Anthropogenic Activities: Historical Settlement, Population, and Economy.
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Transcript of Anthropogenic Activities: Historical Settlement, Population, and Economy.
Anthropogenic Activities:Historical Settlement,
Population, and Economy
The Beginning?
European Explorers
Settlement Patterns
• Early Settlements– Growth and development depended on their
situation– Based on Accessibility: the locational
characteristics that permit a place to be reached by the efforts of those at other placesAND
– Site: The internal attributes of a place• Features related to the immediate
environment in which the place is located– E.g., topography, drainage, and soil composition
Settlement Patterns
• Expansion of Frontier generalizations– Occurred from east to west– Migrations generally followed the paths
of least resistance– Distinct migration patterns
Early Settlement
• Between 2-10 million American Indians and Inuit
• 4/5 of the natives in the US
• Natives migrated westward with European Expansion
• Not much acculturation
Emerging Settlement Patterns
Emerging Settlement Patterns
Portuguese & African
Settlement
French Settlement
(John Fiske. 1902. New France and New England. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company.)
French In America, by Edward Wells, 1700
Spanish Settlement
Historical Land Grant Boundaries in Texas
Dutch Settlement
Manhattan Island at the time of Dutch
British Settlement
• Jamestown (1607)
• Treaty of Paris
• Albert Gallatin and “principle of contiguity”
• William Penn
• Metes and Bounds
Cultural Diffusion
New England
Mid-AtlanticPennsylvania
Tidewater Maryland/Virginia
Frontier Zones by 1810
Hearth Areas (Pre - 1725)
Secondary Areas (1740 - 1775)
Tertiary Areas (1780 - 1820)
Continued Expansion
USPLSS:Jefferson’s Legacy to the West
Immigration
• Total immigrants to US & Canada from Europe & Africa = ~60 million
• Most French came to Canada during the late 1600s (~15,000)
• First US census in 1790– 2/3 of the white population had British origins– 20% had African origins– Sizable % had German and Dutch heritage
• 1760-1815– Immigration slowed– Warfare in Europe restricted travel across the
Atlantic
Immigration
• 1815-1914– Immigration increased continuously
• 1920– U.S. passed its first law to restrict
immigration
• Since 1940s– Steady increases each decade since
• Current:– US ~900,000/year; Canada ~180,000/year
1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 19800
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Imm
igra
tio
n i
n
Th
ou
san
ds
1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Decade
BritishIsles
GermanyScandinavia
South/EastEurope
Latin AmericaAsia
Push Factors Pull Factors1840s: Irish Potato Famine Economic Opportunity1850-1920: Overpopulation, War Political/Religious FreedomRecent: Overpopulation, War, Oppression Land Availability
Immigration 1820-1980
Population Distribution
Population Distribution: Canada
Population Pattern: Religion
Population Patterns: Native Americans
Population Patterns: Hispanic
Population Patterns: Black
Population Patterns: Asian
Economic Sectors
• Primary– Agriculture (and accompanying technology)
• Secondary– Manufacturing & Industry
• Tertiary– Service (e.g., health care, retail)
• Quaternary– Government, Research, Education
Changing Urban Center
Rise of Urban Center
Final Thoughts
• 20th century remarkable for North America
• Global economic and political leadership
• Basic background for Geography of North America
• 14 different landscapes to explore!!
Discussion Questions
Why did North America prosper, while South America stagnated?
What impacts did the mobility and freedom of the westward movement have on the cultural landscapes and values that characterize and define American and Canadian cultures today?
Why has the productivity of individual farms increased so dramatically, while the number of people employed in agriculture continues to decline?
Related Books• Conzen, Michael P. 1994. The Making of the American Landscape.
New York and London: Routledge.– Lots of ideas for learning major parts that shaped US cultural
landscapes.• Fisher, Ron, ed. 2004. National Geographic Historical Atlas of the
United States. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.• McIlwraith, Thomas F. and Edward K. Muller, eds. 2001. North
America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.– Everything from French migration and settlement patterns to landscape
expressions in early North America.• Sauer, Carl Ortwin. 1971. Sixteenth Century North America: The
Land and People as Seen by Europeans. Berkeley: University of California Press.– A classic written by a “Classical” Geographer. What North America was
like before European arrival.• Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1973. rev. 1992. The Cultural Geography of the
United States. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.– A standard in the regional geographer’s arsenal. Zelinsky writes in a
very down to earth style, and his maps are luscious.
Related Books• Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Information Age: Economy,
Society, and Culture. Vol. I, The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge: Blackwell.– How nation states—including the US and Canada—are shaping
and reshaping the information age.• Meyer, David R. 2003. The Roots of Industrialization.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.– Industrialization of North America and its various impacts on
landscapes and economy.• Wheeler, James, Yuko Aoyama, and Barney Warf, eds.
2000. Cities in the Telecommunication Age: The Fracturing of Geographies. London: Routledge.– Outlines the cities playing a major role in the information age.
• Zukin, Sharon. 1991. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disneyland. Berkeley: University of California Press.– Probably the most cited source for urban, economic, and cultural
landscapes in North America.
WebSources• First Nations
http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html• United States History Overview
http://www.u-s-history.com/• North America Map Archive
http://www.uoregon.edu/~atlas/america/maps.html