Antrhopology CLASS 310 NOTES

8/18/2019 Antrhopology CLASS 310 NOTES

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EVOLUTION

• OUR BIOLOGY AFFECT OUR LIVES

• Sperm example

• Culture is seen in gender deferent

!i"l"g# and e$"luti"n are seen in sexdi%eren&es'

STEREOTYPES VS GENERALIZATION• A$erage are n"t al(a#s true

• Onl# "!ser$ati"n

• )eit*er g""d n"t !ad n" m"ral +udgments

THE STANDAR SOCIAL SCIENCEMODEL

• ,rin&iple f"r explaining turn a !e*a$i"r

• -uman are di%erent t*em "t*er animals

and exempt fr"m !i"l"gi&al prin&iples

• -uman !e*a$i"r *as n"ne t" d" (it*

en$ir"nment and s"&iali.ati"n t*an!i"l"g#

EVOLUTION PSYCHOLOGY MODEL• ,rin&iples f"r explaning *uman

!e*a$i"r /-umans and animals areuni0ue in adaptati"n1

• -uman are animals e$er# spe&ies is

uni0ue in it adaptati"n and *uman aren" di%erent

• -uman !e*a$i"r is a pr"du&t "f BOT-

*uman !i"l"g# and -uman en$ir"nment'BEHAVIORAL BY PRODUCT

• Our !"d# and !rain are full "f adapti"n

and (e are pr"du&t "f t*us

• Adaptati"n are d"main spe&i2& t*e# ("r3

in small narr"( area "f life• E$"l$ed ps#&*"l"gi&al me&*anism

&"ntri!ute !e*a$i"r

• Be*a$i"r "&&urs in *uman due t" part

e$"l$ed !ene2ts "&&urren&es'EVOLUTION NATURAL SELECTION

• 4*at is ant*r"p"l"g#5

• 6is&ipline de$"ted t" *uman !eing

/ant*r"7pe"ple l"g"s7 stud#1

• FOUR ,ARTS8 Cultural Ant*r"p"l"g#

Ar&*ae"l"g# ,*#si&al Ant*r"p"l"g# andLinguisti&'

•

Ant*r"p"l"g# is -OLISTIC / (*"le pe"ple1• Begin in late 9:t* &entur#'

EVOLUTIO) 4A)TS US TO8 SURVIVE FI)6A ;ATE A)6 RE,RO6UCEPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

• T*e stud# "f *uman "rigin and "ste"l"g#

• In&lude primat"l"g# "f *uman remain

ar&*e"l"gi&al sites m"dern sites t"pre*ist"ri& pe"ple

• Earl# p*#si&al ant*r"p"l"g# &"mes "ut "f

&"mparati$e and t" !eginningt" s"&i"!i"l"g#

• ,ale"ant*r"p"l"g# is t*e stud# "f *uman

e$"luti"n and relate f"ssils


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*ttps8

>' -"m" gr"ups !egins DLg' *uman !"d# Dless sexualdim"rp*ism DLg' !rains Dmeat eating Dst"ne t""ls

,r"simians D spi&es Dsmallest in si.e Dn"&turnal


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Old ("rld m"n3e#Hs D> spi&es D)e( 4"rld in S' And Central Ameri&a DOld ("rldAsia and Afri&a DSmall in si.e Ddiurnal

Great Apes 9 spi&es DG"rillas B"n"!"s and &*imps fr"mAfri&a DOragsntan and gi!!"ns S"ut* Asia DLarge in si.eex&ept gi!!"ns ' D6iurnal

Bi"l"gi&al Fitness measure !# repr"du&ti"n and generati"n D "f geneti& &"pies

t*at sur$i$eIn&lusi$e 2tness Ot*er *a$e similar genesD &*ildren and si!ling D ni&es

and nep*e(s >D C"usins 9>'

;i&r"E$"luti"n C*ange (it*in Spi&es

;a&r"e$"luti"n C*ange t" &reate ne( spi&esD e$"luti"nar# &*ange mig*t"&&ur t" s"me sl"(l#

Asexual Repr"du&ti"n is a m"de "f repr"du&ti"n !# (*i&* "%spring arise fr"m asingle "rganism and in*erit t*e genes "f t*at parent "nl#

Sexual Repr"du&ti"n s a f"rm "f repr"du&ti"n (*i&* in$"l$es t*e fusi"n "f male andfemale repr"du&ti$e &ells /gametes1 t" &reate a .#g"t

;ale t" ;ale C"mpetiti"n F"r s"&ial status and &"ntr"l "$er femalesCr#pti& ,"st&"pulat"r#&*"i&e

,*#si&al in+e&ti"n "f spermDst"rage sperm f"r later useD!irdsand reptiles *a$e a gland in &er$ix f"r t*is pr"&ess

Testi&le si.e DSmall testi&les &"mpete f"r femalesD Large testi&les s*arefemales (it* n" &"mpetiti"n D C*imp *a$e @x !igger !allst*an *uman' ,r"du&e m"re sperm t" &"mpete D G"rillas *a$en" need f"r !ig !alls t*e# &"mpete in si.e

Anis"gam# Egg is m"re $alua!le t*an sperm

Internal Geststi"n Fertili.ati"n "f t*e egg

Fitness Varian&e 6i%eren&e !et(een repr"du&ti$e (inners and l"sers D males*a$e m"re $arien&e t*an females

Fitness Fl""r T*e ("rst #"u &an d" repr"du&ti$el# D *a$e n" 3idsFitness &eiling T*e m"st am"unt "f &*ildren #"u &an *a$e

Semelparit# One &*ild

Iter"parit# ;an# &*ildren

Operati"nal sex rati" "f sexuall# a&ti$e males t" sexuall# a&ti$e females

Sexual 6i$isi"n La!"r In$estment in di%erent aspe&t "f life

Cultural 6eterminism Our &ulture determine "ur !e*a$i"r and em"ti"nal&*ara&teristi&s

Estrus Female &*imp smells (*en s*e is "$ulatingD attra&ts males

,lasti&it# C*anges in p*en"t#pe during de$el"pment and adult*""d Ds"&ial and e&"l"gi&al &"nditi"ns

G"lden Rati" S#mmetri&al t" Fa&e

Cu&3"ldr# Raising a &*ild (*" isnHt #"urs

Infant resem!lan&e D !irt* 7m"mD 9 #ear 7 dad

6e&epti"n Used t" attra&t a mate D liesD s*"(ing "%

Satellite Strategies D use de&epti"nD mate p"a&*ing /&"&3 !la&3ing1D *ang "ut(it* s"me (ea3er "r uglier


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HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY

• Basis f"r t*is &lass

• ,rin&iples "f e$"luti"nar# t*e"r# t" t*e stud# "f *uman !e*a$i"ral and Cultural 6i$ersit#

• -"( e&"l"gi&al and s"&ial fa&t"rs inuen&e and s*ape exi!ilit# in *uman ,"pulati"ns

Basics of Evolutio

• Bi"l"gi&al e$"luti"n simpl# put is des&ent m"di2&ati"n• Eart* is ' !illi"n #ears "ld

• T*ere are &"mm"n an&est"rs

Evolutio

• Ver# fe( t*ings are single allele traits'

o Ear l"!es

o T"ngue r"lls

• ;"st are &"mplex geneti&all# determined "&&urring in se$eral pla&es "n #"ur genes

• Often are geneti& A)6 en$ir"nmentall# determined'

• Gen"t#pe8 Bi"l"gi&al expressi"n "f genes ,

• *en"t#pe8 ,*#si&al expressi"n "f genes

Basics of Evolutio

• -umans did n"t e$"l$e fr"m &*impan.ees' -umans and &*impan.ees are e$"luti"nar#&"usins and s*are a re&ent &"mm"n an&est"r t*at (as neit*er &*impan.ee n"r *uman'

• -umans are n"t J*ig*erJ "r Jm"re e$"l$edJ t*an "t*er li$ing lineages' Sin&e "ur lineages

split *umans and &*impan.ees *a$e ea&* e$"l$ed traits uni0ue t" t*eir "(n lineagesDa!"i#s I$%as

• S"&ial 6ar(inism

• C*imps are "ur &l"sest an&est"rs

• C*imp*uman split li3el# at K milli"n #ears ag"

Hu&a Evolutio T'%o!(

• Use m"dern *untergat*erers and primates f"r &"mparis"ns t" p"ssi!le !e*a$i"rs

• ,r"!lems (it* sample si.es /fr"m pre*ist"r# !"nes are s&ar&e1

•

Sexual dim"rp*ism $aries (it*in e$"luti"nar# spe&ies• -eter"geneities a&r"ss ge"grap*# time and e&"l"g# f"r !i"l"gi&al di%eren&es in !"nes

Hu&a Evolutio

• Bipedalism8 4al3ing "n t(" feet

o Bene2ts8 faster running seeing fart*er frees up *ands

• F""d Supplies8

o Beginnings8 gat*erers t*en s&a$engers t*en *unters

o -unting re0uires &""perati"n "f a gr"up

• S"&iall#8 small familial !ands

• Lead !#8 Alp*a males (it* strengt* a!ilit# fa$"r s3ills

• S"&ial &"*esi"n d"es n"t !ene2t males d"es !ene2t femalesHu&a Evolutio

•

Genus spe&ies as name• L"&ati"n "f !"nes

• Appr"ximate dates

• Imp"rtant features f"r signs "f t*e e$"luti"n "f t*e !"d#

• Oldest 2nds t" present

)e(s8

• April >98 Lee BergerHs s"n is pla#ing fet&* (it* d"g (*ile *e digs in S"ut* Afri&a'

• B"# Finds a perfe&tl# preser$ed &la$i&le alm"st > milli"n #ears "ld'

• )e( spe&ies8 Austral"pit*e&us sedi!a


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• ,erfe&tl# preser$ed 99 t" 9@ #ear "ld !"# and ("man (it* n" s3ull'

I&)o!tat I$%as

• Transiti"ns fr"m Genuses

o Sa*elant*r"pus t" Orr"tin t" Ardipit*e&us t" ,arant*r"pus t" Austral"pit*e&us t" -"m"

• Timeline and timing t" transiti"ns

o 4*en d" t*ese transiti"n &"me5

• T""ls and 6e$el"ments "f &i$ili.ati"nMo Reall# !egins (it* -"m" gr"ups and larger !rains

• LetNs g" t*r"ug* t*e timeline "f *uman e$"luti"n

Sa'%lat'!o)us tc'a$%sis

• 6is&"$ered in C*ad

• ?K milli"n #ears ag"

• Badl# &rus*ed and dist"rted &ranium (as f"und

• It *ad a small !rain estimated t" !e ar"und @? && in $"lume'

• 4e &ann"t assess !ipedalism fr"m t*is spe&imen

O!!o!i tu*%%sis

• 6is&"$ered in Tugen -ills regi"n "f Pen#a

• ? and '= milli"n #ears ag"

• > f"ssil spe&imens &"ming fr"m a minimum "f 2$e Indi$iduals' Spe&imens in&lude l"(erteet* and +a( fragments pie&es "f t*e *umerus pie&es "f t*e femur and a p*alanx

• Spe&ulated t" -a$e Been !eep !ut in&"n&lusi$e e$iden&e

A!$i)it'%cus +a$a,,a

• 6is&"$ered in ;iddle A(as* Valle# "f Et*i"pia

• '> and '= milli"n #ears ag"

• T*ere are Relati$el# fe( Ar' 3ada!!a f"ssils and t*e ma+"rit# are teet* and fragments "f t*e

l"(er +a(' Als" fragmentar# pie&es "f t*e f"rearm t(" 2nger !"nes and a !"ne fr"m t*ef"urt* t"e'

• F"urt* t"e s*"(s !ipedalism

A!$i)it'%cus !a&i$us

• 6is&"$ered in ;iddle A(as* regi"n in Et*i"pia ' and '> milli"n #ears ag"

• Represents t*e "ldest spe&ies T*at ,"ssesses features une0ui$"&all# lin3ed t" t*e *"minin/earl# *uman1 lineage F"ssils in&lude m"st "f it t" &ranium and ;OST "f t*e rig*t *alf "ft*e fa&e and t" partial !ut damaged pel$is t(" partial fem"ra /t*ig* !"nes1 and ;OST"f t*e f""t'

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ'Aust!alo)it'%cus Aa&%sis

• 6is&"$ered near La3e Tur3ana in Pen#a

• '> and @': milli"n #ears ag"

• F"ssils representing t*e s3ull "utnum!er t*"se "f t*e lim!s and trun3

• ,r"$ide a glimpse "f t*e e$"luti"nar# &*anges t*at represent t*e transiti"n fr"m earlier

m"re primiti$e t" later m"re *umanli3e spe&ies su&* as Austral"pit*e&us afarensis-%(at'!o)us )lat(o)s

• 6is&"$ered (est "f La3e Tur3ana in Pen#a

• @'@ and @' milli"n #ears ag"

• Pn"(n "nl# fr"m &ranial remains in&luding teet*

• 6i&ult t" pre&isel# determine *"( t*is spe&ies (as e$"luti"naril# related t" "t*er *"minin

spe&ies /(*# t*ere is a ne( genus and spe&ies1Aust!alo)it'%cus Afa!%sis

• 6is&"$ered in Et*i"pia Et*i"pia and "t*er sites in Pen#a Tan.ania

• @': and @' milli"n #ears

• Re&"$ered alm"st spe&imens "f Au afarensis In&luding t*e fam"us Lu'


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• T*is is a l"ng time span and t*e# (ere a su&&essful spe&ies "f *"minin persisting f"r alm"st

a milli"n

• #ears

• First user "f st"ne t""ls /t""ls used n"t made1

Aust!alo)it'%cus af!icaus

• 6is&"$ered in t*ree sites in S"ut* Afri&a'

• @>' milli"n #ears ag"• T*e 2rst spe&imen "f A' afri&anus t" !e f"und in 9:> (as a +u$enile s3ull fr"m t*e site "f

Taung in S"ut* Afri&a /Aung C*ild1

• C"mpli&ated pla&e in e$"luti"n' 4it* Au S*ares traits (it* Au' afarensis and ,arant*r"pus'

G%us Pa!at'!o)us

• ,arant*r"pus aet*i"pi&us ,arant*r"pus r"!ustus ,arant*r"pus !"isei />'K9' milli"n #ears

ag" East Valle# in Afri&a1

• A gr"up "f spe&ies (it* extreme features "f t*e s3ull n"t f"und in "t*er spe&ies'

• T*is genus E$entuall# (ent extin&t (it*"ut lea$ing an# des&endants

• T*e diets &"nsisted "f *ard plant f""ds and t*e# (ere a!le t" &"exist (it* "t*er *"minin

spe&ies /eg -"m" *a!ilis and -"m" ere&tus1 (it*"ut g"ing extin&t Until

• T*e disappearan&e "f T*ese f""ds /due t" C*anges in &limate "r "t*er fa&t"rs1 Explains

T*eir e$entual extin&ti"n spe&iali.ati"n f"r a f""d T*at (as n" l"nger a$aila!leHo&o 'a,ilis

• 6is&"$ered in Tan.ania and Pen#a

• >' t" 9'? milli"n #ears ag"

• -as an a!s"lutel# !igger !rain /a$erage &ranial &apa&it# is ar"und ?= &u!i& &entimeters1 a

m"re uprig*t f"re*ead !r"( ridges and (ea3er

• Und"u!tedl# First !ipedal

• First t""l ma3ers8 Old"(an t""ls' T*ese t""ls simpl# (*ile -ad s*arp &utting edges and

&"uld !e used f"r man# purp"ses'Ho&o %!%ctus

• F"und in Ind"nesia C*ina n"rt*ern eastern and s"ut*ern Afri&a

• 9'= milli"n t" t*"usand #ears ag"

•

First spe&ies t" !e f"und "utside "f Afri&a and man# t"(ard t*e pattern seen in -"m"sapiens

• First *"minin spe&ies (it* *umanli3e gait and t" A&ti$el# C"ntr"l 2re

• T""ls used are &alled A&*eulean8 C*ara&teri.ed !# *and axes (it* T(" sided !lades

Ho&o %a$%!t'al%sis

• 6is&"$ered in )eander Valle# "f German# als" all "f Eur"pe Central Asia /in pred"minantl#

&a$e sites1

• > t" >= #ears ag"

• Uni0ue &ranial features large s3ulls large !"dies s*"rt and (ide stature

• S"p*isti&ated st"ne t""l te&*n"l"gies designed t" *unt large mammals at &l"se range and

als" used -"m" Sapiens t""ls as (ell'

• )" e$iden&e "f s#m!"li& artifa&ts /&a$e painting et&1 !ut *eart*s !uilt in &a$es f"r (armt*'

Ho&o sa)i%s

• Appears 2rst in East Afri&a t*en a all "$er t*e ("rld

• 9K #ears ag" t" present

• Large s3ull /9@ &&1 and small gra&ile !"d#

• Imp"rtan&e "f s#m!"lism &"mplex &"gniti$e !e*a$i"rs and a !r"ad su!sisten&e strateg#

/di$ersit# "f st"ne t""ls f"r *unting multiple pre# t#pes1

• ,r"!a!le 2rst users "f sp"3en language

• 6isappearan&e "f )eandert*als &"in&ides 4it* t*e migrati"n "f -"m" sapiens int" Eur"pe

fr"m Afri&a


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Ma.o! La$&a!+s i Evolutio

• '> milli"n #ears ag" /m#a1 Austral"pit*e&us gr"ups !egin

o C"mmitted !iped

o Redu&ed &anines

o ;assi$e sexual dim"rp*ism

• >' m#a -"m" gr"ups !egin

o -umanli3e !"d#o Larger !rain

o S#stemati& meateating

o 6e&reased sexual dim"rp*ism

o St"ne t""ls

o Rudimentar# language5

S%/ vs0 G%$%!

• Sex8 eit*er "f t*e t(" ma+"r f"rms "f Indi$iduals t*at O&&ur in man# spe&ies and T*at are

distinguis*ed respe&ti$el# as female "r male Espe&iall# "n t*e !asis "f T*eir repr"du&ti$e"rgans and stru&tures

• Sexualit#8 t*e 0ualit# "r state "f sexual Being8 Als" sexual a&ti$it#

• Gender8 t*e !e*a$i"ral &ultural "r ps#&*"l"gi&al traits T#pi&all# Ass"&iated 4it* "ne sex

/Fr"m ;erriam 4e!ster 6i&ti"nar#1S%/ual $i&o!)'is&

• 6i%eren&e in a single spe&ies !et(een a !i"l"gi&al male and female in si.e and stature "f

!"nes and mus&ulature

• -umans8 6i%eren&es Relati$el# small

o ;ainl# &ranium and pel$is

o Age is imp"rtant8 Easier t" tell in adults

o )"t al(a#s relia!le

• Al(a#s use s3ull and pel$is "t*er !"nes as (ell if a$aila!le

S%/ual $i&o!)'is&

• ,el$is

o Females -a$e a (ider !r"ader r"under pel$i& inlet

o A&&"mm"date fetal de$el"pment and !irt*

o ;ales *a$e a *ig*er and m"re narr"( pel$i& inlet'o Superi"r $ie( m"re *eart s*ape -a$e e$ils "pening

P!o,l%&s "it' s%/i* a s+%l%to

• Rarel# are t*ese rules an a!s"lute /m"re "f tenden

• )utriti"n en$ir"nment diet disease in+ur# &ultural inuen&es all p"tential gr"(t*

• A%e&t C*ara&teristi&s T*at ;a# -a$e &*ange !ased "n "t*er fa&t"rs /eg ra&e spe&ies in*uman e$"luti"n t*at di$ersit# am"ngst pe"ple leads t" false I61

P!i&at%s1

• ,r"simians

o in&ludes spe&ies /ex8 lemurs in ;adagas&ar1

o smallest in si.e ;"st are n"&turnal

• Old 4"rld and )e( 4"rld ;"n3e#so In&ludes m"re t*an > spe&ies )e( 4"rld in S"ut* and Central Ameri&a Old 4"rld in

Afri&a and Asiao Smaller si.e diurnal

• Great Apes8 in&ludes apes and *uman

o A!"ut 9 spe&ies g"rillas !"n"!"s and &*impan.ees in Afri&a and "rangutans and

gi!!"ns in S"ut*east Asiao Larger in si.e /ex&ept f"r gi!!"ns1 diurnal n" tails

Ba,oos


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• T*ere are 2$e di%erent spe&ies

• T*e# li$e in Afri&a'

• Ba!""n males a$erage fr"m @@ t" => p"unds /9 t" @K 3il"grams1'

• T*e# spend mu&* "f t*eir time "n t*e gr"und'

• Ba!""ns generall# prefer sa$anna !a!""ns and "t*er semiarid *a!itats t*"ug* a fe( li$e

in tr"pi&al f"rests'

O!a*utas• F"und "nl# in Sumatra and B"rne"

• Orangutans *a$e An en"rm"us arm span' A male ma# stret&* *is arms s"me K feet fr"m

2ngertip t" 2ngertip a rea&* &"nsidera!l# l"nger t*an *is standing *eig*t "f feet'

• Orangutans are m"re s"litar# t*an "t*er apes' Infants (ill sta# (it* t*eir m"t*ers f"r s"me

six "r se$en #ears'

• T*e Animals -a$e sur$i$ed as l"ng as ? #ears in &apti$it#

Go!illas

• Onl# K ;"untain G"rillas left in (ild'

• G"rillas &an &lim! trees !ut are usuall# f"und "n t*e gr"und in C"mmunities "f up t" @

Indi$iduals Tr""ps are led !# "ne d"minant "lder adult male' Tr""ps als" in&lude se$eral"t*er #"ung males s"me females and t*eir "%spring'

•In &apti$it# g"rillas displa#ed signi2&ant intelligen&e and *a$e e$en learned simple *uman

sign languageBoo,os

• Relati$e "f C*impan.ee

• Li$e "nl# in t*e 6em"&rati& Repu!li& "f C"ng"

• T*e# (al3 !ipedall# "n t(" feet m"re easil# and f"r l"nger peri"ds "f time t*an t*e "t*er

apes

• B"n"!" s"&iet# is pea&eful matriar&*al and m"re egalitarian

• B"n"!"s li$e in gr"ups "f up t" 9 da# !rea3ing up int" f"raging gr"ups and gat*ering t"

nest at nig*t

C'i&)a2%%s

• T*e# n"rmall# (al3 "n all f"urs /3nu&3le (al3ing1 &*impan.ees &an stand and (al3 uprig*t

• C*imps eat fruits and plants But Als" inse&ts eggs and meat in&luding &arri"n'

• C*impan.ees are "ne "f t*e fe( animals spe&ies T*at empl"# t""ls'

o T*e# s*ape and use sti&3s t" retrie$e inse&ts fr"m t*eir nests "r dig gru!s "ut "f l"gs'

o T*e# als" use st"nes t" smas* "pen nuts and empl"# tast# lea$es as sp"nges t" s"a3 up

drin3ing (atero C*impan.ees -a$e Been Taug*t t" use s"me !asi& *uman sign language'

S%l%ctio

• C*arles 6ar(in /9=:9==>1

• )atural and Sexual Sele&ti"n

• Variati"n > (a#s8 E$"luti"n mutati"ns and sexual sele&ti"n

• E$"luti"n fa$"rs an# trait geneti&all# determined trait t*at leads t" m"re "%spring t*at (ill

repr"du&e

Natu!al S%l%ctio

• Bi"l"gi&al Fitness8 measured !# repr"du&ti"n and generati"ns

• )um!er "f geneti& &"pies /"%spring1 t*at sur$i$e

• In&lusi$e Fitness8 "t*ers *a$e #"ur genes

o C*ildren and si!lings8

o )ie&es and )ep*e(s8 >

o C"usins8 9>'


9/38

o Y"ur su&&essful genes (ill &arr# "n in "t*ers related t" #"u

o Fitness s&"re in&ludes all "f t*"se related t" #"u geneti&all#'

Natu!al S%l%ctio

• ;i&r"e$"luti"n8 &*ange (it*in a spe&ies

• ;a&r"e$"luti"n8 &*ange t" &reate a ne( spe&ies

• E$"luti"nar# &*ange ma# "&&ur 0ui&3l# "r sl"(l#

o Rapid &*anges "&&ur (*en t*ere is a dramati& &*ange in &limate f""d "r s"&ial&"nditi"ns

o Birds in Gulf C"ast

• Reminder ;utati"ns ma3e permanent geneti& &*anges

3'( ot As%/ual R%)!o$uctio44

• Single &elled "rganisms t*at di$ide plants (it* runners "r sp"res +ell#2s* t*at !ud

• Exa&t &"pies "f "rganism

• Faster a&&umulati"n "f *armful mutati"ns t*at &ann"t !e sele&ted "ut

• C"mpetiti"n f"r sur$i$al ("uld !e identi&al si!lings

• L"tter# Anal"g#8 Asexual is 9 ti&3ets all t*e same Sexual is (it* di%erent num!ers

ti&3ets

Vi!*i 3'i)tail Li2a!$s

• Onl# females exist'

• T*e# repr"du&e !# part*en"genesis an unfertili.ed egg de$elps int" indi$idual ne(' T*e#

pr"du&e &l"nes "f t*emsel$es'

• O&&asi"nall# "ne "f t*e females (ill start t" a&t li3e a male !# attempting t" &"pulate (it*

an"t*er female'

• T*e li.ards e$"l$ed fr"m a sexual spe&ies and t*e# engage in fa3e sex' It is a $estigial

!e*a$i"r a !e*a$i"r present in a spe&ies (*i&* in t*is &ase is useless'

S%/ual R%)!o$uctio

• "$erlap "f genes fr"m parent t" &*ild

• A!ilit# t" rem"$e *armful mutati"ns faster

• Creati"n "f In&reased $aria!ilit# in "%spring

• A!ilit# "f "%spring t" adapt t" e&"l"g#

• Greater resistan&e t" parasites

o ;"st parasiti& spe&ies *a$e a!"ut 9? spe&ies &apa!le "f infe&ting it'

o Creating &"nstantl# m"$ing targets f"r parasites

S%/ual S%l%ctio

• E$"l$ed t(" (a#s8

o C*ara&teristi&s are useful t" "ne sex /(eap"ns1

o Female pa# attenti"n t" traits /plumage de&"rati"n1

• T(" C"mp"nents8

o ;ale t" ;ale C"mpetiti"n

o Female C*"i&e5%&al% C'oic%

• G""d taste $s' G""d genes

• G""d taste8 g""d l""3ing males

o Often a !ad t*ing !e&ause "f predati"n

o Females &*""se sex# fat*ers !e&ause t*ese males and t*en s"ns (ill !e *ealt*ier

$ig"r"us and resistant t" parasites'o In&ludes als" g""d !e*a$i"r and g""d res"ur&es'

5%&al% c'oic%


10/38

• G""d genes

o -ig* 0ualit# males a!le t" pr"$ide g""d geneti& and material res"ur&es

o Brig*t plumage indi&ates degree "f parasite resistan&e

o Immune s#stem &"mpeten&e !reeding /;ultiple -ist"&"mpati!ilit# C"mplex1

5%&al% C'oic%

• Cr#pti& p"st&"pulat"r# C*"i&e

o Unseen &*"i&e8 e$er#t*ing fr"m p*#si&al e+e&ti"n "f sperm t" &*anges in !i"&*emistr#t*at inuen&e sperm $ia!ilit#'

o St"rage "f sperm f"r later fertili.ati"n

o Can !e&"me pregnant fr"m pre$i"us mating seas"n

o Suspended animati"n8 dela#ed implantati"n "f egg /fertili.ed "r n"t1

o Birds and reptiles *a$e glands in t*e &er$ix "r uterus /!irds a!"ut = (ee3s and reptiles

f"r m"nt*s "r #earso Female a$an 4art Sna3e8 st"rage f"r up t" K #ears

5%&al% C'oic%

• G""d genes and g""d !e*a$i"r /parental in$estment1 &an !e eas# t" fa3e in matte

attra&ti"n'

• G""d res"ur&es /an"t*er idea1 is *arder

• Res"ur&e ri&* mates are preferred

• B"n"!" &*imp e$il (ill eat meat and fruit t" enti&e a female and s*"( t*emsel$es t" !e

desira!le' T*e female appr"a&*es t*e male m"unts t*e female and runs a(a# (it* t*ef""d

Mal% to Mal% Co&)%titio

• Armaments are used in dire&t &"mpetiti"n Bet(een males f"r s"&ial status "r dire&t "$er

&"ntr"l females

• Fig*ting f"r s"&ial d"minan&e8 su&&ess relates t" p*#si&al si.e age durati"n "f residen

• Fig*ting &an relate t" earl# deat*

• ;ales in male elep*ant seals (ill tr# t" female snea3 int" female *a!itats t" mate females

alert "f t*e intruder and &"mpetiti"n ensues'

• S3ill at ma3ing a nest "r *"me &an !e &"mpetiti"n


• Sperm &"mpetiti"n

o ;ale t" male &"mpleti"n in t*e female repr"du&ti$e tra&t

o Bla&3 (inged damsel #8 penis t*at a&ts li3e a s&ru! !rus*

o Inse&ts 4it* T*at penis !rea3s "% inside t*e female t" a&t li3e a &*astit# !elt

o S*ar3s T*at -a$e a d"u!le !arrel penis t" &leanse t*e pre$i"s sperm

o 4"rms in RatsH intestines (*ere males &ement "t*er malesN penis "pening t" render

t*em imp"tent


• Animals (it* small testi&les tend t" p*#si&all# &"mpete f"r females

• Animals (it* large testi&les s*are females (it*"ut 2g*ting "r d"minati"n

• Ex8 -uman testi&les (eig* t(i&e as mu&* as "rangutan and 2$e times as mu&* as a g"rilla'

• C*imps *a$e testi&les @ times t*at "f *umans and pr"du&e m"re sperm t" &"mpete'

• G"rillas *a$e n" need f"r large testi&les as a d"minant Sil$er!a&3 G"rilla dri$es a(a#

&"mpetit"rs (it* ,*#si&al si.e'Mal% C'oic% a$ 5%&al% to 5%&al% Co&)%titio

• Als" "pti"ns !u# less &"mm"n in part !e&ause "f female repr"du&ti"n re0uirements and

parental in$estment


11/38

• Barn O(ls

• Sea*"rses

• ;eer3ats

• Female aggressi"n &an als" "&&ur (*en f"&used "n res"ur&e pr"te&ti"n and esta!lis*ment "f

&"ntr"l n"t "n mate a&&ess "r preferen&e'

Pot%tial R%)!o$uctiv% Rat%s• Fun Fa&ts8

• -uman eggs (eig* = times t*at "f a sperm

• Sperm (eig* /"n a$erage1 "ne tentrilli"nt* "f a gram

• S"me !irds pr"du&e eggs (eig* > "f !"d# (eig*t

• -uman e+a&ulati"n pr"du&es "n a$erage > t" ? milli"n sperm

• -"rses pr"du&ed : !illi"n sperm

• ,igs pr"du&e Often up t" > !illi"n sperm

Biolo*ical 5acts of Hu&a S%/ Di6%!%c%s

• Anis"gam#

o Female egg is larger in si.e and fe(er in num!er t*an t*e male sperm

o T*e egg is !i"l"gi&all# egg m"re $alua!le t*e sperm is a!undant• Internal gestati"n "f fertili.ed eggs

o T*e female &an pr"du&e far fe(er "%spring t*an male

o Females8 : m"nt*s > #ears t" pr"du&e t#pi&all# "ne "%spring

o ;ales8 9 minutes t" pr"du&e ne( >? milli"n sperm

Hu&a S%/ Di6%!%c%

• Fitness $arian&e8 6i%eren&e !et(een repr"du&ti$e (inners and l"sers

• ;ales *a$e m"re $arian&e t*an females

• Far m"re men &*ildless t*an ("men

• Fitness Fl""r8 t*e ("rst #"u &an d" repr"du&ti$el#

•

-a$e n" &*ildren• Fitness &eiling8 ;"st am"unt "f &*ildren #"u &an *a$e

• T*e largest num!er "f &*ildren a man &an *a$e is t(" "rders "f magnitude Greater T*an t*e

p"tential &*ildren "f a ("man /T*"usands t" tens1

Pot%tial R%)!o$uctiv% Rat%s

• ;"re Fun Fa&ts8 -ist"ri&al re&"rds "f -uman Repr"du&ti"n

• ;ale8 Ping S"!*u.a "f S(a.iland

o ;"re t*an 9 (i$es

o A!"ut ? &*ildren 9

o s "f grand&*ildren

o 9 daug*ters

• Female8 Fe"d"r Vassil#e$ /9=t* &entur# Russian ,easant1

o ?: &*ildren in >K pregnan&ies /9? sets "f t(ins se$en sets "f triplets sets "f

0uadruplets1 all !ut t(" li$ed t" adult*""dLif% Histo!(

• Semelparit#8 all repr"du&ti$e p"tential g"es int" "ne !reeding epis"de


12/38

• iter"parit# all p"tential is spent parit# a&r"ss multiple !reeding epis"des

• Sele&t"r fa$"rs semelparit# (*en8 adult m"rtalit# is *ig*

• Sele&ti"n fa$"rs iter"parit# (*en8 +u$eniles and "%spring are li3el# t" sur$i$e t" a se&"nd

!reeding epis"de

O)%!atioal S%/ Ratios Ratios

• Rati" "f sexuall# a&ti$e males t" sexuall# a&ti$e females in a gi$en area• Inuen&ed !#8 sex 6i%eren&es at !reeding sites degree "f s#n&*r"ni.ati"n "f female sexual

re&epti$it# spatial distri!uti"n "f res"ur&es and mates'

• T*e sex t*at in$ests in "%spring are usuall# a limited res"ur&e

• ;ale &"mpetiti"n &an &ause *ig* m"rtalit# rates

• Anal"g# "f males as st"&3!r"3ers and ("men as (ealt*# in$est"rs

S%/ual S%l%ctio i Hu&as

• Gendered s"&iali.ati"n

• Sex di%eren&es s*ared !# $er$et m"n3e#s

• Is t*ere a uni$ersal in gender t*at is !i"l"gi&al5

• T*e idea "f an a$erageM t*at is n"t a stere"t#pe'

Mati* S(st%& of t'% S)%ci%s

• ;"n"gam#

• ,"l#gam# /d"minati"n !# "ne male "f female "$er t*e am"unt "f a$aila!le partners1

o B"t* p"l#g#n# and p"l#andr#

• Sexual di$isi"n "f la!"r /in$estment in di%erent aspe&ts "f life1

Cultu!% as Uiv%!sal

• ;iller and Pana.a(a (rite t*at8

• T*ere is "nl# "ne *uman &ulture

• C"mm"n C*ara&teristi&s exist am"ng all &ultures

• Culture is "ur defense me&*anism /3n"(ledge is passed "n a!"ut "ur defenses is

&reated defenses1

• Cultu!al D%t%!&iis&8 t*e &ulture (e are raised in determines t*e !e*a$i"ral and

em"ti"nal &*ara&teristi&s "f t*e pe"ple' En$ir"nment /nurture1 ma3es #"u (*" #"u are'

At'!o)olo*( a$ Cultu!%

• If &ulture is "ur defense me&*anism and f"rm "f pr"te&ti"n t*en a $ariet# "f &ultural

adaptati"ns exits'

• -umans are part "f t*e same spe&ies'

• T*in3 "f Cultural 6i%eren&es as a f"rm "f ;ICROEVOLUTIO)'

• Cultures *a$e di%erent (a#s "f &reating appr"priate !"undaries f"r gender and sexualit#'

• One example8 G*ana and *and *"lding

P!i&at%s

• F"ur primates T#pes8 ,r"simians Old 4"rld ;"n3e#s )e( 4"rld ;"n3e#s and ,rimates8

Apes and *umans

• ;ating ,"ssi!ilities

• ;"n"gam"us8 Gi!!"ns

• Uni;ale gr"ups /*arems18 G"rillas


13/38

• ;ulti;ale Gr"ups8 Ba!""ns and C*impan.ees

• Sex in primates

S%/ i )!i&at%s

• Ba!""ns8

• Alp*a males dispr"p"rti"natel# fat*er "%spring

• Peeping male *ierar&*# pr"te&ts "%spring "f alp*a fr"m infanti&ide• Stud#8 d"minant males *a$e l"( stress *"rm"nes in !etter *ealt* !etter immune s#stem

fun&ti"n

• Gelada !a!""ns exist in 9 male 9 female *arems (it* "%spring

• ;ale Oli$e Ba!""ns are $i"lent against females (*" ma# n"t !e &arr#ing "r &aring f"r t*eir

"%spring females *a$e friends*ips and multimate mating t" "%set'

S%/ i )!i&at%s

• "rangutan

• S"&iall# d"minant males are >x t*e si.e "f female

• ;ales de$el"p large anges ar"und fa&e and large t*r"at sa& t" pr"du&e l"ng &alls

• Female< #"ung gr"ups and r"aming males

• Re&epti$e female (ill ans(er t*e &alls "f males t" repr"du&e'

S%/ i )!i&at%s

• C*impan.ees8 Sex is largel# pr"mis&u"us

• C"ns"rts*ip exists8 male gr""ming and s*aring "f f""d (it* female

• ;ale &"aliti"n and male )'ilo)at!( /males sta# (it* !irt* gr"up1

• L"ts "f gr"up p"liti&s8 territ"r# si.e Imp"rtant male aggressi"n (a# "f gaining it and females

• -ig* ran3ing female &*imps -a$e m"re "%spring in t*eir life8 males prefer mate (it* "lder

experien&ed mates t*at m"re s3illed m"t*ers and m"re fertile per "$ulat"r# &le'

S%/ i )!i&at%s

• Boo,os1 related /&"usin spe&ies1 t" &*imps

• -a$e sex m"re li3e *umans /$ariet# "f p"siti"ns female t" female male t" male female

s"li&ited et&'1

• Large female &"aliti"n t" pr"te&t fr"m male aggressi"n

• Als" *as male p*il"patr#

S%/ i )!i&at%s

• Go!illas1 is"lated single male *arems8 "ne male t(" t" f"ur females and "%spring

• ;ales ex*i!it *ig* le$els "f parenting

• Females d" n"t *a$e &"nspi&u"us sexual s(elling and t*e# primaril# s"li&it &"pulati"n fr"m

t*e alp*a male

• Als" male *as p*il"patr#

5%&al% S%/ual S"%lli* o! Est!us

• ,*#si"l"gi&all#8 ;ar3ed !# s(elling and redness "$ulati"n and p*er"m"nes

• Be*a$i"rall#8 females re&epti$e t" sex and males interested in females

• Fre0uen e$er# m"nt* f"r t*e 2rst #ear "ften e$er# 2$e #ears (*en pr"du&ing "%spring'

• Infertile females "ften ne$er appr"a&*ed !# males e$en (*en in estrus'

D%v%lo)&%tPlasticit(


14/38

• ,"tential f"r p*en"t#pes t" &*ange during de$el"pment and in adult*""d !e&ause "f s"&ial

and e&"l"gi&al &"nditi"ns experien&es !# indi$idual "r m"t*er'

• -"rm"nal "r end"&rine resp"nses

• C"nstrained range "f expressi"n

• E8 C"%ee

• E8 (eat*er

• E8 2n&*es in Galapag"s and !ea3 si.e

Plasticit( $u!i* )!%*ac(

• ;ammals8 -ealt*# m"t*er gi$e !irt* t" *ea$ier "%spring and pr"$ide m"re mil3

• Ba!""ns8 *ig* ran3ing females gi$e !irt* t" males (*" *a$e a&&elerated testi&ular

maturati"n and m"re up s"&ial *ierar&*# faster

• Female di%er in plasti&it# "f repr"du&ti$e timing8 E s(all"(s in mead"( fr"m 2lm'

5%tal D%v%lo)&%t

• Onl# a Y &*r"m"s"me a&ti$ates sex de$el"pment /Female is default fetal sex1

• -"rm"nes pla# a large r"le = (ee3s "f de$el"pment and t" Y ;a3es testes f"rm'

• ;"st geneti& di%eren&es are &"n&erned (it* timing t#pes and le$els "f *"rm"nes

• If em!r#" is exp"sed t" test"ster"ne it (ill !e&"me anat"mi&all# male• T(ins "ne "f ea&* sex in t*e ("m!8 t*e maleHs test"ster"ne (ill add t" mas&ulinit# in t*e

!rain "f t*e female t(in

5%tal 7 At Bi!t'

• ;"re girls t*an !"#s are &"n&ei$ed /98 9 and m"re are sp"ntane"usl# a!"rted !e&ause t*e

rate at !irt* is /' 98 91

• Girls at !irt* are 9> (ee3s a*ead "f !"#s in !"ne gr"(t* B"#s are generall# *ea$ier and

l"nger

• Girls -a$e m"re su!&utane"us fats at !irt*

• Infant m"rtalit# is Greater in !"#s /9>K8 91

A$ol%sc%c%

• B"d# (eig*t !# "f fat8

o Girls

o B"#s

o E$en am"ng e0uall# 2t


15/38

• Strengt*8 Girls -a$e ? "f menHs a$erage strengt*'

• 6i%erential is upper !"d# strengt*

• ultramarat*"ns and enduran&e &"ntests8 ("men d" !etter

• 4*# are n"t (e taller5

• 4"men t#pi&all# sele&t f"r male *eig*t

• -eig*t &an *elp f"r f""d a&&ess and res"ur&e pr"te&ti"n

• T*ere is a t"" tall f"r t*e !"d# /unsustaina!le !"d# *eig*t1

• Large infants are di&ult t" !irt* 3eep feed and *ealt*# in pre*ist"r#

Di6%!%c%s A$ult

• 4"men li$e l"nger /US estimates1

o 4"men8 K: #ears

o ;en8 K> #ears

o ;ale deat* ma# *a$e t" d" (it* test"ster"ne

• Female 6iseases8 Bladder Can&er "ste"p"r"sis immune 6is"rders 6epressi"n Anxiet#

*#p"&*"ndriao Sui&ides are8 pills (rists

• ;ale 6iseases8 *eart atta&3s pneum"nia &an&er learning dis"rders A6-6 autism

o Sui&ides are &"mmitment8 +umpers drugs guns

• E0ual in8 mani& depressi"n s&*i."p*renia OC6

Cultu!% a$ Biolo*(

• )ature $s' )urture

• Get int" gr"ups "f all e$il "r all females A!"ut pe"ple

• ;a3e a list "f t*e p*#si&al 0ualities and pers"nalit# C*ara&teristi&s T*at are ideal'

• 4*at d"es t*is pers"n l""3 li3e5

• -"( are t*e# attra&ti$e and *elpful t" #"u as a matte5

I$%als i M% a$ 3o&%1

• ;ale Ideal

o Y"ung ("men s*"rt *ig* $"i&e su!&utane"us fat less !"d# *air lig*ter s3in daint#

feet n"ses and &*ins T*at n"t pr"minento ,rimates8 ane G""dall (as f"und Fl" (as m"st p"pular mate

• Female Ideal

o In$estment in "%spring *eig*t mus&ularit# !r"ad s*"ulders /strengt*1 !eards

p"(erful /!# (ealt* inuen&e and aut*"rit#1o -#p"t*eti&al Sperm 6"n"rs

3'at M% 3at i M%P'(sical

Tall;us&ular 2t at*leti&;us&ular r"und !uttC"l"red e#es

G""d teet* g""d smileB"d# *airs*a$ed (axed *airlessStr"ng upper !"d# < &*estS"me tatt""s and pier&ings)i&e Smell

P%!soalit(IntelligentFamil# "rientedCaring < a%e&ti"nateFait*ful *"nest

Sensiti$e selessFunn# G""d sense "f *um"r;at&* "r pass "r 2nan&iall#"utg"ing tr# ne( t*ings

3'at 3o&% 3at i 3o&%P'(sicalBig !""!s /n"t fa3e1

Fit at*leti& /n"t t"" s3inn#1,rett# smile lips


16/38

Lig*t &"l"red e#esEx"ti& et*ni&it# is &""l4ellmani&ured g""d *#giene)"t t"" tallP%!soalit(6"es n"t mind ,6A

Sp"rt#Funn# sense "f *um"r

T*"ug*tful-"nest fait*fulOutg"ing &"n2dentPids < Famil# Friendl#

Smells g""d Tatt""s and pier&ings "3a#

I$%als of M% 83'at 3o&% 3at9

• Si.e

o -eig*t is imp"rtant' H99 J is preferen&e

o S*"rt men are less desira!le as a permanent mate

o Fe( presidents s*"rter t*an ?

• Strengt*

o ,*#si&al pr"te&ti"n Imp"rtant f"r safet#

o B"t* si.e and strengt* tied t" g""d *ealt*

• L"$e and Fidelit#

o ;"st Imp"rtant trait

o 4"r3s (it* m"st "f t*e f"ll"(ing traits

I$%als of M%

• Res"ur&es

o Can 2nd and 3eep t*e material g""ds li3e f""d and land

o F""d8 Bi"l"gi&al Res"ur&e

o Land8 ,*#si&al res"ur&e

o ;"ne# in m"dernit# is a &ru&ial 2nan&ial res"ur&e

• Gener"sit#

o Tenden in t*e mate t" (ant t" s*are t*e res"ur&es

o 4ill !ene2t #"u and &*ildren

I$%als of M%• Age

o ;aturit# and "ld age mean relia!ilit#

o ;"re res"ur&es m"re experien&e

• -ard ("r3

o ;"ti$ati"n t" get res"ur&es if needed

• 6ependa!ilit#

o Em"ti"nal insta!ilit# &an mean $i"len&e

o Sta!ilit# 7 &"nsisten G""d (it* stress

I$%als of M%

• Intelligen&e8

o G""d at 2nding res"ur&es if #"u mate *as less t*an desira!le

o )"t repeating mista3es

o G""d -unting

• C"mpati!ilit#8

o Similar g"als and lifest#le

o 6is&repan&ies &ause pr"!lems and &"ni&t

o A$"id (asting time and m"ne# !# &*""sing matte (it*in t*eir rea&*

I$%als of 5%&al%s 8"'at &% "at9


17/38

• Large Breasts

o -umans are uni0ue in *a$ing pr"minent !reasts (*en n"t la&tating

o Sele&ti"n "f p"tential mates !# !reast si.e d"es n"t ree&t a!ilit# t" !etter !reast feed

an# "%spring

• Small 4aists

o Small (aisted ("men s*"( t*at t*e# are n"t pregnant !# an"t*er man

o -"urglass 2gure sele&ted f"r *ealt* predi&t"rs

I$%als of 5%&al%s

• L"ng -air is &"mm"n am"ng #"ung ("men

o -air is an indi&at"r "f g""d *ealt*

• Bl"nde -air

o Y"ung girls (it* !l"nde *air !e&"me ("men (it* !r"(n *air "ften

o Bl"nder 7 #"unger and m"re fertile

o S&andina$ia &l"t*ed &limate g""d indi&at"r "f *ealt*

• Blue E#es

o ,upil dilati"n !etter seen in !lue e#es

o 6ilati"n all"(s #"u t" gauge s"me"neHs interest in #"u as mate

I$%als of 5%&al%s

• Y"ut*

o Clue "f repr"du&ti"n and fertilit#

o ;en prefer "n a$erage >' #ears #"unger C

• C*astit# and Fidelit#

o )" Cu&3"ldr#

o Virgin !rides $s' $irgin gr""ms

o Cr"ss &ulturall#8 single !est predi&t"r "f in2delit# is premarital sexual permissi$eness

I$%als of 5%&al%s

• ;"dern ;en F""led !#8

o ,lasti& Surger#

o 4igso -air d#e

o C"l"r C"nta&ts

o Breast en*an&ement

• 4*at #"u see ;a# n"t !e (*at #"u get '''

C!oss Cultu!al B%aut(• Bilateral s#mmetr# a$erageness se&"ndar# sexual C*ara&teristi&s

• E$"luti"nar# dri$en standards lead t" agreement &r"ss &ulturall#'

• S#mmetr# 7 G""d *ealt* n" parasites g""d nutriti"n C*anges 4it* Age

• G"lden Rati"

*ttp8Po!o*!a)'(: P!ostitutio: a$ M%$ia

http://www.youbeauty.com/beauty/face-symmetry-of-celebrities/http://www.youbeauty.com/beauty/face-symmetry-of-celebrities/


18/38

• ;iller < Pana.a(a assert T*at ;enHs impulse is t" mate (it* multiple partners t*eref"re

pr"stituti"n ma3e sense t" spread genes'

• 4"men d" n"t need multiple partners little repr"du&ti$e !ene2t

• 6"es t*is ma3e sense 555

• ,"rn"grap*# All"(s men see sex and !e ful2lled (it* repr"du&ti$e needs !ut still !e

m"n"gam"us

• ;"$ies (it* age disparities

Natu!%;s Pat%!it( C%!tait(o ;ale (ater !ugs in&u!ate fertili.ed eggs and star$e T*emsel$es t" &are f"r eggs T*e#

Als" Repeatedl# interrupt egg la#ing t" 3ill again and Ensure &ertaint#o ;ale (al3ing sti&3s ride "n t*e femaleHs !a&3 4it* -is genitalia atta&*ed t" *ers Until

eggs are laido ,arasiti& ("rms /4e Tal3ed A!"ut !ef"re1 &ement &l"sed t*e female genital "pening t"

!l"&3 "t*er maleHs spermo ;ale *"ne# !eeHs !"d# expl"des li3e a grenade after inter&"urse t" pus* sperm e$en

Furt*er int" t*e !"d#Pat%!it( C%!tait(o Cu&3"lding8 @9

o > extramarital "f Ameri&an 4"men -a$e at Least "ne extramarital a%airo In2delit# OCCURS m"re "ften ar"und "$ulati"n and (ere less li3el# t" use &"ntra&epti"n

o It is n"t &u&3"ldr# if it is Pn"(n /eg stepparents1

Pat%!it( C%!tait(o C"n&ealed "$ulati"n and sexual re&epti$it# relati"ns*ips t" ,re$ent &ertaint#

o Re0uires men t" ;aintain l"nger sta!le relati"n t" Ensure paternit#

o ;ales $ar# in$estment !ased "n &ertaint#

o )e(!"rns Often resem!le m"t*ers m"re !ut !"#s gr"( t" resem!le t*eir fat*ers "$er

time

R%s%&,lac% of Ifatso Statisti&s tell us T*at !a!ies resem!le T*at fat*ers are m"re li3el# t" sur$i$e

o

Fat*ers Be&"me &"n$in&ed "f paternit# /n"t &u&3"ldr#1 and in$est in "%springo E$"luti"n *as pr"du&ed t*e tenden f"r "%spring t" l""3 m"re li3e fat*ers f"r sur$i$al

o T*eir "%spring and parent

o Experiment 4it* p*"t"s 8 m"re su&&ess ages 9 #ear "ld (it* mat&*ing fat*er "r t"

m"t*er "t*er t*anPa!%tal iv%st&%t of f%&al%s vs0 &al%so All *umans8 m"re maternal t*an paternal in$estment

o in US8 empl"#ed married men intera&t (it* &*ildren 9> minutes a da# "n ("r3da#s and

>K minutes "n da# "% Empl"#ed married ("men a$erage = minutes "n ("r3da#s and@= minutes "n da#s "%

o In m"st &ases m"t*ers perf"rm 9 minutes "f &*ild&are f"r e$er# 9 minute ,erf"rmed

!# fat*erso 4"men C"nstitute : "f single parents

Pa!%tal iv%st&%t of f%&al%s vs0 &al%so 4"men are m"re li3el# t" s*"( empat*# aliati"n s"&ial s3ills and sensiti$it# t"

n"n$er!al &ues "f a &*ildHs needso ;"t*ers are !etter at interpreting C"rre&tl# t*e &ries "f T*eir Y"ung C*ildren and T*eir

meaningso Breast feeding en&"urages initial female in$estment

Pa!%tal iv%st&%t of f%&al%s vs0 &al%so Fat*ers are T#pi&all# pla#mates m"t*ers are nurturing T#pi&all# &"mf"rt and nurturing


19/38

o C*ildren (it* fat*ers as pla#mates are Often C*"sen m"re "ften as preferred peer

pla#mates 6o i$"r&e is ;"st C"mm"n redu&ti"n "f parental in$estment

o Cust"dial fat*ers still ,r"$ide m"nit"ring "f &*ildren less t*an &ust"dial m"t*ers

Pa!%tal iv%st&%t of f%&al%s vs0 &al%so F"ll"(ing di$"r&e men /men Espe&iall# *ig*er status1 are m"re li3el# t" remarr# t*an

("men and t" -a$e ;"re C*ildren (it* ne( sp"useo -ig*er le$els "f test"ster"ne in males is Ass"&iated 4it* mating &"mpetiti"n l"( le$els

are Ass"&iated (it* a f"&us "n parentingo Fat*ers 4-O Resp"nd t" infant &r#ing ;"re Often -a$e l"(er le$els "f test"ster"ne

G%%!al S%l%ctio of &at%so LetHs l""3 at "ur lists "f pers"nalit# traits (e (ant in a matte'

o 6" t*e# mat&* 4it* T*is8

o Females (ant g""d 2nan&ial pr"spe&ts /res"ur&es1

o Females ;ales $alue am!iti"n and industri"usness

o ;ales $alue p*#si&al attra&ti$eness "$er pers"nalit#

o ;en prefer #"unger mates

o Females prefer "lder mates

I


20/38

S'o!t t%!& Mati*;en &"nt

• Tenden in nature f"r men t" !e m"re sexuall# ar"use (it* ne( unfamiliar females

/ar"usal t" n"$elt#1

• Sp"use s(apping initiated !# men

• Gr"up sex initiated mainl# !# men

• A!ilit# t" sele&t f"r sexual &"mpati!ilit#• ;"re sexual freed"m and re0uests f"r 3in3

S'o!t t%!& Mati*4"men

• Onl# need minimal sexual a&&ess t" repr"du&e

• Sex f"r res"ur&es /t*in3 B"n"!" females1

• 6"nNt *a$e t" d" +"! "f (ife

• Little t" n" &areta3ing /BC,1

• E$aluati"n "f p"tential *us!ands

• Additi"nal p*#si&al pr"te&ti"n (it* allian&e

S'o!t T%!& Mat%4"menHs C"nt'

• C*ara&teristi&s "f ("menHs in$estment

• ;"ne# spent la$is*l#

• Gener"us gifts fr"m !eginning t" end

• Extra$agant lifest#le funded

• S"unds li3e pr"stituti"n !ut sex f"r t*ings !ut is n"( 0uite &'

• Be#"nd sex f"r res"ur&es sex f"r gifts

• Sugar !a!ies < sugar daddies trend

S'o!t T%!& Mat%

• 4"men are "ften l""3ing f"r similar 0ualities in s*"rt and l"ng term mates

• ;en are "ften l""3ing f"r "pp"site 0ualities in s*"rt and l"ng term mates

•4"men are "ften tr#ing "ut t*e man

• ;en are "ften mating in &"mpletel# di%erent (a#s in t*e t(" situati"ns

• Fundamental di%eren&e in transiti"n fr"m !ene2tsM relati"ns*ip t" dating relati"ns*ip

In m"dernit# As*le#madis"n'&"m see3ingagarrangement'&"m and &"ugarlife'&"mB%%! Go**l%s

• 4"men /"r men1 get m"re attra&ti$e after li0u"r

• Attri!uta!le t" ps#&*"l"gi&al me&*anism "f de&reasing time and "pp"rtunit# as nig*t g"es

"n'

• Less ("men /"r men1 less time standards !egin t" !e read+ustedM (it* &urrent situati"n

Costs of casual s%/7s'o!t t%!& &at%sM%ST6s,""r reputati"nIn+ur# fr"m +eal"us sp"use


21/38

D%c%)tio

• Used t" attra&t a mate

• E$er#t*ing fr"m8

• Exaggerati"ns "f prestige status and in&"me

• Exaggerati"ns "f !eaut# /(e tal3ed a!"ut manipulati"ns last (ee31

• @ "f "nline dating ads are pe"ple (*" are married'

D%c%)tio• Bragging a!"ut a&&"mplis*ments

• Initiating $isual &"nta&t

• 4earing sex# &l"t*es

• 6ispla#ing at*leti& pr"(ess

o Flexing mus&les "pening +ars p*#si&al p"(er

• Flas*ing &as*

• S*"(ing imp"rtan&e at ("r3

D%c%)tio ,( M%

• S*"(ing &"mmitment is di&ult t" fa3epersisten&e is e%e&ti$e

• 6ispla# "f 3indness and &"mpassi"n &an "ften !e expl"ited

• T" attra&t ("men men admit t" !eing m"re p"lite m"re &"nsiderate and m"re $ulnera!le

t*an t*e# reall# are' /Remem!er g""d !e*a$i"r551• 6ispla# "f l"$e

• Spreading rum"rs a!"ut ri$al "r 2g*ting a ri$al

• Tal3ing d"(n a ri$al /n" n" +"! n" am!it"n1

Sat%llit% St!at%*i%s

• Stealt*# men using de&epti"n

• Being near a (ea3er men t" s*"( t*e di%eren&e

• ;ate p"a&*ing

• ;a3ing friends (it* a ("man and snea3ing int" *er life

• Feigning femaleness

D%c%)tio ,( 3o&%

• ;ainl# alterati"n "f appearan&e

• Redressing res*"(ering getting read# "$er again !ef"re g"ing "ut• Sexuali.ing "f appearan&e t*at ma# n"t !e &"nsistent in t*eir dail# li$es

• ,retending t" !e dum! mee3 *elpless

• 6enigrati"n "t*er ("menNs appearan&e

o Ex ("man ta3ing "ut t*e *air!rus*

o 6ra(ing attenti"n t" "t*erNs a(s

D%c%)tio ,( 3o&%

• T(" f"ld pr"!lem8 4"men need t" s*"( men t*e# are sex# !ut n"t t"" sex#

• T"" sex# means8 pr"mis&u"us

• Y"ur reputati"n &an !e !adl# damaged

• 4*at d" (e &all t*ese ("men5

• T*e# need eit*er l"( pr"mis&uit# *ig* desira!ilit# Or l"( desira!ilit# *ig* pr"mis&uit# / l"ng"r s*"rt term attra&ti"n t" men1

Miss%$ Si*als

• E#e &"nta&t and smiling are !"t* easil# misread signals fr"m ("men t" men

• 4"men *a$e m"re t" l"se in mixed signals

• 4"men are ta3en as (*"res "ften !e&ause "f pr"$"&ati$e !e*a$i"rs "r dress

• Signals t" men (*en misread &an lead t" aggressi"n "r e$en $i"len&e


22/38

St!at%*i%s of Mat% -%%)i*

• F"r ("men8 s*"(ing 3indness and l"$e !u#ing gifts spending m"ne#'

• F"r men8 s*"(ing l"$e and 3indness en*an&ing p*#si&al appearan&e

• Em"ti"nal manipulati"n8 &r#ing et&

• 6ependen&e "r partner


• Su!mitting t" mate• ,r"$"3ing sexual +eal"us#

• Signal "f "(ners*ip

o ,*#si&al8 *"lding *ands (earing +a&3et "r +e(elr# pi&tures

o Ver!al8 intr"du&ing pers"n as mate

• 6er"gati"n t*reats and $i"len&e ,erf"rmed alm"st ex&lusi$el# !# men

• Anger and t*reats t" 3eep mates fr"m stra#ing'


• Vigilan&e as primar# strateg#

• t* #ear "f marriage m"st &"mm"n strateg# empl"#ed

o Calling mates at "dd timeso C*e&3ing mail "r email "r p*"ne

o ;"n"p"li.ing a mateNs time

• ? &alls made !# 6ut&* ("men t" *er ex in 9 #ear /9K= &alls per da#1

5%a! of i


23/38

)"$99

B!ai St!uctu!%s

• E$"luti"nar# 6e$el"pment "f t*e !rain8 t*ree parts'

• Reptilian Brain

o Brain Stem

o Simple m"t"r s3ills and reexes all senses ex&ept smell and $isi"n feeding 2g*tingeeing and sex

• ;ammalia Brain /Lim!i& S#stem1

o C"ntains *#p"t*alamus am#gdala *ipp"&ampus pitutitar#

o Em"ti"ns -unger t*irst sleep

• T*in3ing Brain / )e"C"rtex1

o Fr"ntal l"!e temp"ral l"!e parietal l"!e "&&ipital l"!e

o 6e&isi"n ma3ing ris3 ta3ing language and spatial per&epti"n

*ttps8


24/38

o Aggressi"n t" 3ill

o Spatial s3ills t" tra&3 animals

• Gat*ering < Rearing infants

o Fine m"t"r s3ills f"r pi&3ing f""d and gr""ming infants

o Language s3ills f"r &"mmuni&ating

o Intuiti"n f"r understanding an infantNs n"n$er!al &ues'

B!ai D%v%lo)&%t a$ Lau*'t%!• Built in me&*anism li3e snee.ing n"t learned li3e t""l use' 4-Y5

• S"&ial Brain -#p"t*esis

• S"&ial &"mplexit# and in&reased need f"r &"*esi"n

• Laug*ter adds t" s"&ia!ilit# and sm""t*er relati"ns !et(een pe"ple

• C*imps laug* t""' Adds t" s"&ia!ilit# (*ile d"ing !"nding a&ti$ities li3e gr""ming

• Laug*ing ma# !e anal"g"us t" !lus*ing

B!ai D%v%lo)&%t a$ 5%a!

• Fear &enters in t*e am#gdala

• Originated t" pr"te&t pe"ple fr"m predat"rs

• E$en if a per&ei$ed t*reat is arti2&ial/li3e in s&ar# m"$ies1 it is still re&ei$ed and underst""d

t*e same (a# !# t*e !rain

• Am#gdala sends "ut d"pamine in resp"nse8 s"me pe"ple li3e t*is sensati"n "t*ers d"nNt'• Extreme sp"rts +un3ies feed "% t*e &*emi&al *ig*


• T(" t#pes "f fear8

• Instin&tual Fear8 predat"rs *eig*ts danger

o Sna3es Bears Fire

• Learned Fear8 s"met*ing t*at *as *appened pers"nall# t*at &reates a fear resp"nse n"t

pre$i"usl# t*ereo 6"g !ite Gun 2re'


• T*ree t#pes "f !"dil# resp"nse t" fear8

• 4idening e#es and dilated pupils s" #"ur e#es &an ta3e in m"re lig*t and get t*e m"st

inf"rmati"n a!"ut (*atNs *appening'• S(eating palms' 4*en #"u are afraid #"ur s#mpat*eti& ner$"us s#stem and epinep*rine

se&reti"n f"rm #"ur adrenal gland 3i&3 in a&ting "n #"ur s(eat glands'

• Tig*tening "f mus&les' ;us&les are tig*tened and s*"t full "f "x#gen !e&ause "f t*e !"d#Ns

anti&ipati"n "f a 2g*t"r ig*t resp"nse'T'% B!ai a$ Ro&atic lov%

• Visual &ues rea&t faster t*an *ig*er "rder t*"ug*t pr"&esses

• 4*en in l"$e "r l""3ing at p*"t" "f l"$ed "ne release "f pleasure


25/38

• Res"ur&es are s"&ial !i"l"gi&al and p*#si&al

• ;en "ften *a$e ex&lusi$e a&&ess t" res"ur&es and ex&lusi$e a&&ess t" ("men as sexual

res"ur&es

• 4"men !ene2t fr"m !eing (it* a man (it* res"ur&es

• Strategies "f &"ntr"l8 /&"$ered next (ee31

o ,*#si&al Aggressi"n

o Relati"nal Aggressi"nS%/ $i6%!%c%s

• ,"liti&s' Gaining &"ntr"l "$er pe"ple and t*eir res"ur&es

• C"mpetiti"n !et(een &"aliti"ns "f men

• Often in m"dernit# in&lude ("men

• S"&iall# d"minant men *a$e m"re (i$es and mistresses' Als" m"re &*ildren

• ;en -a$e m"re t" gain in p"liti&s

Politics

• 4"men *a$e a str"nger preferen&e t" redu&e $i"len&e and &"ni&t

• Vi"len&e and intimidati"n "ften male ta&ti&s

• C"aliti"ns and &"ni&ts &an result in &"mmunit#(ide disrupti"ns

• U) rep"rt8 9:=9::?

o > milli"n &*ildren 3illed ("rld(ideo ? milli"n seri"usl# in+ured

o Large s&ale (ars t" small et*ni& &"ni&ts

o ;illi"ns "f ("men a%e&ted as (ell

Sta,ilit(

• Sta!le s"&ial relati"ns*ip suppress male t" male &"mpetiti"n

• ,r"m"te e0ual

• C""perati$e &*ild &are

• 4"men a&*ie$e p"(er t*r"ug* inuen&e "f menNs a&ti$ities

• 6i%eren&es in t*e sexes in strategies "f "rgani.ati"n

o ;en "rgani.ed t" gain p"(er repr"du&ti"n and res"ur&es

o 4"men "rgani.e t" en*an&e (ell!eing "f &*ildren

M%c'ais& fo! cot!ol• -uman a!ilit# t" f"rm mental representati"ns "f situati"ns &entered "n t*e self and

relati"ns*ip (it* pe"ple

• F"rm "f mental time tra$el

• ,r"!lem s"l$ing

• Fantasi.ing a!"ut p"ssi!ilities and strategies

• S&enari" in a !ar8

• ;en *"( t" get attenti"n f"rm a ("man in a &r"(d "f men

• 4"men *"( t" &*""se (*i&* man t" sele&ts

I*!ou)> Out*!ou)

• Us Vs T*em

• In$"l$es !ias f"r pe"ple and against pe"ple

• Attri!uti"ns fa$"r ingr"up• Attri!uti"ns +ustif# fa&ilitate and pre&ede $i"len&e in &"ni&t situati"ns

• Attri!uting failures t" external &auses /n"t m# fault1

• Or maintaining t*e illusi"n "f predi&ta!le "ut&"mes/I 3ne( t*is ("uld *appen1

3o!+i* &%&o!(

• A!ilit# t" ta3e mental representati"ns "f inf"rmati"n and manipulate t*ese representati"ns

• Related past experien&es and simulati"ns "f p"tential future states

• E$"luti"nar# *ist"r# "f past experien&es &"mplex and e$er&*anging inf"rmati"n s"&ial

&""perati"n and &"mpetiti"n gi$e unpredi&ta!ilit# /need f"r &"ntr"l1


26/38

• Re*earse t" &"ntr"l p"ssi!le "ut&"mes !etter

o 4*at ta&ti&s ("r3ed g""d "r !ad in past f"r sur$i$al

A6%ctiv% M%c'ais&

• Em"ti"ns8 "!ser$a!le feed!a&3 f"r "t*ers

• Feelings8 un"!ser$a!le feed!a&3 t" #"urself

• ,"siti$e feelings pr"$ide reinf"r&ement "f strategies t" "!tain g"als "r t" get a desired state

• )egati$e feelings pr"$ide punis*ment and pr"m"te disengagement t" deta&* fr"m situati"n• Am#gdala8 ampli2es attenti"n t" e$"luti"nar# signi2&ant f"rms "f inf"rmati"n

o Fa&ial expressi"ns em"ti"ns feelings'

o udging "t*erNs expressi"n

S%/ Di6%!%c%s1 E&otios

• ;"re ("men t*an men de$el"p un(anted feelings "f s"&ial dependen and anxiet# a!"ut

t*eir partnerNs em"ti"ns a!"ut t*em

• 6i%erent repr"du&ti$e p"tentials

• 4"men rep"rt m"re negati$e feelings a!"ut 9 nig*t stands'

o -ig*er &"st e$"luti"naril#

o Un(anted pregnan and disease

• Em"ti"ns lead t" a&ti"neliminate t*e pr"!lems

S%/ $i6%!%c%s1 E&otios• Em"ti"ns &an !etra# t*e degree "f in$estment "n t*e part "f t*e !"t* sexes

• 4"men "ften &"n&eal t*eir em"ti"ns

• 4"men tr# t" get men t" express em"ti"ns t" dis&ern &"mmitment

• T"" mu&* em"ti"ns fr"m eit*er partner &an !e &"stl#

• 4"men perf"rm assessmentM (it* friends t" asses mateNs intenti"ns and a&ti"ns'

S%/ $i6%!%c%s1 E&otios

• 4"men express $isi!le em"ti"ns m"re fre0uentl# and intensel# t*an men

• fa&ets "f measuring em"ti"ns8

o Expressi$e &"n2den&ea&t em"ti"ns (it*"ut feeling

o ,"siti$e expressi$it#expressi"n "f p"siti$e em"ti"ns

o )egati$e expressi$it#expressi"n "f negati$e em"ti"ns

o Impulse intensit#di&ult# "f expressing intense em"ti"nso ;as3ingsuppressi"n "f feelings'

S%/ $i6%!%c%s1 E&otios

• 4"men rep"rt feeling m"re intense feelings t*an men

• ;en tend t" mas3 t*eir em"ti"ns m"re

• ;en f"&us m"re "n sens"r# aspe&ts "f em"ti"nal stimuli in terms "f re0uired a&ti"ns needed

• 4"men dire&t m"re attenti"n t" t*e feelings engendered !# t*e em"ti"nal stimuli

• 4"men tend t" use em"ti"ns


27/38

• T(" main reas"ns f"r di$"r&e8 in2delit# and infertilit#

I? (it* 9 3id 9: (it* > 3ids @ (it* "r

m"re 3ids1

• C*ildren strengt*en marriages

• K s"&ieties *a$e infertilit# as a &ause f"r diss"luti"n "f marriage

• Str"ngl# sex lin3ed /"ften as&ri!ed t" "ne sex m"re8 ("men1

If%!tilit(

• ;arriages are n"t &"nsummated if n" 3ids in se$eral s"&ieties

• Old age lin3ed t" l"( fertilit# in !"t* sexes

• 6ire&t failure t" pr"$ide repr"du&ti$e res"ur&es in relati"ns*ip

• Fear "f repr"du&ti$e reall"&ati"n t" "t*er men

Ho" to )!%s%!v% a &a!!ia*%• Remain fait*ful

• ,r"du&e &*ildren

• -a$e ample e&"n"mi& res"ur&es

• Be 3ind gener"us and understanding

• )e$er refuse "r negle&t a mate sexuall#

• T*ese suggesti"ns in&rease t*e li3eli*""d "f su&&ess greatl#

Lo* T%!& Mati* a$ Co?ict

• ;ates tend t" test ea&* "t*er peri"di&all#

• )egle&t s*"(s l"( in$estment

• 6ependen and p"ssessi$eness &an ta3e t"" mu&* energ#

• Sel2s*ness and self &enteredness &an &reate &"ni&t

• 4"men are sexual de&ei$ers ;en are &"mmitment de&ei$ersVIOLENCE@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Viol%c% T'%o!(

• E$"luti"n *as sele&ted f"r *ig* le$els "f male $i"lene'

o Assault murder !atter#

o C"ntr"l "$er res"ur&es

o C"ntr"l "$er mates

• E$"luti"n sa#s t*e deat* penalt# (ill n"t deter murder'

o Assumes murders are premeditates /pe"ple (eig* t*e "ut&"me


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• 4"men "ften attri!uted (it* a tend and !efriendM resp"nse8 !lend in (it* en$ir"nment

&alm and 0uiet &*ildren !uild gr"up aliati"ns'S%/ $i6%!%c%s1 E&otios

)" di%eren&e in men


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3o&%#s A**!%ssio

• Sta#ing ali$e T*e"r# "f female &riminalit#

• )eed t" &are f"r &*ildren

• T*eft mainl#

• Or $i"len&e t" pr"te&t t*emsel$es "r &*ildren

• Battered ("menNs s#ndr"me

• A&*ie$e g"als "r se&ure res"ur&es• Better life f"r &*ildren

• Tied t" e&"n"mi& need

S%/ual Ha!ass&%t

• ;"ti$ated !# a&&ess t" s*"rt term mating

• ;"st &"mplains 2led !# ("men m"st &"mplaints 2led against men

• Vi&tims are dispr"p"rti"natel# #"ung p*#si&all# attra&ti$e and single

• Single ("men are t*"ug*t t" !e m"re re&epti$e t" ad$an&es

• Stud#8 ?@ "f ("men insulted !# ad$an&es 9K "f ("men attered 9 "f men insulted

!# ad$an&es ?K attered'

Pu,lic $is)la(s of a**!%ssio• ;en at t*e !"tt"m *a$e little t" l"se and are dra(n t" $i"lent t" !ra$ad" t*at is ris3# and

p"ssi!l# deadl#

• Pillers are li3el# t" !e unmarried unempl"#ed less edu&ated and l"(er s"&i"e&"n"mi& &lass

• ;urders and $i"lent &rimes "&&ur in pu!li&

• -as e$"luti"nar# purp"se

• If $i"len&e is an e$"l$ed strateg# It maintains a &redi!le t*reat "f "ng"ing a!ilit# f"r $i"len&e

t*at reinf"r&es p"(er f"r t*e indi$idualPu,lic $is)la(s of a**!%ssio

• Vi"len&e &an !e a perf"rman&e

o Often !eing ma&*" "r manl# /usuall# pr"$"3ed as n"n mas&uline1

• Largest m"ti$e f"r murder is alter&ati"nM "f relati$el# tri$ial "rigin8 insult &urse +"stlingM

o Arguments at sp"rts games !ars and "%*anded remar3 insult'o E$"luti"nar# sa#s t*is is )OT tri$ial !e&ause pers"nal alter&ati"ns (ere !ased "n

t*reats t" prestige and s"&ial su&&ess

• Can !e a ris3# strateg#8 la( enf"r&ement'

C!i&% Stats

• Vi"lent &rime "&&urred e$er# >'@ se&"nds

• -"mi&ide e$er# @'? minutes

• Rape e$er# ?'> minutes

• T"tal murders and *"mi&ides 9K=

• T"tal f"r&i!le rapes = K?K

Viol%c% a$ Ra)%

• -eter"sexual rape8 un&"ns&i"us repr"du&ti$e strateg# ena&ted !# males l"( pr"!a!ilit# "f

repr"du&ti$e su&&ess• ;en displa# sexual ar"usal t" &"nsenting and n"n&"nsenting situati"ns /exp"sed in studies t"

images and $ide"s1

• Rape *as !een d"&umented in animals8 fruit ies &ri&3ets guppies sn"( geese tree s*re(s

rig*t (*ales !ig *"rn s*eep'

• Rape in primates8 r*esus m"n3e#s spider m"n3e#s g"rillas "rangutan &*impan.ees'

Viol%c% a$ Ra)%

• ,redat"r# rapist tend t" !e men "f a l"(er &lass and status (*" are una!le t" se&ure ("men

"r res"ur&es


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• ;"ti$ated t" se&ure a&&ess t" mates and repr"du&ti"n (*en una!le t" d" s" !# legitimate

means'

• ;en are mar3ed !# impulsi$eness *"stilit# and *#permas&ulinit# *ig* degree "f sexual

pr"mis&uit#' Often l"( self esteem

• Often &auses sexual ex&itement f"r rapists

• ;"st rape $i&tims are at pea3 repr"du&ti$e age'

F =ustic% D%)a!t&%t Stats o Ra)%• One "f e$er# f"ur rapes ta3e pla&e in a pu!li& area "r in a par3ing garage'

• @9 "f female $i&tims rep"rted t*at t*e "%ender (as a stranger'

• ?= "f rapes "&&ur !et(een t*e *"urs "f ? pm ad ? am'

• At least rapists (ere under t*e inuen&e "f al&"*"l "r drugs

• In >: "f rapes t*e "%ender used a (eap"n

• In K "f rapes t*e $i&tim sustained in+uries "t*er t*an rape in+uries

• K "f female rape $i&tims re0uire medi&al &are after t*e atta&3'

=ustic% D%)a!t&%t Stats o Ra)%

• 9== rapes "r sexual assaults

• Female $i&tims8 K@ n"nstranger 9K famil#

• ;ale $i&tims8 K= n"nstranger famil#

Ra)% Stats f!o& =ustic% D%)t0• Ris3 fa&t"rs f"r perpetrating sexual $i"len&e in&lude8 earl# sexual experien&e /!"t* f"r&ed and

$"luntar#1 ad*eren&e !# men t" sex r"le stere"t#ping negati$e attitudes "f men t"(ards("men al&"*"l &"nsumpti"n a&&eptan&e "f rape m#t*s !# men'

• T*e adult pregnan rate ass"&iated (it* rape is estimated t" !e 'K T*is inf"rmati"n in

&"n+un&ti"n (it* estimates !ased "n t*e U'S' Census suggest t*at t*ere ma# !e @>99annual raperelated pregnan&ies am"ng Ameri&an ("men "$er t*e age "f 9='

Ra)% a$ Viol%c%

• 9:?s rape data "n ("men

• 9 in KK &*an&e f"r inner &it#

• 9 in > &*an&e in su!ur!s

• 9 in 9 &*an&e in (ealt*iest su!ur!s

•S*"(s t*at l"(er s"&i"e&"n"mi& &lass pla#s a r"le in ris3# repr"du&ti$e strateg#'

• 4ealt*# men *a$e m"re (i$es and mistress s" n" need f"r rape /"t*er t*an usuall# sp"usal

rape1

• 9> Latin Ameri&an &"untries rape $i&tims are de2led and n"t 2t f"r marriage' If rapist "%er in middle &lass Ameri&an 9: #ear "ld males admit t" using intimidati"n t" get sex

S%/ual A**!%ssio

• 6emanding "n f"r&ing sexual intima failing t" get mutual agreement f"r sex and t"u&*ing a

("manNs !"d# (it*"ut *er permissi"n


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• 4"men d" n"t (ant f"r&ed sex

• ;en &"nsistentl# underestimate *"( una&&epta!le sexual aggressi"n is t" ("men

S%/ual 3it''ol$i*

• Sexual teasing and leading a man and t*en turning *im "% !eing &"ld and distant sexuall#

de&lining sexual re0uests'

• ,"ssi!le all"&ati"n "f sexual res"ur&es t" "t*er man

• ;ainl# a ("manNs strateg# and s"ur&e "f &"ni&t• Used !e&ause8

o Sele&ti$e all"&ati"n "f sex in&reases t*e $alue

o S&ar&e res"ur&e

o En&"urages &"mmitment !# men t" get sex

Ic%st 8 Ra)% i t'% 5a&il(9

• C"nsidered ta!"" in alm"st e$er# &"untr#9 and "$er are at least ris3

• 4"men @: at m"st ris3

• 9::@> / ;urders !# Intimate ,artners1

• Year males females "f all murders

• > @'K 9>K @@'

• 9::@ K= @'K 9=9 >='

• 9:: =: 'K 99 >:'@

• 9:= 9>>9 ?': 9: >:'?

• 9:K? 9@K :'? 9? @':

Mu!$%!i* a s)ous%

• ;"st &ases are "ut "f +eal"us# and a resp"nse t" a (ifeNs real "r imagined in2delit#


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• Until 9:K in Texas8 *"mi&ides (ere legal if &"mmitted !# *us!and up"n t*e pers"n "f an#"ne

ta3en in t*e a&t "f adulter# (it* t*e (ife pr"$ide t*e a&t ta3es pla&e !ef"re t*e parties t"t*e a&t *a$e separated /t*e a&t is literall# in pr"gress1

• C"mm"n f"r a man t" pursue and 3ill a separated "r estranged (ife

• Rarel# d" ("men 3ill t*eir *us!ands

Mu!$%!i* a s)ous%

• Seems !i"l"gi&all# maladapti$e• T*ree reas"ns f"r it8

• 4ea3 and ine%e&tual men are *eld in l"( regard and t*is emp"(ers t*em

• If t*ere are multiple (i$es t*is is a ma+"r statement t" t*e rest "f t*e (i$es

• It is e$"luti"naril# pr"!lemati& f"r a man t" raise s"me"ne elseNs &*ild and results in a need t"

ta3e !a&3 &"ntr"lCo?ict a&o* Multi)l% 3iv%s

• ,"l#g#n#

• > t" @ p"l#g#n"us marriages in US

• ;en &an als" maintain t(" separate *"use*"lds and families un3n"(n t" ea&* "t*er'

• C"ni&t "&&urs am"ng (i$es di$isi"n "f res"ur&es e0ual attenti"n e0ual sex'

• S"r"ral p"l#g#n# 0uells &"ni&t /sisters marr# "ne man1

Viol%c% i t'% fa&il(• ;"t*ers less li3el# t" a!and"n "r 3ill t*eir &*ildren and &*ildren "f di$"r&e m"re "ften sta#

(it* m"t*ers

• 4"menNs repr"du&ti$e strateg# sa#s s*e (ill remain in$ested in t*"se "%spring

• ;ale repr"du&ti$e strateg# sa#s *e &an &"ntinue t" *a$e m"re &*ildren !# in$esting in se&"nd

mate t*at is #"ungero #ear "ld male &an pr"du&e > m"re &*ildren in lifetime

• ;"t*erNs &"mmitment t" &*ildren "ften all"(s fat*ers t" negle&t t*em m"re'

Viol%c% i t'% fa&il(

• )atural sele&ti"n *as fa$"red infanti&ide

o -"rm"nes li3e test"ster"ne ma# !e in$"l$ed

• Infants and &*ildren (*" d" n"t li$e (it* !"t* !i"l"gi&al parents fa&e t" 9 times a

greater &*an&e "f !eing in+ured "r 3illed (it*in t*e famil#• ;"st "ften it is stepparents "r strangers (it* (*"m t*e 3iller *as n" geneti& &"nne&ti"n

/ "ften t" furt*er t*eir "(n geneti& su&&ess1Viol%c% i t'% fa&il(

• ;aternal *"mi&ide8

o Y"ung m"t*ers m"st &"mm"n t" 3ill t*eir #"ung m"re repr"du&ti$e p"tential still a*ead "f

t*emo Older m"t*ers 3ill defe&ti$e &*ildren m"st "ften t" reser$e res"ur&es f"r t*"se m"st li3el#

t" !ene2t fr"m t*em

• Bi"l"gi&al parents $er# rarel# 3ill t*eir "(n &*ildren' 4*en t*e# d" t*e# get l"ts "f press li3e

Susan Smit* "r Andrea Yates'EVOLUTIONARY MISTERIES@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

@@@@@@C'a*% ov%! ti&%1 M%o)aus%

• -umans li$e !e#"nd t*eir repr"du&ti$e #ears /a!"ut @ "f t*eir lifetime1

• ;"st "t*er mammals "nl# li$e f"r 9 "r less "f t*eir life span in p"strepr"du&ti$e #ears'

• 4"men !egin pu!ert# a!"ut > #ears !ef"re men !ut repr"du&ti$e &apa&it# ends >@ #ears

!ef"re menNs'

• 4*# ("uld (e *a$e men"pause and p"strepr"du&ti$e #ears5

C'a*% Ov%! ti&%1 M%o)aus%

• Grandm"t*er -#p"t*esis


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• Female adaptati"n t" s*ift fr"m parenting t" "t*er f"rms "f in$esting in 3in

• A&0uired (isd"m and 3n"(ledge are useful

• ;ales a&0uire m"re res"ur&es (it* age

• Earl# male deat*

• ;ales die earlier t*an ("men in all s"&ieties /U ?= #ears1

• Large frame t" feed sus&epti!le t"predati"n ris3 ta3ers m"re sui&ides m"re murders m"re

test"ster"ne related diseases'5%&al% O!*as&

• ;ale "rgasm is "!$i"us in fun&ti"n

• 4*at d" (e 3n"( a!"ut t*e female "rgasm5

• )"t ne&essar# f"r &"n&epti"n

• Often Anal"g"us t" male nipples /!e&ause "f design fr"m start as female de$el"pment1

• )" *ard e$iden&e "f female primates *a$ing an "rgasm during inter&"urse /"nl# alternati$e

stimulati"n1

• Female "rgasm is *ig*l# $aria!le /fr"m pers"n t" pers"n and &ulture t" &ulture1

5%&al% O!*as&

• 4*at are t*e p"ssi!le fun&ti"ns "f t*e female "rgasm5

• -ed"nisti& -#p"t*esis8 ("men &an and (ant t" experien&e "rgasm and it en&"urages sex

/explains (*# ("men li3e sex1• ;r' Rig*t -#p"t*esis8 Orgasm is a met*"d f"r &*""sing t*e rig*t mate' If *e ("r3s t" se&ure

female pleasure *e ma# sti&3 ar"und t" raise &*ildren

• ,aternit# &"n2den&e -#p"t*esis8 T*e presen&e "f a female "rgasm pr"$ides &"n2den&e t" t*epartner "f *er &"mmitment'

5%&al% O!*as&

• ,aternit# C"nfusi"n -#p"t*esis8 Female "rgasm ma# pr"m"te pr"mis&uit# and se&ure

&"nneti"ns (it* multiple males gi$ing *er !ene2ts

• Sperm Retenti"n -#p"t*esis8 Female "rgasm ma# dra( m"re sperm int" t*e &er$ix and

uterus'

• 4"menNs !"dies e+e&t @ "f sperm (it*in @ mins if t*ere is a female "rgasm t*en s*e

e+e&ts "nl# @'

5%&al% O!*as&• 4"men rep"rt m"re "rgasm (it* men (*" are m"re s#mmetri&al'

• Remem!er8 (*at d"es s#mmetr# signal5

• Orgasm is n"t lin3ed al(a#s t" greater l"$e !# ("men "r men f"r t*eir partner'

• 4"men *a$e m"re fre0uent sperm retenti"n "rgasms (it* l"$ers t*an (it* *us!ands'

Ho&os%/ualit( 8S%/ t'at is ot a,out &ati*9@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

• ma+"r !e*a$i"rs ar"und sex


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o6s)!i* )!o$uc%$ "it' t'% u&,%! a i$ivi$ual: ca )!o$uc% ,( su))o!ti*ot'%!s: suc' as si,li*s0

• -"m"sexuals in&rease t*eir repr"du&ti$e 2tness !# in$esting in geneti& /nie&es


35/38

o ;"st "ften males >nd "r later in !irt* "rder

• ;a# *a$e s"met*ing t" d" (it* prenatal en$ir"nment and anti!"dies


36/38

Ai&al Ho&os%/ualit( T#pes "f a&ti$it# in&lude multiple strategies-eter"sexual pairs t" ma3e and raise "%spring *"m"sexual intera&ti"nsEgrets S"&ial 4ea$ers Tree S(all"(s-"m"sexual a&ti$it# as single parents

apanese ;a&a0ues )"rt*ern Fur Seals

,arti&ipating in *"m"sexual a&ti$it# (*ile pregnantB"n"!"s g"rillasBreed pri"r t" "r f"ll"(ing a peri"d "f *"m"sexualit#Orangutans Emus Pangar""sIn&estu"us *"m"sexual relati"ns*ips (it* "(n "%springGi!!"ns Red F"xes Li$ingst"neNs Fruit Bats

P!i&at% Ho&os%/ualit(;"re t*an @ spe&ies engage in *"m"sexualit#X""l"gist &all t*is pre&ultural "r pr"t"&ultural !e*a$i"rsIn$"l$es s"&ial !e*a$i"rs li3e s*ared samesex parenting "r nest


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P!i&at% Ho&os%/ualit(Often d"minan&e displa#sS"metimes (it* &*imps fr"m "t*er tr""ps (*en &"n0uered6i%use tense s"&ial situati"nsGain an ad$antage;a3e allies

Barter f"r f""d

Acci$%ts-ig*er fre0uen "f men and !"#s d#ing and !e&"ming in+ured in a&&identsB"#s8 >x t*e li3eli*""d "f near dr"(ning and x t*e li3eli*""d "f dr"(ning;"re !"#s are in+ured "r 3illed (*ile riding !i&les pla#ing "n re&reati"nal e0uipment andduring un"rgani.ed and unsuper$ised at*leti&s'Acci$%tsF"r e$er# 9 girl in+ured "n a pla#gr"und !"#s are'F"r e$er# 9 girl in+ured (it* a seri"us !urn @ !"#s sustain an e0uall# !ad !urn /li3e 2re("r3s1

Tra& fatalities in&luding pedestrians in&rease in late teens earl# >sBe&ause "f ris3ta3ing !e*a$i"rs and fre0uen "f r"ug* and tum!le !e*a$i"rs in pla#G%$%!%$ Di6%!%c%s4"men e$aluate t*emsel$es !ased "n "t*er pe"pleNs !eliefs a!"ut t*em and men d" it !ased"n p*#si&al &*ara&teristi&s;"re men t*an ("men are left *anded4"men "!sess a!"ut t*eir !"dies !eing smaller and men "!sess a!"ut t*eir !"dies !einglarger;en p""rl# read n"n$er!al &ues "f ("men and mista3e friendliness f"r sexual interest4"men and men !"t* a&&uratel# interpret p"siti$e and negati$e fa&ial expressi"ns in studies';en t*"ug* are m"re li3el# t" assess (*at t" d" a!"ut t*e expressi"n'La*ua*%B"#s use m"re dire&ti$e language8 G" d" t*atQGirls use m"re s"&iall# !inding language8 LetNs g" d" t*atQGirls and ("men s*"( less usage "f pauses in language li3e u***M;"re !"#s stutter />x m"re1 and *a$e m"re language related dis"rders@ "ut "f ("men &"mmit fe(er spee&* err"rs /retrie$ing t*e (r"ng ("rd1 t*an d"es t*ea$erage manLa*ua*%Estr"gen ma# en*an&e t*e ("r3ing mem"r# and attenti"nal &"ntr"l "f ("men (*i&* is amem"r# ad$antage-ig*er prenatal test"ster"ne le$els ma# suppress t*e de$el"pment "f !rain t*at supp"rtlanguage'G!ou) 8i*!ou)7out*!ou)9B"t* !"#s and girls exert pressure "n samesex peers !ut it is str"nger am"ng !"#sB"#s s*"( a greater &"n&ern f"r teasing in &*ild*""d a!"ut &""ties t*an girls d";en and ("men *a$e similar attitudes t"(ard les!ians;enNs attitudes t"(ards ga# men are parti&ularl# m"re negati$e t*an ("men /K "f 9 men*ad m"re negati$e feelings1 ;a# !e related t" &"aliti"n !uilding'

Ot'%! to)ics1 G%%!al It%lli*%c%;easured !# I

T*ere is n" general sex di%eren&es in s&"res +ust distri!uti"n "f s&"resStud#8 9>:? "pp"site sex t(ins8 small male ad$antage in I s&"re m"re !r"t*ers t*an sistersat t*e *ig* A)6 l"( endsF"r t"p > !r"t*ers "utnum!ered sisters > t" 9Ot'%! to)ics1 R%a$i* a$ Mat'ReadingFemales *a$e a m"dest !u# &"nsistent ad$antage


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Females use !"t* *emisp*eres "f t*e !rain during language pr"&essing and &"mpre*ensi"nFemales read m"re t*an males and a!"ut r"man&e and relati"ns*ip t*emed materials;ale read a!"ut p"liti&s &"mpetiti"n and te&*ni&al matters;at*)" real di%eren&es in general

Antrhopology CLASS 310 NOTES

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