Anticarcinogenic Anticarcinogenic compounds in foodcompounds in food

Non-nutritive ingredients: Non-nutritive ingredients: phytochemicalsphytochemicals

ObjectivesObjectives

What are phytochemicals?What are phytochemicals? Where are they found?Where are they found? What are the health benefits?What are the health benefits? Are there any risks?Are there any risks? What are functional foods and how are they What are functional foods and how are they

regulated?regulated? What do we tell consumers?What do we tell consumers?

Definition of PhytochemicalsDefinition of Phytochemicals

Biologically active chemical compounds found Biologically active chemical compounds found in plantsin plants

Not nutrients like vitamins or mineralsNot nutrients like vitamins or minerals Believed to have health benefits especially Believed to have health benefits especially

related to heart disease and cancerrelated to heart disease and cancer

How Scientists View How Scientists View Phytochemicals in FoodsPhytochemicals in Foods

Some phytochemicals have profound effects on the Some phytochemicals have profound effects on the body through actions such asbody through actions such as

Acting as Acting as antioxidantsantioxidants Mimicking hormonesMimicking hormones Altering blood constituents in ways that may protect Altering blood constituents in ways that may protect

against some diseasesagainst some diseases

Mechanisms of ChemopreventionMechanisms of Chemoprevention

AntioxidantsAntioxidants: defense against radicals: defense against radicals Phase 1Phase 1 enzyme inducers enzyme inducers Phase 2Phase 2 enzyme inducers enzyme inducers Anti-proliferativeAnti-proliferative agents agents Anti-hormonalAnti-hormonal compounds compounds Disruption Disruption of mutational gain or loss of of mutational gain or loss of

functionfunction

Is More Better?

Choose Food First

Avoid Overdosing

Avoid Self Prescribing

Berries

(sources of vitamin C, E, carotinoids, flavonoids, phytoestrogenes and other phytochemicals)

cranberries

huckleberry

raspberry

strawberry

blackberry

gooseberry

blackcurrantredcurrant

dogberry

blackthorn

cloudberry

loganberry

blueberry

Spices and cancer (data based on human epidemiologic studies and animal experiences)

Italy: chilli, cinnamon, clove, pepper, nutmeg

=> ↓ gastric cancer

France and other mediterranian countries:

anise, curry, ginger, mustard, paprika, pepper, allspice => ↑ bladder cancer

szegfűborsGaram masala (mixture of pepper, clove, cinnemon, nutmeg, ginger, cardamom, caraway, laurel) => ↓ cancer incidence after DMBA treatment

babér

kömény

ánizs

Walnuts and oleaginous seeds (high amount of vitamin E, selenium, ellagic acid, phytic acid, phytoestrogenes => protective effect)

walnut hazelnut almond pine seeds

pistachio sunflower seed sesame seed pumpkin seed

poppy-seed

Whole Foods, Wine, and TeaWhole Foods, Wine, and Tea

Epidemiological evidence spanning many Epidemiological evidence spanning many countries indicates that deaths from cancer, heart countries indicates that deaths from cancer, heart disease, and heart attacks are less common where disease, and heart attacks are less common where these foods are plentiful in the diet, where tea is a these foods are plentiful in the diet, where tea is a beverage, or where red wine is consumed in beverage, or where red wine is consumed in moderationmoderation

PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals

Whole Foods, Wine, and TeaWhole Foods, Wine, and Tea Historically, diets containing whole grains, fruits, Historically, diets containing whole grains, fruits,

vegetables, herbs, spices, teas, and red wines have vegetables, herbs, spices, teas, and red wines have been reputed to possess health-promoting qualitiesbeen reputed to possess health-promoting qualities

These foods and beverages all have something in These foods and beverages all have something in commoncommon

Phytochemicals of the flavonoid familyPhytochemicals of the flavonoid family

FlavonoidsFlavonoids

ManyMany flavonoids flavonoids act as antioxidants act as antioxidants May protect against cancers and heart disease by May protect against cancers and heart disease by

this mechanismthis mechanism More evidence is needed before any claims can be More evidence is needed before any claims can be

made for flavonoids themselves as the protective made for flavonoids themselves as the protective factor in foodsfactor in foods

Particularly when they are extracted from foods or herbs Particularly when they are extracted from foods or herbs and sold as supplementsand sold as supplements

Why are antoxidants important?Why are antoxidants important?

free radicals are molecules missing electrons: free radicals are molecules missing electrons: unstableunstable

formation of 1 free radical causes a chain formation of 1 free radical causes a chain reaction with many free radicals formedreaction with many free radicals formed

antioxidants prevent formation of free radicals antioxidants prevent formation of free radicals or break the chain reaction by becoming or break the chain reaction by becoming oxidizedoxidized

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

Because flavonoids often impart a bitter taste Because flavonoids often impart a bitter taste to food, food producers may refine away to food, food producers may refine away natural flavonoids to please consumers who natural flavonoids to please consumers who generally prefer milder flavorsgenerally prefer milder flavors To produce white grape juice or white wine, To produce white grape juice or white wine,

makers remove the red, flavonoid-rich grape skins makers remove the red, flavonoid-rich grape skins to lighten the flavor and color of the productto lighten the flavor and color of the product

While greatly reducing its flavonoid contentWhile greatly reducing its flavonoid content

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

Whether or not research confirms the cancer-Whether or not research confirms the cancer-fighting and heart-defending nature of fighting and heart-defending nature of flavonoids, consumers should seek out a flavonoids, consumers should seek out a variety of whole fruits, vegetables, and other variety of whole fruits, vegetables, and other plant-derived foods with their flavonoids intact plant-derived foods with their flavonoids intact in place of their more refined counterpartsin place of their more refined counterparts Such diets are consistently associated with low Such diets are consistently associated with low

rates of diseaserates of disease

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

Flavonoid supplements have not been proved Flavonoid supplements have not been proved effective or safeeffective or safe

As for red wine, the potential health benefits may not As for red wine, the potential health benefits may not be worth alcohol’s immediate and substantial riskbe worth alcohol’s immediate and substantial risk

Other sources:Other sources: BlueberriesBlueberries TeaTea GrapesGrapes VegetablesVegetables

TeaTea

Black- most often sold, fermented and more Black- most often sold, fermented and more processedprocessed

Oolong- semi-fermented, heated and dried Oolong- semi-fermented, heated and dried more than green tea but less than black, served more than green tea but less than black, served in Chinese restaurantsin Chinese restaurants

Green- unfermented, very little processingGreen- unfermented, very little processing White- unfermented, very little processing, White- unfermented, very little processing,

harvested before leaves are fully openharvested before leaves are fully open

TeaTea

Calorie Free Calorie Free 87% of dietary 87% of dietary

flavonoids consumedflavonoids consumed

Antioxident Antioxident polyphenols including polyphenols including flavonoidsflavonoids CatechinCatechin EGCGEGCG ProanthocyanidinsProanthocyanidins

CancerCancer

Protects against free radical damageProtects against free radical damage Decrease growth of abnormal cellsDecrease growth of abnormal cells Associated with decreased risk of rectal, colon Associated with decreased risk of rectal, colon

and skin cancerand skin cancer

Other BenefitsOther Benefits

MemoryMemory Immune functionImmune function Oral healthOral health Decreased risk of kidney stonesDecreased risk of kidney stones ObesityObesity

Mostly epidemiological research and research on tea Mostly epidemiological research and research on tea consumption, concentrated tea extracts may not be consumption, concentrated tea extracts may not be safesafe

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

ChocolateChocolate Research subjects were instructed to eat three Research subjects were instructed to eat three

ounces of dark (bittersweet) chocolate chipsounces of dark (bittersweet) chocolate chips Flavonoid antioxidants from chocolate accumulate in Flavonoid antioxidants from chocolate accumulate in

the bloodthe blood The level of certain harmful oxidizing compounds dropped The level of certain harmful oxidizing compounds dropped

40%40%

The antioxidant effects of dark chocolate may turn out The antioxidant effects of dark chocolate may turn out to be as powerful as those of tea or red wineto be as powerful as those of tea or red wine

ChocolateChocolate

In theory, chocolate may also “thin the blood” In theory, chocolate may also “thin the blood” by reducing the tendency of blood to clotby reducing the tendency of blood to clot Blood clots are a major cause of heart attacks and Blood clots are a major cause of heart attacks and

strokesstrokes No evidence exists to indicate that people who eat No evidence exists to indicate that people who eat

chocolate suffer fewer heart attacks or strokes than chocolate suffer fewer heart attacks or strokes than people who do notpeople who do not

ChocolateChocolate

Chocolate consumption promotes weight gainChocolate consumption promotes weight gain Three ounces of sweetened chocolate candy Three ounces of sweetened chocolate candy

contain over 400 caloriescontain over 400 calories A significant portion of most people’s daily calorie A significant portion of most people’s daily calorie

allowanceallowance Chocolate contributes few nutrients save fat and Chocolate contributes few nutrients save fat and

sugarsugar

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

For most people, For most people, antioxidant antioxidant phytochemicals are best phytochemicals are best obtained from nutrient-obtained from nutrient-dense low-calorie fruits dense low-calorie fruits and vegetables and and vegetables and calorie -free green or calorie -free green or black teablack tea With chocolate enjoyed With chocolate enjoyed

as an occasional treatas an occasional treat

SoybeansSoybeans

Compared with people living in the West, Asians Compared with people living in the West, Asians living in Asia suffer less frequently from: living in Asia suffer less frequently from:

osteoporosisosteoporosis cancers, especially of the breast, colon, and prostatecancers, especially of the breast, colon, and prostate heart diseaseheart disease Asian women also suffer less from symptoms related to Asian women also suffer less from symptoms related to

menopausemenopause

SoybeansSoybeans

When Asians migrate to the U.S. and adopt When Asians migrate to the U.S. and adopt Western diets and habits they experience these Western diets and habits they experience these disease and problems at the same rates as disease and problems at the same rates as native Westernersnative Westerners

Among many differences between the diets of Among many differences between the diets of the two regionsthe two regions Asians consume far more soybeans and soy Asians consume far more soybeans and soy

products such as products such as misomiso, , soy drinksoy drink, and , and tofutofu than do than do WesternersWesterners

SoybeansSoybeans

Soybeans contain phytochemicals known as Soybeans contain phytochemicals known as phytoestrogensphytoestrogens Researchers suspect that the phytoestrogens of soy Researchers suspect that the phytoestrogens of soy

foods, their protein content, or a combination of foods, their protein content, or a combination of these factors may be responsible for the health these factors may be responsible for the health effect in soy-eating peopleseffect in soy-eating peoples

Research, though ongoing, is limited and Research, though ongoing, is limited and inconsistent inconsistent

SoybeansSoybeans

We know with certainty that phytoestrogens We know with certainty that phytoestrogens are plant-derived chemical relatives of the are plant-derived chemical relatives of the human hormone estrogenhuman hormone estrogen They weakly mimic or modulate the hormone’s They weakly mimic or modulate the hormone’s

effects on some body tissueseffects on some body tissues They act as antioxidants They act as antioxidants

SoybeansSoybeans

We know that breast cancer, colon cancer, and We know that breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer are estrogen-sensitiveprostate cancer are estrogen-sensitive They grow when exposed to estrogenThey grow when exposed to estrogen It is unknown if actions of phytoestrogens may It is unknown if actions of phytoestrogens may

alter the course of estrogen-sensitive cancersalter the course of estrogen-sensitive cancers Results from recent breast cancer studies do not support Results from recent breast cancer studies do not support

the idea unless soy is consumed beginning in childhoodthe idea unless soy is consumed beginning in childhood

Soybeans: genisteinSoybeans: genistein

Symptoms of menopauseSymptoms of menopause Phytoestrogens may reduce risk of adult bone loss Phytoestrogens may reduce risk of adult bone loss

and the sensation of elevated body temperature and the sensation of elevated body temperature known as “hot flashes”known as “hot flashes”

A A diet diet high in soy may offer bone protection high in soy may offer bone protection rivaling that of hormone replacement therapy rivaling that of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)(HRT)

May not reverse bone loss but may prevent itMay not reverse bone loss but may prevent it

SoybeansSoybeans

Because HRT involves some serious health risks, Because HRT involves some serious health risks, supplements of soy are often sold to menopausal supplements of soy are often sold to menopausal women as a “natural” alternativewomen as a “natural” alternative

Research does not support taking phytoestrogen Research does not support taking phytoestrogen supplementssupplements for bone mineral retention or hot for bone mineral retention or hot flashesflashes

SoybeansSoybeans

Phytoestrogen supplement use may involve Phytoestrogen supplement use may involve some risksome risk While studying one soy phytoestrogen, While studying one soy phytoestrogen, genisteingenistein, ,

researchers found that instead of suppressing researchers found that instead of suppressing cancer growth, high doses appeared to speed cancer growth, high doses appeared to speed division of breast cancer cells in laboratory division of breast cancer cells in laboratory cultures and in micecultures and in mice

SoybeansSoybeans

Findings on the health effects of phytoestrogens Findings on the health effects of phytoestrogens should raise a red warning flag against taking should raise a red warning flag against taking supplementssupplements Especially in women whose close relatives have developed Especially in women whose close relatives have developed

breast cancerbreast cancer Until more is known, a safer route to obtaining soy Until more is known, a safer route to obtaining soy

phytoestrogens is to include moderate amounts of phytoestrogens is to include moderate amounts of soy-based foods in the dietsoy-based foods in the diet As generations of Asian people have safely done through As generations of Asian people have safely done through

the agesthe ages

FlaxseedFlaxseed

Historically, people have used Historically, people have used flaxseedflaxseed for for relieving constipation or digestive distressrelieving constipation or digestive distress Currently, flaxseed and its oil are under study for Currently, flaxseed and its oil are under study for

potential health benefitspotential health benefits Contains Contains lignanslignans, compounds converted into , compounds converted into

biologically active phytoestrogens by bacteria that biologically active phytoestrogens by bacteria that normally reside in the human intestinenormally reside in the human intestine

FlaxseedFlaxseed

Studies of populations suggest that women who Studies of populations suggest that women who excrete more phytoestrogens in the urine (an excrete more phytoestrogens in the urine (an indicator of phytoestrogen intake from flaxseed indicator of phytoestrogen intake from flaxseed and other sources) have lower rates of breast and other sources) have lower rates of breast cancercancer

Animal studies show a decrease in tumors of the Animal studies show a decrease in tumors of the breast and lung when fed flaxseedbreast and lung when fed flaxseed

FlaxseedFlaxseed

Studies of the direct effects of giving flaxseed Studies of the direct effects of giving flaxseed to to peoplepeople are lacking are lacking

Some risks are possible with its useSome risks are possible with its use Flaxseed contains compounds that may interfere Flaxseed contains compounds that may interfere

with vitamin or mineral absorptionwith vitamin or mineral absorption Thus high daily doses could cause nutrient deficiency Thus high daily doses could cause nutrient deficiency

diseasesdiseases Large quantities can cause digestive distressLarge quantities can cause digestive distress

FlaxseedFlaxseed

Although no clear role has been established for Although no clear role has been established for flaxseed in the prevention of human cancerflaxseed in the prevention of human cancer Including a spoonful or two of flaxseed in the diet Including a spoonful or two of flaxseed in the diet

may not be a bad ideamay not be a bad idea Flaxseed richly supplies linolenic acidFlaxseed richly supplies linolenic acid

A needed nutrient often lacking in the U.S. dietA needed nutrient often lacking in the U.S. diet

Choose most fats from sources of Choose most fats from sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

fatty acidsfatty acids

Keep the amount within calorie needsKeep the amount within calorie needs Choose more fish, nuts and vegetable oilsChoose more fish, nuts and vegetable oils Use lean meats and low fat dairy productsUse lean meats and low fat dairy products Limit saturated and trans fatsLimit saturated and trans fats To provide essential fatty acids and vitamin E To provide essential fatty acids and vitamin E

while keeping calories controlled and while keeping calories controlled and cholesterol and saturated fat lowcholesterol and saturated fat low

TomatoesTomatoes

People around the world People around the world who eat the most who eat the most tomatoes, about 5 tomatoes, about 5 tomato-containing meals tomato-containing meals per week, are less likely per week, are less likely to suffer from cancers of to suffer from cancers of the esophagus, prostate, the esophagus, prostate, or stomach than those or stomach than those who avoid tomatoeswho avoid tomatoes

TomatoesTomatoes

Among the phytochemical candidates for Among the phytochemical candidates for promoting this effect is promoting this effect is lycopenelycopene A red pigment with antioxidant activityA red pigment with antioxidant activity Found in guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, tomatoes Found in guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, tomatoes

(especially cooked tomatoes and tomato products), (especially cooked tomatoes and tomato products), and watermelon and watermelon

TomatoesTomatoes

Lycopene may inhibit the reproduction of Lycopene may inhibit the reproduction of cancer cellscancer cells Some research suggests that low blood levels of Some research suggests that low blood levels of

lycopene and related compounds correlate with lycopene and related compounds correlate with increased risk of breast cancer increased risk of breast cancer elevated incidence of heart disease, heart attack, and elevated incidence of heart disease, heart attack, and

strokestroke May also protect against the damaging sun rays May also protect against the damaging sun rays

that cause skin cancerthat cause skin cancer

TomatoesTomatoes

In one study, women who consumed a diet rich in In one study, women who consumed a diet rich in fruits and vegetables had high lycopene fruits and vegetables had high lycopene concentrations and a greatly reduced concentration of concentrations and a greatly reduced concentration of an indicator of cervical canceran indicator of cervical cancer

Do scientists conclude that lycopene prevents cervical Do scientists conclude that lycopene prevents cervical cancer? No.cancer? No. The suggestion is that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables The suggestion is that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

with their host of nutrients and phytochemicals reduces with their host of nutrients and phytochemicals reduces women’s risk of cervical cancer and many other diseaseswomen’s risk of cervical cancer and many other diseases

TomatoesTomatoes

A lesson about supplements can be learned A lesson about supplements can be learned from experience with lycopene’s chemical from experience with lycopene’s chemical cousincousin The normally beneficial vitamin A relative beta-The normally beneficial vitamin A relative beta-

carotenecarotene Diets high in fruits and vegetables that contain Diets high in fruits and vegetables that contain

beta-carotene often correlate with low rates of beta-carotene often correlate with low rates of lung cancerlung cancer When beta-carotene supplements were given to When beta-carotene supplements were given to

smokers lung cancer rates smokers lung cancer rates increasedincreased

GarlicGarlic

Descriptions of its uses for headaches, heart disease, Descriptions of its uses for headaches, heart disease, and tumors are recorded in early Egyptian medical and tumors are recorded in early Egyptian medical writingswritings

In modern medical research, over 3,000 publications In modern medical research, over 3,000 publications have investigated the potential health benefits of garlichave investigated the potential health benefits of garlic

Many have reported positive findingsMany have reported positive findings

GarlicGarlic

Among garlic’s active compounds are Among garlic’s active compounds are organosulfur compoundsorganosulfur compounds Reported to inhibit cancer development in Reported to inhibit cancer development in

laboratory animalslaboratory animals suppress the formation of certain harmful suppress the formation of certain harmful

oxidizing compounds that damage DNA and oxidizing compounds that damage DNA and trigger cancerous changestrigger cancerous changes

This evidence hints that eating garlic may be beneficial This evidence hints that eating garlic may be beneficial against some forms of cancer in human beingsagainst some forms of cancer in human beings

GarlicGarlic

More potential roles for garlic More potential roles for garlic allergiesallergies heart diseaseheart disease bacterial cause of ulcers bacterial cause of ulcers fungal infectionsfungal infections reduce the clotting of the blood reduce the clotting of the blood improve levels of blood cholesterol in people improve levels of blood cholesterol in people

whose cholesterol is too high for heart healthwhose cholesterol is too high for heart health

GarlicGarlic

Volatile sulfur compounds are not present as such in Volatile sulfur compounds are not present as such in intact cells.intact cells.

The reaction betweenThe reaction between The enzyme allinase and The enzyme allinase and The volatile precursorsThe volatile precursors

S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide and S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide and Sulfonic acidSulfonic acid

takes place when cells are takes place when cells are rupturedruptured Results in the formation of Results in the formation of

Different thiosulfonates and Different thiosulfonates and Related sulfonic acid derivativesRelated sulfonic acid derivatives

GarlicGarlic

Studies of garlic Studies of garlic supplementssupplements, such as powders , such as powders and oils, have been disappointingand oils, have been disappointing Positive results seem to be associated with an aged Positive results seem to be associated with an aged

preparation of garlic that lack garlic’s preparation of garlic that lack garlic’s characteristic odorcharacteristic odor

But is rich in antioxidants and other compoundsBut is rich in antioxidants and other compounds From the scientist’s point of view, no evidence that From the scientist’s point of view, no evidence that

large doses of concentrated chemicals from garlic large doses of concentrated chemicals from garlic may improve a person’s health or injure itmay improve a person’s health or injure it

People who eat the recommended amounts of a People who eat the recommended amounts of a variety of fruits and vegetables may cut their risk of variety of fruits and vegetables may cut their risk of many diseases by as much as halfmany diseases by as much as half

Replacing some meat with soy foods or other Replacing some meat with soy foods or other legumes may lower heart disease and cancer riskslegumes may lower heart disease and cancer risks

In the context of a healthy diet, foods are time-tested In the context of a healthy diet, foods are time-tested for safety, posing virtually no risk of toxic levels of for safety, posing virtually no risk of toxic levels of nutrients or phytochemicalsnutrients or phytochemicals

What do we tell consumers?What do we tell consumers?

Eat more fruitEat more fruit Increase vegetable portionsIncrease vegetable portions Use herbs and spicesUse herbs and spices Replace some meatReplace some meat Add grated vegetablesAdd grated vegetables Try new foodsTry new foods

MECHANISM OF ACTION MECHANISM OF ACTION ON NUTRITIONAL ANTICARCINOGENESIS I.ON NUTRITIONAL ANTICARCINOGENESIS I.

I. Inhibition the binding to DNAbrocoli, cabbage, brussels sprout, - phenylisotiacyanatssavoy cabbage (brassicans) - ellagil acid

greens, fruits, - ellagil acidseeds, hazel nut - flavonoids

II. Inhibition of promotiongreen yellow vegetables, - retinoidsfruits (melon, squash, - beta carotincarrot, brussels, etc.)

hazel nut, seeds - vitamin E

paprika, tomato, lemon, chili - vitamin Corange

garlic, onion - organic sulphur chemicals

curry - curcumin

chili pepper - capsaicin

III. Modulation of biotransformationbrokkoli, cukkini, káposzta, - indol-3-carbinolkel, kínai kel, spenót, cékla,karalábé, karfiol

garlic, grains, seal oil, olive - seleniumsea-fish oils

IV. Induction of physical features, changing of absorptiongreens, fruits, - fibernut, hazel nut, cereals, grains

greens, nut, hazel nut, - riboflavin - chlorophylcereals, fungus

Other soyabean, olive, maize, sesame, coconut oil, butter, fish coice, poultries, bran, rye

MECHANISM OF ACTION MECHANISM OF ACTION ON NUTRITIONAL ANTICARCINOGENESIS II.ON NUTRITIONAL ANTICARCINOGENESIS II.

Scientific publications:Scientific publications:

QuestionsQuestions

S-ALLYLCYSTEINE INHIBITS CIRCULATORY LIPID PEROXIDATION AND S-ALLYLCYSTEINE INHIBITS CIRCULATORY LIPID PEROXIDATION AND PROMOTES ANTIOXIDANTS IN N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE-INDUCED PROMOTES ANTIOXIDANTS IN N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS.CARCINOGENESIS.

ALTERED CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSION DURING CHEMOPREVENTION ALTERED CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSION DURING CHEMOPREVENTION OF HAMSTER BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS BY S-ALLYLCYSTEINE. OF HAMSTER BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS BY S-ALLYLCYSTEINE.

DIETARY SOY AND INCREASED RISK OF BLADDER CANCER: DIETARY SOY AND INCREASED RISK OF BLADDER CANCER: THE SINGAPORE CHINESE HEALTH STUDY THE SINGAPORE CHINESE HEALTH STUDY

EFFECTS OF TEA ON PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS EFFECTS OF TEA ON PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATORS IN RAT LIVER AND CELL CYCLE REGULATORS IN RAT LIVER

CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECT OF FARNESOL AND LANOSTEROL CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECT OF FARNESOL AND LANOSTEROL ON COLON CARCINOGENESIS I.ON COLON CARCINOGENESIS I.

FIG. 1. STRUCTURES OF FARNESOL AND LANOSTEROLFIG. 1. STRUCTURES OF FARNESOL AND LANOSTEROL

LANOSTEROLLANOSTEROL

FARNESOLFARNESOL

APOPTOSIS INDUCTION BY S-ALLYLCYSTEINE, A GARLIC CONSTITUENT, APOPTOSIS INDUCTION BY S-ALLYLCYSTEINE, A GARLIC CONSTITUENT, DURING 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE-INDUCED HAMSTER BUCCAL DURING 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE-INDUCED HAMSTER BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS.POUCH CARCINOGENESIS.

INDOLE-3-CARBINOL HAS POSSIBLE ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIVITYINDOLE-3-CARBINOL HAS POSSIBLE ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY

TOMATO AND GARLIC CAN MODULATE AZOXYMETHANE-INDUCED TOMATO AND GARLIC CAN MODULATE AZOXYMETHANE-INDUCED COLON CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS COLON CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS

IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN GREEN TEAANTAGONISTS IN GREEN TEA

Phytochemicals Phytochemicals Foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables)Foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables)

Ditions (isothiocyanate, benzyl-Ditions (isothiocyanate, benzyl-isothiocyanate, phenyl-ethyl-isothiocyanate, phenyl-ethyl-isothiocyanate, sulforaphan)isothiocyanate, sulforaphan)

Brassicas, peas Brassicas, peas

Terpenoids (D-limonene, geraniol, Terpenoids (D-limonene, geraniol, menthol, carvone)menthol, carvone)

Citruses Citruses

Flavonoids Flavonoids

- kvercetin- kvercetin

- kemferol, tangeretin, nobiletin, rutin- kemferol, tangeretin, nobiletin, rutin

Generally all vegetables and fruitsGenerally all vegetables and fruits- berries, tomato, broccoli, onionberries, tomato, broccoli, onion

- savoy cabbage, endivia, citruses, - savoy cabbage, endivia, citruses, horse-radishhorse-radish

Phenols (ellagic acid)Phenols (ellagic acid) Tea, fresh harvested fruits and Tea, fresh harvested fruits and vegetables, walnuts, berriesvegetables, walnuts, berries

Glucosinolates, indolesGlucosinolates, indoles Brassicas Brassicas

Sterols (Sterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol)stigmasterol)

VegetablesVegetables

Coumarine compounds Coumarine compounds Manioc, citrusesManioc, citruses

Fruits and Vegetables – The Real Thing Matters!Fruits and Vegetables – The Real Thing Matters!

Being Fit with PhytochemicalsBeing Fit with Phytochemicals

Mollie Smith, MS, RDMollie Smith, MS, RD

California State University, FresnoCalifornia State University, Fresno

Department of Food Science and NutritionDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition

One of sources of the lecture: