Anura Kurpad - IAEA

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The challenge of assessing malnutrition and its health implications – the added value of nuclear technology Anura Kurpad St John’s Medical College, India

Transcript of Anura Kurpad - IAEA

Page 1: Anura Kurpad - IAEA

The challenge of assessing malnutrition and its health implications – the added 

value of nuclear technology

Anura Kurpad

St John’s Medical College,India

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ADULT

ADOLESCENT GROWTH

COMPLEMENTARY FEEDINGEARLY GROWTH

LACTATIONEARLY GROWTH

PREGNANCY

CHRONIC DISEASE

Addressing malnutrition through:

• Feeding and supplementation Programs• Addressing Sanitation and Parasites• Infectious Disease Programs

What to do?

How much to do?

What was the impact?

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Increases in life expectancy are associated with a double burden of disease

A double burden

87%

7%6%

Life Expectancy (years)

40

50

60

70

80

90

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

36%

10%

54%

non-communicable diseasescommunicable diseasesinjuries

LMIC

DC

High-income countries

Middle-income countries

Low-income countries

BMI frequencies with migration of populationsRural to Urban migration• BMI distributions shift to the right over 10 years

Varadharajan et al; Asia Pac J Clin Nutr; 2014

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Nuclear techniques are critical to all these problems

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Water

Mineral

Protein

Fat

Fat Free Mass:• Organs• Muscles• Bone• Fluids

Measuring Fat and Fat free mass

BMI = fatness!

• Big and muscular• Thin and fat

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Why is measuring fat and (fat free mass) important?Insulin resistance; diabetes

Overnutrition‐High Fat

Capacity(Liver and muscle) – help dispose 

glucoseLoad (Store)(Fat)

– increases insulin resistance

Load increases‐beyond capacity

Overnutrition‐Sarcopenia with fat

Poor Capacity

+Load

Poor Capacity

Undernutrition‐sarcopenia

All these constitute forms of malnutrition

Health =• Appropriate stores +• Appropriate capacity

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What are the challenges in measuring fat stores?How do nuclear technologies help?

Impute the FFM

No water in fat

Deuterium dilution to 

measure water (TBW)

Body Fat = Body weight ‐ FFM

Sum of Fat and FFM = Body weight

Water is only present in the fat 

free mass

Translates into a very simple field method, which can be deployed with minimal capacity building

Water

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Shadow Shield‐Whole body potassium counterCounting natural 40K in the body as an index of body cell mass

It is a challenge to measure body tissue or fat in pregnancy or in babiesVariable amounts of water in the body, which confounds usual measurementsPicture Courtesy: Dr Rebecca Raj

Nutrition in pregnancy and foetal growthFat stores and FFM (capacity)

Measuring body fat of infants in field situations by the use of deuterium dilution

Infant receiving an oral dose of deuterium oxide using a syringe (courtesy: Photo; M. Thame, Jamaica)

IAEA Human Health Series #7

• Early undernutrition and later NCD are linked

• Starting with pregnancy ‐ what  food does a pregnant woman need for the best outcome and healthy babies?– Some concern that undernourished babies are born already ‘fat’

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Nuclear techniques are also critical at other stagesBreast feeding is difficult to measure, invasive…

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DeuteriumDose to mother

Saliva samples for 2H enrichment

Breast feeding

Measuring lactation

Translates into a very simple non‐invasive, field method, which can be deployed with minimal capacity building

0

200

400

0 5 10 15 20

Mother water enrichment

Baby

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Photo courtesy: Dr S Sreeman, India

Measuring protein quality for infant feeding through stable isotopes (2H and 13C)

Photo courtesy: Dr N Shivakumar, India

Collecting breath sample

Understanding how much protein should be fed –protein digestibility

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Impact evaluations

• Exclusive Breast Feeding• Complementary Feeding 

Programs• Promoting Diversified  

Diet • Promoting Physical 

Activity

Added value of nuclear technology in the nutrition value chain…

What is the state of nutrition?

Pregnant women, children, adolescents

Requirements for mother and babyBody comp at birthlactation measures

Best Practices Complementary 

feedingWASH ‐Unsanitary environments

http://www.thebetterindia.com/8580/

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