Anurans in the semi-arid Caatingas: convergence, divergence, and implications for global warming
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Anurans in the semi-arid Caatingas: convergence,divergence, and implications for global warming
Carlos A. Navas
Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil
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* According to models by J. Marengo et al., CCST/INPE - Brazil
Projections of Climate Change in North Eastern Brazil for 2010-2100*
- Rainfall reduction, more intense by 2071-2100.
- Increase in air temperature by 2-3 C in 2010-2040, and by more than 4 C by 2071-2100.
- Increase in the frequency of hot days and nights, and heat waves.
- Water deficits varying between 2-3 mm/day in 2010-2040 and 6-9 mm/day by 2071-2100.
- Aridization and possible desertification in parts of the semiarid land
I - Why caatingas, why anurans
Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics
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Two-
mon
th p
erio
d
Year Interval for prediction
More rain
Less rain
Models by J. Marengo et al., CCST/INPE - Brazil
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Rhinella granulosa
Corythomantis greeningi
Phyllomedusa nordestina
Dendropsophus minutus
Scinax eurydice
Leptodactylus ocellatus
Proceratophrys cristiceps Physalaemus gracilis
Pseudis bolbodactyla
Adenomera sp.
Dermatonotus muelleri
Rhinella jimi
Despite its semi-arid nature , the Caatinga is home to 40+ anuran species
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After aridizationBefore aridizationAfter further aridization?
Likely, anurans have colonized the Caatinga via permanence during a process of aridization lasting 10000 years
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So, why Caatingas, why anurans…
• Caatingas are a recent semi-arid biome, present only in Brazil and in great risk due to climate change. Anurans are expected to be at particular risk in the predicted scenarios.
• The anuran community of the Caatingas reflects a diverse and evolutionarily-recent subset of lineages derived from Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Amazonian Rainforest.
• We do not know if these species and populations differ from related stock from more moderate biomes.
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Why Caatinga anurans are vulnerable to climate warming
and eventually…
Why semi-arid anurans are vulnerable to climate warming
What is next? How to start?
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• Do Caatinga anuran species share enough aspects of natural history as to propose valid generalizations about how they will be affected by climate change?
• Valid generalizations: common consequences of climate change due to shared aspects of natural history and physiology.
Can we propose valid generalizations for anurans is the Caatinga?
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Conservation of habits and physiology? Leptodactylus ocellatus
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RH= 40%
Humid cotton fluff
Navas, Jared et al. 2002
Some species displays integrated physiology and behavior that result in keen ability to detect humid microhabitats
Specialization on microhabitat selection and sensorial physiology?Corytomantis greeningi
1 cm.
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Prates & Navas, 2009
Habitat generalist specialized on water uptake?Bufo jimmi
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Behavioral conservation and physiological specialization?Juvenile R. jimmi and R. granulosa
B. calamita, M. Emmers
B. marinus, R. Shine
B. americanus, Lookoutnow
B. alvarius, J.P. Clare B. Boreas (Wildherps)
B. granulosus, C. Jared
> 45 °C
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Navas, Carvalho et al., 2007
CS
resid
ual acti
vit
y(%
of
norm
al at
30
oC
)
Incubation time at 50oC (min)
R. granulosa
R. jimi
R. icterica
R. granulosa (juvenile)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Behavioral conservation and physiological specialization?Juvenile Bufo jimmi and B. granulosus
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Is water proofing enough? Phyllomedusa
?
P. bicolorAmazonian forest
P. distinctaAtlantic forest
P. burmeisteriSemi-deciduous forest
hypochondrialis group
burmeisteri group
P. ayeayeCerrado (restricted)
P. nordestinaCaatingasP. azurea
Chaco, Cerrado
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Aestivation seems diverse among Caatinga anurans
Proceratophrys, Dermatonotus and others, Typical aestivation?
Pleurodema, Atypical aestivation?Bufo jimmi, no aestivation?
Bufo granulosus, facultative aestivation?
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0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
4 6 9Time after last rain (months)
Dep
th (
cm)
Pereira et al., não publicado
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Active Aestivating
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
0.0
6.0
12.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
Rains DroughtSo
lub
le P
rote
in c
on
cen
tra
tion
(mg
/g o
f h
um
id t
issu
e)
Possible specialization: Aestivation with vertical migration in Pleurodema
90% RH
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• Anuran life in the Caatinga involves behavioral, ecological and physiological traits that vary in relative importance among lineages.
• Due to microhabitat choice and behavior, species are likely to differ in the type and magnitude of physiological challenges.
Conclusions
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Proposal
• Rainfall reduction Microhabitat specialists
• Increase in air temperature by 2-4 C Spp. with diurnal juveniles
• Water deficits (longer dry seasons) Typical aestivators
• Aridization and possible desertification Refugia specialists
Predicted climatic change Expected highest impact
•Given this diversity, it is difficult to generalize about consequences of climate change for Caatinga anurans. •The most productive generalizations regarding impact of climate change on semi-arid anurans may be based on ecological convergence across lineages.
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Cited collaborators
Carlos Jared (Butantan)Marta Antoniazzi (Butantan)Fernando R. Gomes (UNESP)Jose E. Carvalho (UNESP)Hanna Suzuki (Butantan)Titon Braz Jr. (UNESP)Monique Simon (USP)Isabel C. Pereira (USP)Ivan Prates (I. Butantan)
Field assistance
Francisco de Assis Rodriguez
Research Program on Global Climate Change