SBI4U: Unit 1 Test - Biochemistry Review SheetTest Breakdown (Approximate. May change slightly)

Knowledge/Understanding

Thinking/Inquiry Communication Application

/35 /20 /20 /15

Multiple Choice, Diagrams, Labelling, Matching, Short Answers

Topics/Vocabulary:Cell Structure(All the organelles on the chart) - be able to label/understand main function

Chemistry OverviewIntramolecular ForceIonic BondCovalent Bond (polar/non-polar)Intermolecular ForceHydrogen BondingElectronegativityPolar BondHydrophillic HydriphobicFunctional GroupHydroxylCarbonylKetoneAldehydeCarboxylPhosphateSulfhydrylCondensation/DehydrationHydrolysis ReactionNeutralization Redox ReactionsAcidBase

MacromoleculesMonomer PolymerGlycosidic LinkageCarbohydratesMonosaccharide DisaccharidePolysaccharide

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Sucrose, Lactose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, ChitinLipidsTriglyceridesPhospholipidsSteroidsGlycerolFatty AcidsEster LinkageSaturated Fatty AcidUnsaturated Fatty AcidPolyunsaturated Fatty AcidTrans FatHormoneProteinsAmino AcidPeptide BondEssential/Non-essential Amino acidsR-groupPolypeptidePrimary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary StructureNucleic AcidsNucleotidesNitrogen BaseDeoxyribose SugarRibose SugarPurines (Adenine, Guanine)Pyrimidines (Thimine, Cytosine, Uracil)DNA vs. RNA Hydrogen BondsDouble HelixPhosphodiester Bonds

Tests for MacromoleculesBenedict’s TestLugol TestSudan Red TestBiuret Test

EnzymesCatalystActivation EnergySubstrateActive SiteEnzyme-Substrate ComplexLock and Key ModelInduced Fit ModelInhibitorCompetitive InhibitorNon-competitive InhibitorAllosteric RegulationAllosteric Binding SiteAllosteric ActivatorAllosteric Inhibitor

Membrane TransportCell MembraneFluid-Mosaic ModelIntegral ProteinPeripheral ProteinGlycoproteinGlycolipidChannel ProteinCarrier ProteinCholesterolSemi-Permeable MembraneDiffusion/Facilitated DiffusionOsmosisSolute/SolventActive TransportPassive TransportSodium Potassium Pump

Review Questions:Compare and contrast between the following terms:Intermolecular/Intramolecular

Intermolecular - bond/force between atoms of different molecules (Hydrogen bond, van der waals etc)Intramolecular – bond between atoms within molecule (ionic, covalent)

Ionic Bond/ Covalent BondIonic bond – transfer of electrons between atoms to form a strong bondCovalent bond – sharing of electrons between atoms to form a bond

Carboxyl/CarbonylCarnonyl group - C=OCarboxyl group – contains a carbonyl plus an OH group attached to the carbon O || C-O-H

Molecule/ MacromoleculeMolecule - A substance composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded togetherMacromolecules - composed of long complex chains of molecules (polymers), made of small subunits (monomers) covalently bonded together*both formed by covalent bonds

Carbohydrate/ Protein*both macromoleculesCarbohydrates – made up of monosaccharide monomers; contains C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1; monomers linked by glycosidic linkages Proteins – made up of amino acid monomers; contain C, H, O and N; monomers linked by peptide bonds

Chloroplast/ Mitochondria*both organelles and responsible for energy production (ATP)Chloroplasts – found in photosynthetic organisms (plants)Mitochondria – found in both plant and animal cells

Benedict’s Test/ Lugol Test*both test for presence of macromolecules Benedict’s Test – tests for presence of monosaccharides; Benedict’s solution added to sample and heated; colour change from blue to pink indicates presence of monosaccharidesLugol Test – tests for presence of polysaccharide starches; iodine added to sample; colour changes to dark purple in presence of starch.

Integral Protein/ Peripheral Protein*Both are proteins associated with the cellular membraneIntegral Proteins – embedded in the cellular membrane; function as channel or carrier proteinsPeripheral Proteins – associated temporarily with outer regions of the membrane or with integral proteins; one function is to catalyze reactions (enzymes)

Solute/ SolventSolute – the dissolved substance Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving (e.g. glucose in water; water is the solvent and glucose is the solute)

Active Transport/ Passive Transport*both methods of transporting materials across the cellular membraneActive transport – requires energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from and area of low concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient)Passive transport – does not require energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration (with concentration gradient)

Active Site/ Allosteric Site*Both sites found on an enzyme Active site – site on the enzyme that binds the substrate and where the chemical reaction that is being catalyzed takes placeAllosteric Site – site on the enzyme that is not the active site; other molecules (NOT the substrate) bind to regular activity of the enzyme by changing the shape of the enzyme

2. a) Draw a diagram showing how a polymer is formed from two monomers for each type of macromolecule below.b) Name the monomerc) Name the type of bond formed(You should also be able to show how two monomers are formed from a polymer)

Carbohydrate Monomer: Monosaccharide Type of Bond: Glycosidic Bond

Lipid Monomer: Fatty Acids Type of Bond: Ester Bond

E.g. Triglyceride

Protein Monomer: Amino Acids Type of Bond: Peptide Bond

Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotides Type of Bond: Phosphodiester Bond*phosphodiester bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar or another nucleotide

Fill in the chart below with the appropriate information. Organelle What type of cells is it

found in? (plant, animal, both)

Function

Vacuole BOTH(large central vacuole in plant cells; many small vacuoles in animal cells)

- large membrane bound sac- stores water, ions, macromolecules, sugars, amino acids etc.

Ribosomes BOTH - responsible for synthesis of polypeptides (protein synthesis)- found in cytosol and surface of rough ER

Chloroplast PLANTS ONLY - produce energy (ATP) through photosynthesis

Cell WallPLANTS ONLY

- rigid outer layer of plant cells that provide shape and structural support

Nucleus BOTH - controls cell activity by regulating gene expression

Mitochondria BOTH - produces/supply energy (ATP)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

BOTH - covered in ribosomes- sort proteins that are destined for ER, Golgi, vacuoles, etc.

5. Complete the following table regarding the 4 main types of biological molecules.Macromolecule Monomer (subunit) Function

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides stores genetic information; protein synthesis

Proteins Amino acids Enzymes/catalysts (speeds up chemical reactions); transport; enables movement; carries messages; fights infections

Lipids Phosphate group + glycerol +2 fatty acidsORGlycerol + 3 fatty acidsEtc.

Long term energy storage; cushions and insulates organs; main part of cell membrane; sex hormones

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Short term energy storage

What is each of the following tests used for Benedict’s Test, Lugol Test, Sudan Red Test, and Biuret Test? For each test describe what a positive reaction would look like.Benedict’s Test – tests for presence of monosaccharides; Solution changes from blue to pinkLugol Test – tests for presence of polysaccharide starch; Iodine solution turns dark purple Sudan Red Test – tests for presence of lipids; dye absorbed by lipids – spots of colour Biuret Test – tests for presence of proteins; KOH and CuSO4 solution turns purple

Analyze the date below and answer the following questions.

Carbohydrate Tests

Protein Test

Lipids Test

Food

sa

mpl

e

Ben

edic

t te

st

Lugo

l te

st

Biu

ret

test

Suda

n R

ed

test

A + – – –

E - - + +

G - + - -

M - - - +

A. Is sample E most likely to be steak, bread, or butter? Justify your answer. STEAKB. Is sample G most likely to be table sugar (sucrose), pasta, or olive oil? Justify your answer. PASTAC. Is sample M most likely to be chicken, rice, a mango, or butter? Justify your answer. BUTTERD. Why would you get negative results in all tests for LACTOSE? Lactose is a DISACCHARIDE. None of the above tests

detect the presence of disaccharides.

Compare the lock and key model to the induced fit model. How are they similar? How are they different?

In both models, enzymes are specific to substrates. Enzymes catalyse a specific type of reaction.Lock and Key ModelActive site on enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key

The enzyme has an active site that is unchanging Substrate binds chemical reaction occurs

Induced Fit Model The enzyme can change its shape1. One substrate molecule binds weakly2. The enzyme’s active site changes shape so that a second substrate molecule can bind3. The second substrate binds

Chemical process (reaction) occurs

Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibition. How are they similar? Give two ways they are different.

Draw a picture of an enzyme and substrate that require allosteric regulation. Include the following: enzyme, active site, allosteric site, substrate, and activator.

Sketch and label a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer. Label the a channel proteins, a glycoprotein, cholesterol, and phospholipids. State the role each of these plays in the membrane. Also show the route that H2O, CO2, O2, and glucose take to enter the cell.

H2O - osmosis [high] [low]

CO2/O2 - diffusion [high] [low]

Glucose – can be facilitated diffusion when moving from [high] [low] e.g. after you eatOR active transport through transport protein when moving from [low] [high]

What is a buffer? Explain why buffers are important for blood pH. A buffers is a substance that minimizes changes in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions as needed; neutralization reactions. Normal pH of blood is between 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic). If blood becomes too basic (alkalosis) or too acidic (acidosis) it may cause dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, or even death. Therefore, maintaining pH within the normal range is very important. To maintain blood pH, the blood uses the Carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate ion buffer system.

7. Draw the monomer for each macromolecule. Circle and name all the functional groups in each monomer.

Monosaccharide – glucose

Fatty Acid

Amino Acid

Nucleotide

8. Complete the following chemical reactions and identify the type of reaction shown. glucose + fructose —> Sucrose Reaction Type: Dehydration

Synthesis/CondensationHCl + NaOH —> H2O + NaCl Reaction Type: NeutralizationTriglyceride + H2O —> 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Reaction Type: Hydrolysis

d) CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Reaction Type: Redox

Textbook Review Questions: Page 49 #1-14 (MC), 17, 18, 19, 31, 42, 49, 55Page 89 #1-15 (MC), 21, 25, 28, 31, 39Page 100#18, 20, 25, 31, 33, 34, 40, 43, 44, 45, 63, 73(If you want extra practice, you can can also try the Unit 1 Self-Assessments on Page 104-105)

*** To study try summarizing your notes, organizing notes into summary charts/tables, drawing diagrams, writing and answering practice questions, studying with a friend. All of these techniques will help you actively think about the concepts we have covered!