Anthropometry and Physical Charateristics in man

Physical Characteristics in Physical Characteristics in Man &BASIC Man &BASIC ANTHROPOMETRY ANTHROPOMETRY

By OLAGBAYE, Babakayode

AbelDept. of Anatomy

University of Ilorin, Ilorin05/03/23 1Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria

IntroductionIntroductionA branch of anthropology that involves the

quantitative measurement of the human body.

It is the single most portable, universally applicable, inexpensive and non-invasive technique for assessing the size, proportions and composition of the human body.

05/03/23 2Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria

History History In 1716 Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, who

wrote many essays on comparative anatomySix years later Pieter Camper (1722–1789),invented the"facial angle," a measure meant To determine intelligence among various species. Done by drawing two lines;

onefrom nose to ear; the other from upper jaw tothe foreheadFirst compared between men and other

animals

05/03/23Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria 3

History History During the

renaissance period, Leonardo da Vinci made a number of studies on the proportions and indexes of the human body, characterizing the anatomical structures.


Bertillon, Galton and Bertillon, Galton and criminologycriminology

In 1883, Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon introduced a system of identification that was named after him. The "Bertillonage" system was based on the finding that several measures of physical features, such as the dimensions of bony structures in the body, that remain fairly constant throughout adult life.

Bertillon concluded that when these measurements were made and recorded systematically, every individual would be distinguishable.


A Bertillon record for Francis Galton, from a visit to Bertillon's laboratory in 1893

Leading applications of Leading applications of AnthropometryAnthropometryAnthropometry for medical and

surgical Assessment Anthropometry for ErgonomicsAnthropometry for Forensic

purposeAnthropometry for Clothing

design


Anthropometric Parameters Anthropometric Parameters for nutritional purposefor nutritional purpose

Basic measurementsHeight (length)Weight (mass)Facial dimensions e.g

(nasal width. nasal length, eye width, facial length e.t.c

Skin-fold thicknessDerived

measurements (e.g BMI, waist-hip ratio,

facial profile)

Some measurements used for nutritional assessment include:

HeightMassBMI Triceps skin-foldWaist, Hip and Mid-

arm circumference (MAC) and derived measurements/ ratios


Body Mass IndexBody Mass Index

This ratio is expressed in Kg/m2 and provides a rough estimation of the body mass status of the individual in relation to his/her height.


BMI Ranges and Co-BMI Ranges and Co-morbidity Riskmorbidity Risk

ANTHROPOMETRY

QUANTIFYING OBESITY WITH BODY MASS INDEX (WEIGHT/HEIGHT²)

BMI (kg/m²) CLASSIFICATION* RISK OF OBESITY COMORBIDITY

18.5 - 24.9 Normal range Negligible

25.0 - 29.9 Overweight Mildly increased

>30 Obese

30.0 - 34.9 Class I Moderate 35.0 - 39.9 Class II Severe

> 40.0 Class III Very severe

* Classification of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and International

Obesity Task Force


Height/Stature Measurement Height/Stature Measurement TechniqueTechnique The subject must be barefoot,

wearing as little clothing as possible

The subject stands on a flat surface, at a right angle to the vertical board of the stadiometer

His/her weight is distributed evenly over both feet, with the head positioned in the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (in this position, the most inferior point on the left orbital margin is at the same horizontal level as the left tragion – the line of vision is approximately horizontal )

The arms hang freely by the sides of the trunk, with palms facing the thighs

The subject places his/her heels together, with both heels touching the base of the vertical board

The medial borders of the feet are at an angle of about 60°

The scapulae and buttocks must also be in contact with the vertical board

The subject must inhale deeply and maintain a fully erect position without altering the load on the heels

The movable head board is brought onto the most superior point on the head with sufficient pressure to compress the hair

The measurement is taken to the nearest 1 mm 05/03/23 10Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria

Height/Stature Height/Stature MeasurementMeasurement


Mass/Weight Measurement Mass/Weight Measurement TechniqueTechnique Subject must be barefoot and

wear as little clothing as possible.

Subject stands on the platform of the scale with his/her weight distributed evenly over both feet.

The arms hang by the sides of the trunk, with palms facing the thighs .

The subject is instructed to maintain a stable position while the measurement is taken.

The measurement is taken to the nearest 0.1 kg .


Waist-to-Hip Circumference Waist-to-Hip Circumference RatioRatio

An indicator of the pattern of distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Distribution of fat is an important indicator of CHD (coronary heart disease)

More fat in the abdominal area - increases risk of CHD.

Men generally have a higher ratio than women

Women 0.85-1.7 (high risk)and <0.85 (Low risk)

Men 0.95-1.9 (high risk) and <0.95 (Low risk)


Measures of body Measures of body compositioncompositionWeight loss, per se, does not provide

the nutritionist with an indication of type of tissue lost (i.e. weight loss due to loss of adipose tissue or loss of muscle tissue).

Measurements of skin-folds, mid-arm circumference and mid-arm muscle circumference therefore provide a more comprehensive picture of body composition/ changes.


Mid-arm circumference Mid-arm circumference (MAC)(MAC)Locate the midpoint of the arm.

Non-dominant arm elbow flexed at 90deg with palm facing upwards

Measurer stands behind the subject & locates the lateral tip of the acromion and the most distal point on the olecranon process

Place a tape measure so that it passes between these 2 landmarks and mark the midpoint

Measure the midarm circumference The subject stands erect with arms

hanging freely at the sides and the palms facing the thighs

Place the tape measure perpendicular to the long axis of the arm at the marked midpoint & measure the circumference to the nearest mm. (e.g. 18.1 cm)

Provide the actual MAC in cm.05/03/23 15

Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria

Triceps skin-fold (TSF)Triceps skin-fold (TSF)A measure of subcutaneous

fat stores taken at the midpoint of the posterior aspect of the humerus.

Correlates closely with percentage of body fat and with total body fat.

Triceps skin-fold thickness varies between

6 -12mm in lean individuals and between

40 - 50mm in obese individuals.


Other skin-folds measuredOther skin-folds measuredBesides the most commonly used

triceps skin-fold, other commonly measured skin-folds include the following:

Biceps skin-foldSubscapular skin-foldSupra-iliac skin-fold


Also in surgeryAlso in surgeryCraniofacial and orthodontic surgeries

too have benefitted immensely from the anthropometric research.

“Determining the facial type is extremely important for orthodontic diagnosis and planning, since the muscular and skeletal configuration of each facial types responds differently to the orthodontic treatment, influencing either positively or negatively the final treatment results” (Martins & Vigorito, 2012)


ErgonomicsErgonomics Standing eye height: Standing shoulder height: Standing elbow height: Standing knuckle height: Standing fingertip height: Sitting height: Sitting elbow height: Popliteal height: Knee height and thigh depth: Shoulder width: Hip breadth: Abdominal/chest depth: Vertical reach (sitting and

standing): 05/03/23Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy student@Unilorin, Nigeria 19

ergonomics profess

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understanding of h

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to the desig

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syste

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order to im

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, safety,

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ANTHROPOMETRY OF MAN INFRONT OF COMPUTERANTHROPOMETRY OF MAN INFRONT OF COMPUTER


CORRECT BODY TEXTURE INFRONT OF CORRECT BODY TEXTURE INFRONT OF COMPUTERCOMPUTER


Check up the following termsCheck up the following termsAnthropometric

cosmetologyBiometricsCephalometryChironomiaCraniometryDermatoglyphic

sGenetic

fingerprinting• Morphometrics• Physiognomy• Reflexology

Guidonian handDigit ratioEigenfaceHuman heightHuman weightKinanthropometryFashion designPopular cultureMandibulometry• Osteometry• Palmistry• Phrenology


ReferencesReferencesWHO: Global database on body

mass index (Davidson 2006)Martins LF, Vigorito JW. Photometric analysis

applied in determining facial type. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012 Sept Oct;17(5):71-5.


05/03/23Anthropometry - Amarendra B. Singh 090201263 24

Anthropometry and Physical Charateristics in man

Health & Medicine

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