waiting for your grade…• Emotions?Saturday

• Good grade or bad grade?• Emotions?Tuesday


4 Types of Stress EmotionsAppraisal Emotion

Threat Worried, fearful, anxious

Challenge Confident, hopeful, eager

Harm Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted

Benefit Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved

(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)


Stress is an unfolding process• Anticipatory Stage• 2 days before mid-termT1• Waiting Stage• 5 days after mid-termT2• Outcome Stage• 2 days before grades announcedT3



Anticipa-tory

Waiting Outcome0

1

2

3

4

5

ThreatChallenge

Ext

ent

feel

eac

h e

mot

ion

(Ran

ge 0

to

12)

Appraisal Emotion

Threat Worried, fearful, anxious

Challenge Confident, hopeful, eager



Anticipa-tory

Waiting Outcome0

1

2

3

4

5

6

HarmBenefit

Ext

ent

feel

eac

h em

otio

n(R

ange

0 t

o 16

/20)

Appraisal Emotion

Harm Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted

Benefit Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved

(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)Evidence for

Lazarus: Coping


ANS Activity Varies with AppraisalThreat Appraisal– Increases in SNS arousal (increased cardiac

activity) – Increases in PNS resistance(increased blood

pressure)

Challenge Appraisal– Increases in SNS arousal (increased cardiac

activity)– Reduced or unchanged PNS activity

UNPLEASANT PLEASANT

ACTIVATION

DEACTIVATION

1 2

34

Do you want to change

your answer?

Low NA

PLEASANT

High PA

Low PA

Strong Engagement

Disengagement

High NA

UNPLEASANT

7

3

56

2

41

8

THREAT CHALLENGE

HARM

HARM

BENEFIT

BENEFIT

relieved

THREAT

CHALLENGE

HARM

HARM

BENEFIT

BENEFIT

BENEFIT

relieved

Anxiety and Stress. Anxiety Apprehension Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension” Future-oriented...

Documents

Transcript of Anxiety and Stress. Anxiety Apprehension Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension” Future-oriented...