ANTH326 Meeting 9 (Draft)
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Transcript of ANTH326 Meeting 9 (Draft)
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ANTH326 Peoples and Cultures of Sub-Saharan AfricaMeeting 9, November 5, 2007
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Business
• Media Critique• Critical reviews• Journal• Blog entries• FIFEQ.ca (FFEM), November 15
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Last stretch
• Reached important point• Making links• Bring everything together• Make sure understand• Dangling issues
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Southall and Ranger
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Team 1
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Team 2
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Team 3
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Team 4
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British Social Anthropology
• Emeriti– LSE (then Madison), Oxford
• Nationalism, ethnicity, tribalism• Southeastern Africa– Southall on Uganda– Ranger in Zimbabwe, Tanzania
• Ranger’s Invention of Tradition with Hobsbawm, 1983
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Social Groups
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Beyond Kinship
• Defining social groups– Support systems– Solidarity– Communitas
• Ethnicity as super-kinship• Kindreds (selected kins)• “Sodalities” (age sets)• Associations
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Secret societies
• Initiation societies• Muslim brotherhoods (sufism)– Tijaniyya
• Freemasons
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Voluntary Associations
• Social networks• Urban life• Local• "Ethnic“• Cosmopolitan networks• Political parties
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Group Identity
• Identity as us/them• Constructed/created/invented• Negotiated/fluid/flexible• Leading to conflicts• Schisms and mergers
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War and Peace
• War as “violent resolution of conflict”– Between groups (however defined)
• Peace as “normal state of system”• Pacifist tendency among anthropologists– Academic and personal– Pragmatic and principled
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“Traditional Africa”
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Orality
• Verbal communication– Include sign languages, “body language”– Exclude writing (but may include IM)
• Chain of direct transmission• Immediacy/instantaneity/simultaneity• Exchange/dialogue/back-and-forth• Multi-layered/multi-channel
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“Oral societies”
• “Pre-literate?”• Writing as defining feature?• Functional literacy?• Writing systems often exist– Coexistence oral/written
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“Tradition?”
• Static?• Old?• Genuine?• Conservative?
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Tradition and Modernity
• Tradition– Continuity (perceived or real)– Change (happening)
• Modernity– Discontinuity (with ancients)– Change (perceived or real)
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Postmodernism (PoMo)
• Reaction to modernism• Implied historicity• Cross boundaries• Deconstruct identities• Multiplicity of identities/viewpoints• Flexibility/fluidity/informality/chaos• Recognise anything?
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States
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Defining States?
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Characteristics of States
• Pre-/Post-Industrial• Centralisation• Boundaries• Administration• Currency• Hierarchy• Formality
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Southall Notes
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Group Definition
• Glossonyms, ethnonyms• Colonial constructs (perhaps unwittingly)• Identity claims by use/explanation ethnonym• Define through contact/conflict
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Tribe
• Defining characteristics: whole, autonomous, self-sufficient, subsistence strategy, low-tech, low-literacy, language, identity religion
• Empirical foundation for tribe as: oral, low-tech, subsistence, kinship, multiplex
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Tribe in Anthropology
• “segmentary lineage systems with emphasis on genealogical reckoning”
• Level (pseudo-evolutionary): band, tribe, chiefdom, state
• Band also (even more so) fluid, flexible, casual
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Tribal
• “acephalous”• “Tribal” associated with “primitive”• “close identity (if it ever existed)”• Monolithic, static, bounded categories
accepted by people (parallels)• Stateless, without discrete boundaries• Continued significance of idea of tribe• Group nostalgia (act as if)
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Southall on Anthropology
• Sahlins (now semi-accepted)• Critical overview of literature available at time• Difficulty distinguish from chiefdom• Anthropological nostalgia (obsession with small-
scale, acephalous, stateless, w/ ethnography)• Relative importance of natural environment
(cultural ecology)• Village exogamy
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Tribe cannot exist anymore
• Not autonomous (claimed by sovereign state)• Not self-sufficient• Notion of “well-being”• Market economy• Complex technology (ease borrowing0• Literate in foreign languages• “joining modern world” (Western-style
industrialism)
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Reconstruction, illusion, invention…
• Tribalism as inappropriate carryover• Nyerere on tribal to national (to post-
national)• “not historical foundation” but Oyo (parallel
post-colonial names from kingdoms and empires)
• Problems of definition, illusion, transformation
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Social Politics
• Language/politics/self-determination• Political use of tools given• “clear cut, isolated, enclosed”• “united more by language than by culture…
speak of themselves as”• Administrative to people• Constructs/artefacts
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Identities
• District or subtribe• Language-based identity (not recognised)• Multi-linguistic• “not…undifferentiated mass but…
differentiated in many subtle and complex ways for different purposes”
• “interlocking, overlapping, multiple and alternative collective identities”
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Post-National
• Post-industrial as exclusively Western?• “Constrasting mirror”• Malagasy identities (Cole on)• City states (parallel ancient Greece and
current emphasis on local)• Somali as nation-state with complications
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Beyond Tribe
• Ethnicity?• Transcending ethnocentrism• “ethnic group” as solution? (problematised
later)