Antibiotics Lecture 01

Bio 319: Antibiotics

Lecture one

Topics

•Course outline

•History of Antibiotics and Classification of Bacteria

Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh

Website: http://MAIYOH.1faculty.com

04/12/23 1GKM/BIO319:Antibiotics/Sem02/2013

BIO 319: Antibiotics Course Outline Lecturer: Dr. Kattam Maiyoh E-mail: [email protected]: 0713-592879___________________________________________________LabsThis class will include the following practical sessions.

•Sensitivity Testing•Susceptibility testing

Textbooks/ Lecture NotesAny textbook of Microbiology (Microbiology by Michael J.P., General microbiology by Roger et al) Lecture notes and other materials will be provided after class


mailto:[email protected]

Examination CAT 1 – 15%CAT 2- 15%Assignments – 5%Practicals – 10%Final Exam – 70% Exams will mostly be based on the material presented during classes. It is in your best interest to attend all Lectures, Practical session, CATs and Exams.


Course outline

Introduction to history of antibiotics

Classification of bacteria

Characteristics of antibiotics (why they are chemotherapeutic agents)

Classification of antibiotics

Antibiotics production

•Procedure for production

•Commercial production

•Polyketide biosynthesis

•Biotechnology

•Peptide antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance and quality control

•Causes

•Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

•How to overcome antibiotic resistance04/12/23 4GKM/BIO319:Antibiotics/Sem02/2013

Application of antibiotics - use

Human disease

Agriculture

Livestock production

Mode of action of antibiotics

Principles of antibiotic selection

Bioterrorism and antibiotics stockpiling

Outline


Overview

• If bacteria make it past our immune system and start reproducing inside our bodies, they cause disease.

• Certain bacteria produce chemicals that damage or disable parts of our bodies.

• Antibiotics work to kill bacteria.

• Antibiotics are specific to certain bacteria and disrupt their function.


Importance of Microbes

• Life is microbial! (to the first approximation)

– Micro-organisms colonise every environment on earth

– >80% of life’s history was bacterial

– You have more bacterial cells than human cells

– Microbes play a key role in the biosphere

– Pathogenic microbes globally are the most important cause of human disease and death


Importance of Infection• Has played a decisive role in history• Still major cause of death and misery worldwide• Examples of public anxieties

– Meningitis, Food poisoning– Mad cow disease– Cholera– Emerging infections e.g. Ebola, swine flu

• Hospital Infection (Nosocomial infections)– Antibiotic-Resistant Superbugs


History of Antibiotics

• (anti, "against"; bios, "life") An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by one organism that is destructive to another.

• The word antibiotic came from the word antibiosis a term coined in 1889 by Louis Pasteur's pupil Paul Vuillemin which means a process by which life could be used to destroy life.


What is an Antibiotic?• An antibiotic is a selective poison.

• It is chosen so that it kills the desired bacteria only, but not the cells in your body.

• Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways.

• For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacteria's ability to turn glucose into energy, or the bacteria's ability to construct its cell wall.

• Therefore the bacteria dies instead of reproducing.


Ancient History• The ancient Egyptians, the Chinese, and

Indians of central America all used molds to treat infected wounds.

• However, they did not understand the connection of the antibacterial properties of mold and the treatment of diseases.

Mould


Late 1800s• The search for antibiotics began in the late

1800s, with the growing acceptance of the germ theory of disease, a theory which linked bacteria and other microbes to the causation of a variety of ailments.

• As a result, scientists began to devote time to searching for drugs that would kill these disease-causing bacteria.


1871• The surgeon Joseph Lister, began researching the

phenomenon that urine contaminated with mold would not allow the successful growth of bacteria.

1890s• German doctors, Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low were

the first to make an effective medication that they called pyocyanase from microbes.

• It was the first antibiotic to be used in hospitals. However, the drug often did not work

• Learning check – why do you think the drug did not work some of the time?


1928: Fleming and Penicillin

Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum, demonstrating antibacterial properties.


(14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)•German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. •He is noted for curing syphilis and research in autoimmunity,•called it "horror autotoxicus". •He coined the term "chemotherapy" and popularized the concept of a "magic bullet".

Paul Ehrlich


1935- the first sulfa drug discovered

•German pathologist and bacteriologist Credited with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730) – the first commercially available antibacterial antibiotic (marketed under the brand name Prontosil)

•1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology/ Medicine

Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964).


•Invented manufacturing process for Penicillin G Procaine.

•Penicillin could now be sold as a drug.

•Fleming, Florey, and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on penicillin.

1942

Howard Florey (1898–1968)


Penicillin• Penicillin was isolated in 1939.

• Concerted effort by a number of scientists;

• Originally noticed by a French medical student, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896

• Re-discovered by bacteriologist Alexander Fleming – Published investigations in 1929

• Dorothy discoved the molecular layout of penicillin – used x-rays

• 1939 Dr. Howard Florey demonstrate penicillin's ability to kill infectious bacteria.


1943•American microbiologist made the drug streptomycin from soil bacteria, the first of a new class of drugs called aminoglycosides.

•Streptomycin could treat diseases like tuberculosis, however;

•The side effects were often too severe.

Selman Waksman (1888–1973)


1955Tetracycline was patented by Lloyd Conover, which became the most prescribed broad spectrum antibiotic in the United States.

1957•Nystatin was patented and used to cure many disfiguring and disabling fungal infections.

•Invented by Elizabeth Lee Hazen and Rachel Fuller Brown

•Researchers for the New York Department of Health


1981

•SmithKline Beecham patented Amoxicillin or moxicillin/clavulanate potassium tablets.

•First sold the antibiotic in 1998 under the trade names of Amoxicillin, Amoxil, and Trimox.

•Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic.


Antibiotics Lecture 01

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