Antibody production Immunity and vaccination Monoclonal antibodies Blood clotting IB2 Biology Jin...
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Transcript of Antibody production Immunity and vaccination Monoclonal antibodies Blood clotting IB2 Biology Jin...
![Page 1: Antibody production Immunity and vaccination Monoclonal antibodies Blood clotting IB2 Biology Jin Young.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062511/55143032550346ec488b5f2f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Antibody productionImmunity and vaccination
Monoclonal antibodiesBlood clotting
IB2 BiologyJin Young
![Page 2: Antibody production Immunity and vaccination Monoclonal antibodies Blood clotting IB2 Biology Jin Young.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062511/55143032550346ec488b5f2f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Stages in Antibody Production
1. Antigen presentation2. Activation of helper T-cells3. Activation of B-cells4. Production of plasma cells5. Production of memory cells
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Stage 1: Antigen presentation
1. Macrophages take in antigens2. Attach to MHC proteins3. Move to the plasma membrane4. Antigens displayed on the surface
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Stage 2: Activation of helper T-cells
Receptors with same antigen-binding domain
1. Helper T-cell binds to macrophage2. Macrophage activates T-cell
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Stage 3: Activation of B-cells
1. Inactive B-cells with antibodies in plasma membrane
2. When they match an antigen, they bind
3. Activated helper T-cell bind to B-cell4. B-cell is activated
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Stage 4: Production of plasma cells
1. Activated B-cells go through mitosis• Cloning
2. Become active3. Develop plasma cells (cytoplasm)4. Synthesis of large amounts of
antibody
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Stage 5: Production of memory cells
T-cells and B-cellsRemain and rapidly respondGive long-term immunity
Animation
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter14/animation__t-cell_dependent_antigens__quiz_1_.html
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Active and passive immunity
Active immunity: antibodies by the organism itselfPassive immunity: antibodies received from another organism During pregnancy antibodies passed to
the fetus
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Vaccination
Vaccine Weakened forms Killed forms Chemicals produced by the
microorganism
Booster shot Stimulate production of enough
antibodies
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Vaccination (contd.)
Benefits Epidemics and
pandemics prevented
Deaths prevented Disability prevented
Reduce health care costs
Dangers Adverse reactions
Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
Fever Pain Swelling redness
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Principles of antibody production
Clonal selection > 1015 antibodies B-cells clone themselves
Challenge and response Immunity developed only when disease
challenges the immune system
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Production of monoclonal antibodies
1. Antigens injected to an animal2. B-cells extracted from the animal3. Tumour cells obtained4. B-cells fused with tumour cells5. Hybridoma cells- produce antibody6. Antibodies are extracted and purified
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf
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Blood clotting
Blood clot: semi-solid from blood Seal up the wound Prevent pathogens entering
Platelets: small cell fragments that circulate in blood plasma
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Clotting
1. Release of clotting factors• Damaged tissues• Plasma
2. Set off a series of reactions
3. In the last reaction, soluble plasma is altered
4. Long proten fibres, fibrin5. Fibrin forms a mesh of fibres, incld. blood
cells
6. Form semi-solid clot
7. Dries when exposed to air
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Vocab
Antigens: foreign proteins that trigger an immune responseAntibodies: protein molecules that we produce in response to a specific type of pathogenMacrophage: a type of leucocyte that gets involved very early in the process of fighting off a pathogenFibrin: fibrous protein which forms a mesh-like network that helps to stabilize the platelet plug
Active immunity: the organism produces antibodies on its own; always leads to the production of memory cells and thus provides a long-term immunity to a pathogenPassive immunity: when one organism acquires antibodies which were produced in another organism