Antibiotic Polluting Environment by DBKhadka

8/3/2019 Antibiotic Polluting Environment by DBKhadka

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Antibiotic Polluting The Environment:

A Multilayer Environmental Threat

By Dambar B. Khadka

StudentEM Food Science, Technology and Nutrition

KaHo Sint-Lieven , Gent Belgium


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Content

Introduction

-Trend of antibiotic use

-Antibiotics in veterinary use

Source and Distribution of Antibiotic inEnvironment

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

AR Transmission

AR Genes Consequence to Environment

Factor Affecting AR Development and Spread

AR Threat to Food safety and Public health

Antibiotic Impact in Ecosystem

Conclusion & Recommendation


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Introduction

Antibiotic era began after discovery of thepenicillin by Fleming in 1940

Antibiotics are antimicrobial agent

Invented for human to combat humaninfection and disease

Later use in animal as medicine and Growth

promoter EU Banned use of antibiotic as growth

promoter


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Trend of Antibiotic Use

100,000-200,000 tons are consume yearly in world(Wise, 2002)

16,200 tons used in USA, 70% used in animal farming

10,500 tons of antibiotic use in Europe in 1997: 52% usein human and 48 % use in animal

Figure: Antibioticuse

in Europe in 1997 52%33%

15%Human use

(General practice

and hospital)

Animal

Theraupeutic use

Animal (as feed

additives use)


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Commonly Used Antibiotics in Animal

Figure : European Veterinary Consumption of Therapeutic Antibiotics (1997)Source: Follet, 2000


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Antibiotic Source and Distribution into

Environment

STP: Sewage Treatment Plant


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Antibiotic in Environment

Antibiotics range g/L

source( Aquous

environment) reference

Sulfamethoxazole 0.17 Ground water Fam and Belitz, 2011

Sulfamethoxazole 0.6124.330 City canal water Hoa, et al., 2011

Sufamethoxazole Up to 1 Sewage water Kummerer, 2004

Sufamethoxazole 0.1 -0.2 Surface water Kummerer, 2004

Sufamethoxazole 0.4 Ground water Kummerer, 2004

Trimethoxazole up to 0.05 Surface water Kummerer, 2004Trimethoxazole


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Development of Antibiotic

Resistance(AR)

Some of bacteria are naturally resistance

Antibiotic Selection

Mutation in chromosomal gene encoding drugtarget

Through activation of intrinsic low-level

resistant lociHorigental gene transfer


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Development of AR

Acquisition and Transfer of AR


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AR Transfer and Transmission


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AR genes in environment

AR genes abundant in environment

found in different geographic region,

Figure : Antibiotic resistance gene in geographically isolated

water environment (Zhang, et al., 2009)

Res-aminoglycoside

Res - Chloranphenicol

Res - B-lactam

Res - Macrolide

Res - Sulfonamide

Res - Tetracyclin

Res - Trimethoprim


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NatureProtection against endogenous

antibiotic

Protection against naturally

occurring antibiotic and other stress

compound

Alternative cellular function of the

resistance protein

MedicinePharmaceutical production of

antibiotic

Antibiotic consumption

AgricultureAntibiotic consumption

Application of antibiotic on to

field

Physical ForcesWind

Water ( run-off and leaching

Biological ForcesHuman activities

Animals, insects, and birds

Select

ion

forantibiotic

resistance

Spreado

fantibio

tic

resistance

gene

s

Factors Responsible for

AR gene transfer and Spreading


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Some example of AR Pathogens

Staphylococus aureus: methicillin resistance (MRSA)

Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin resistance (VRSA)

Enterococus faecium : vancomycine resistance (VRE)

Streptococus pneumonia: Penicilline resistance(PRSP)

Escheria coli, Klebseilla pneumonia: Third generationcephalosporin resistance


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AR and Threat to food safety and

public Health

Food chain is major path of AR transfer inenvironment

Human can be infected by different route

Backward transfer is possible

AR can be persistent can withstand long time

Emerging Resistant pathogens

Difficulty in Medication & costly for treatment

Chances of Mortality and morbidity


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Antibiotic impact

in Ecosystem

Antibiotic could be toxic e.g. crustaceans and

microalgae

Cynobacteria susceptible to antibiotic

Is persistent in environment and degrade soil qualityand fertility

Alteration on aquatic microbiota

Possibility of marine species can be reservoir for AR

Ecotoxicology is emerging concerns (Bacquero, 2008)


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Conclusion

Antibiotic and AR; an environmental threat

Human activity add extra burden for ARdevelopment and transmission

AR an emerging problem for Food, Animal andhuman safety.

Ecological impact emerging issue

For future can be global threat


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Recommendation

Antibiotic ; Not only the issue of Environment

Environment impact and Health risk assessment ischallenging

Need of integrated approach considering strong

planning, strategies Need effective surveillance for AR

Need of preventive approach & control measure forstop spreading of AR

Research and development for tackling the exitingproblem & strengthen the Environment Impact andRisk Assessment


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THANK YOU

Antibiotic Polluting Environment by DBKhadka

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