Anseriformes, Galliformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes,

and Procellariformes

Some Terms of Description

AnseriformesBreeding and

Wintering Habitat

• Bellrose 1976

Migration Routes

• Bellrose 1976

Johnsgard 1973

Johnsgard 1973

Population Cycles

Newton 1998

Sage-grouse Lek

Effects of Hunting?

Poysa et al. Oikos 104:612-615.

Effects of Agriculture

Newton 1998

Loons, Lead, Stones

Nelson 1979

Nelson 1979

Nelson 1979

Nelson 1979

Nelson 1979

Effects of Oil

Newton 1998

References• Bellrose, F. C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America.

Stackpole Books. Harrisburg, PA.• Johnsgard, P. A.1973. Grouse and quails of North America. U.

Nebraska Press. Lincoln.• Nelson, B. 1979. Seabirds, their biology and ecology. A&W

Publishers, New York.• Newton, I. 1998. Population limitation in birds. Academic Press,

London.• Pokras, M., Kneeland, M., Ludii, A., Golden, E, Major, A., Miconi, R.,

and R. H. Poppenga. 2009. Lead objects ingested by common loons in New England. Northeastern Naturalist 16:177-182.

• Poysa, H. Elmberg, J., Gunnarsson, G., Nummi, P., Sjoberg, GG, and K. Sjoberg. 2004. Ecological basis of sustainable harvesting: is the prevailing paradigm of compensatory mortality still valid? Oikos 104: 612-615.