ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells...

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ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI

Transcript of ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells...

Page 1: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

ANTICORPI MONOCLONALIANTICORPI MONOCLONALI

Page 2: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Pure single Ab

After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies.Each B cell produces only one kind of antibody, which binds to its specific antigen. Conventional antiserum is the mixture of all antibodies produced by B cells from spleen.If a single B cell was picked up and cultured, then it will produce only one kind of antibody. But B cell can not survive well in the culture.Myeloma cell can be cultured in the test tube, but can not produce useful antibody.Each hybridoma line can produce pure single antibody, called monoclonal antibody.If B cell is fused with myeloma, the fused cell might be cultured and produce antibody.

Adapted from Milstein (1980) Scientific American, Oct. p.58

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Monoclonalantibodies

Cell fusion

Spleen cells

+Myeloma

x

Antiseum

Antigen

Immunization

A mixture of all Ab

1 23 4

BALB/c

1 2 3 4

1 23 4

B cell

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Antibodies

Polyclonal Monoclonal

Antibodies that are collected from sera of exposed animal

recognize multiple antigenic sites of injected biochemical.

Individual B lymphocyte hybridoma is cloned and cultured.

Secreted antibodies are collected from culture media

recognize ONE antigenic site

of injected biochemical

Page 4: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Hybridoma

1975 Kohler and Milstein

http://www.immunecentral.com/images/immune_series/immune29.gif

Multiple myeloma (human disease)

Bence Jones proteins in urine

Fusions generated by Sendai virus

or PEG

Page 5: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Creation of monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s)

1. Hyperimmunize mouse with Ag

2. Fuse B cells with tumor fusion partner (+ PEG)

3. Limiting dilution (96 wells) to fractionate fused cells in HAT media selection

B cells die (mortal, HGPRT-positive)Tumor cells die (HGPRT deficient and cannot utilise salvage pathway)

Fusions live (HAT Resistant and immortal)

HAT media (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine).

Page 6: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Hybridoma selection (HAT media) The de novo pathway can be inhibited using

aminopterin, which inhibits the transfer of methyl groups

from activated dihydrofolic acid.

cells need Hypoxanthine and Thymine as sources of purines and pyrimidines

for the salvage pathway.

Myeloma cells are HGPRT- and cannot create nucleotides in the salvage pathway.

Plasma cells are HGPRT+ and can utilize hypoxanthine in the salvage pathway.

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Expand in mice or expand in vitro

in vitro material is less concentrated

and contains bovine serum

ascites fluid contain high [mAb]

and minor contaminationwith mouse Ig

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How to purify your MAb

Monospecific antibodies

Affinity Purification•

Or use Ag or epitope to make

affinity column

http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/methods/handouts/pwpt/17_mab.pdf

Page 9: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

IMPIEGHI DEGLI ANTICORPI IMPIEGHI DEGLI ANTICORPI MONOCLONALIMONOCLONALI

• Protein purification• Identification and isolation of cell sub-

populations using fluorescence cell sorting.• Tumor detection and imaging• Tumor killing• Diagnostic reagents.• Drug Detoxification• Catalytic antibodies

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IMMUNODIFFUSIONE

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Immunoprecipitation

• At appropriate ratio of antigen:antibody, complex forms an insoluble aggregate.

• Technique can be used to purify specific protein from a mixture

• Co-immunoprecipitation – interacting proteins also found in the immunoprecipitate

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• Determinazione delle concentrazioni relative di anticorpi o di antigeni

• Confrontare diversi antigeni tra loro

• Stabilire la purezza di un preparato antigenico

Impieghi dell’immunoprecipitazioneImpieghi dell’immunoprecipitazione

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Immunodiffusione

• Quando l'immunoprecipitazione avviene all'interno di un gel si parla più propriamente di immunodiffusione.

• Immunodiffusione radialeImmunodiffusione radiale

• Immunodiffusione doppiaImmunodiffusione doppia

• immunoelettroforesiimmunoelettroforesi

Page 14: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.
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Diagrammi di possibiliModelli di precipitazionecon la doppia immuno-diffusione eseguita su un antisiero e 2 diversi preparati antigenici

A: epitopi identiciB:nessun epitopo in comuneC:identità parziale

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IMMUNOELETTROFORESI

Archi di precipitazione

Separazione elettroforetica degli Ag

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• Determinare se un paziente produce quantità troppo basse di Ab isotipi, come si verifica in alcune immunodeficienze

• Si può vedere se produce se produce un eccesso di alcune proteine, quali albumina, immunoglobuline

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Immunoelettroforesi quantitativaImmunoelettroforesi quantitativa

Ponendo in grafico l’altezza degli archi contro la concentrazioneSi otterrà una retta di taratura che può servire per determinare

la concentrazione di Ag in un campione incognito

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TEST DI GRAVIDANZA: ES. DI INIBIZIONE DI AGGLUTINAZIONE

(Presenza o assenza di gonadotropina)

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IMMUNOFLUORESCENZA

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Gli Ab sono marcati con molecole fluorescenti

Page 22: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

• Le molecole fluorescenti assorbono luce a una determinata lunghezza d’onda (eccitazione)e la emettono ad un’altra lunghezza d’onda (emissione).

• Se gli Ab sono marcati con i fluorocromi, possono essere rilevati attraverso la valutazione della luce colorata emessa in seguito all’eccitazione a una determinata lunghezza d’onda

• La luce emessa può essere rivelata con un microscopio a fluorescenza

• I coloranti possono essere coniugati alla regione Fc di una molecola senza modificarne la specificità

• Coloranti: fluoresceina, rodamina, ficoeritrina

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Immunofluorescense

Bullous pemphgoid with linear deposits of IgG at dermal-epidermal junction

IFA of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in DH82 cells, 400X

Very good rapid diagnostics

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Citofluorimetria e fluorescenza

• Queste tecniche si basano sull’impiego di Ab fluorescenti a hanno carattere qualitativo

• FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter)• Quando una cellula passa davanti al raggio laser, la luce viene

deviata dal rilevatore e questa interruzione del segnale laser viene registrata. Le cellule che possiedono l’Ab fluorescente legato ai loro Ag di membrana vengono eccitate dal laser ed emettono luce, che viene registrato da un secondo sistema, localizzato ad angolo retto rispetto al raggio laser.

• Lo strumento conta ogni cellule quando passa davanti al raggio laser e registra i livelli di fluorescenza emessa dalla cellula

• Un computer collegato crea i diagrammi con il numero delle cellule in ordinata e la loro intensità di fluorescenza in ascissa

Page 25: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

SEPARAZIONE DI CELLULE MARCATE CON Ab

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DIAGNOSTICA

Page 27: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

ELISA – Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Test antigenTest antiserum

Page 28: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Visualization of reaction

Page 29: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.
Page 30: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

ELISA to test MAb production itself

www.ch.tum.de/wasser/weller/ formerprojects_im...

The dark blue spot represents a positive clone. The light blue spots are positive controls,

the next two wells to the right are negative controls

Page 31: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

SAGGIOELISPOT

Page 32: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Saggio radio-immunologico• Il metodo è basato sulla competizione tra un antigene non marcato e una quantità fissa

dello stesso antigene marcato, per il legame con un numero limitante e costante di siti

anticorpali. – Ab + Ag* Ab/Ag*

– Ab/Ag* + Ag Ab/Ag Ab/Ag*

• E' necessario costruire prima di tutto una curva di taratura, % conc. Ag

Marcato legato a Ab

Conc. Ag non marcato

Tratto lineare

Page 33: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

FRAZIONI DI Ab

Page 34: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

The Fab fragment contains the antigen binding site Could be cleaved out by papain digest;

pepsin digestion even better, as it produces F(ab’)2

www-structure.llnl.gov/ fab/fab_tutl.htm

Often it is enough for diagnostic purposes – and it is easier to produce

Anti Botulinum toxin

Equine FAB fragment product made by DoD at time of Gulf War,

anti-ABCDEFGHinge region

Page 35: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Single chain Fv fragments

http://www.gene-therapeutics.com/Service/custom%20scFv%20antibodies/Abb-scFv.gif

The size and specificity of the ScFv fragment

may allow for attachment to cryptic sites

Page 36: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

IMPIEGHI COME FARMACI

Page 37: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.
Page 38: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

About 25-30% of women who have metastatic breast cancer overexpress HER-2 (EGF) receptor

Determination of HER2-protein overexpression (semiquantitative DAKO Hercep Test™)

Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)of HER2 amplification

www.roche.com/pages/ facets/9/herc.htm

Page 39: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

http://www.roche.com/pages/facets/9/herc1.jpg

Herceptin (TrastuzuMAb) anti-HER MAbs

Approved!

Page 40: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Problemi con la terapia basata su mAb

• Gli Ab di topo sono visti come estranei dal sistema immunitario umano

• Innesco della risposta immunitaria contro gli HAMA (human anti-mouse antibody)

• Danni nell’ospite

• mAb causerebbero meno problemi

• (volontari cercasi??!!)

• Soluzione: anticorpi ibridi uomo-topo

Page 41: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

• Anticorpi chimerici: Combinazione della regione variabile di topo con la regione costante di uomo

• Anticorpi umanizzati: Ab combina solo gli aa della regione ipervariabile di topo con il resto di Ab umano

Page 42: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Anticorpi umanizzati

Clone those genes and express them

as a recombinant protein in the protein expression system

Sales of Rituxan/MabThera by Year

http://www.sh.lsuhsc.edu/intragrad/micro/micro297/4

Page 43: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Topi transgenici con segmenti genici di anticorpi umani

Page 44: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

http://www.sh.lsuhsc.edu/intragrad/micro/micro297/4

Xenomouse(topo con IgH e Igk umani)

Abgenix

Page 45: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.
Page 46: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Immunotoxin: Antibody-Toxin Conjugate

waynesword.palomar.edu/ images/antibod2.gif

ricin from the castor bean (Ricinus communis).

Antibody is tumor-specific

Page 47: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Only the targeted tumor cells are killed by the toxin

Common side effect –Vascular leak syndrome.

Could be relieved by usage of mutated toxin

Bunch of other toxins could be used

Page 48: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

Saponin (from soapwort)

: www.som.soton.ac.uk/.../members/ DFlavell/djf2.htm

                                                                                                              

potent single chain ribosome inactivating protein

Goal: treatment of leukemias

and lymphomas

For T-cell leukemia could be targeted via CD7

Page 49: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.

OctreoScan in a patient with metastatic small cell carcinoma of the prostate

www.stjosephs-marshfield.org/

Monoclonal antibodies, which are specific for a certain antigen, i.e. prostate carcinoma cells, can be tagged with a radioactive tracer,

which when injected into the body will localize in areas of these recurrent carcinoma cells

Page 50: ANTICORPI MONOCLONALI. Pure single Ab After immunization, the mouse spleen contains B cells producing specific antibodies. Each B cell produces only one.