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Chicago 1

Chicago

City of Chicago City

Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the Chicago 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the WillisTower

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): The Windy City, The Second City, Chi-Town, Hog Butcher for the World, City of Big Shoulders, The City That Works, White City,and others found at List of nicknames for Chicago

Motto: Latin:Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden ), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will

Location in the Chicago metropolitan area and Illinois

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Chicago 2

City of Chicago

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 415255N 873740W

Country United States

State Illinois

Counties Cook, DuPage

Settled 1770s

Incorporated March 4, 1837

Named for Miami-Illinois:shikaakwa("Wild onion")

Government

- Type Mayor council

- Mayor Rahm Emanuel (D)

- City Council

- State House

- State Senate

- U.S. House

Area

- City 234.0 sq mi (606.1 km2)

- Land 227.2 sq mi (588.4 km2)

- Water 6.9 sq mi (17.9 km2) 3.0%

- Urban 2122.8 sq mi (5498 km2)

- Metro10874 sq mi (28163.5 km

2

)Elevation 597 ft (182 m)

Population (2010 Census)[1] [2]

- City 2,695,598

- Rank 3rd US

- Density 11864.4/sq mi (4447.4/km2)

- Urban 8711000

- Metro 9461105

Demonym ChicagoanTime zone CST (UTC6)

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Chicago 3

- Summer (DST) CDT (UTC5)

Area code(s) 312, 773, 872

Website cityofchicago.org[3]

[4]

Chicago (English pronunciation: / k o / ( listen)or English pronunciation: / k o /) is the largest city in the US stateof Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and thethird most populous in the USA,[1] after New York City and Los Angeles. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called"Chicagoland," is the 27th most populous urban agglomeration in the world, the largest in the Great LakesMegalopolis, and the third largest in the United States,[5] [6] [7] home to an estimated 9.8 million people spread acrossthe US states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana.[2] Chicago is the county seat of Cook County,[8] the second mostpopulous county in the United States, after Los Angeles County, California.

Chicago was incorporated as a town in 1833, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Riverwatershed.[9] Today, the city retains its status as a major hub for industry, telecommunications and infrastructure,

with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In2008, the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors.[10]As of 2010, Chicago's metropolitan area has the4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among world metropolitan areas.[11]

The city is a center for services, business and finance and is listed as one of the world's top ten Global FinancialCenters. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Chicago as an "alpha world city."[12]In a2010 survey collaboration between Foreign Policy and A.T Kearney ranking cities, Chicago ranked 6th, just afterParis and Hong Kong.[11]The ranking assesses five dimensions: value of capital markets, diversity of human capital,international information resources, international cultural resources, and political influence. Chicago has been rankedby The Atlantic as the world's 4th most economically powerful city,[13] and by Forbes as 5th most powerful.[14]

Chicago is a stronghold of the Democratic Party and has been home to many influential politicians, including the

current President of the United States, Barack Obama.The city's notoriety expressed in popular culture is found in novels, plays, movies, songs, various types of journals(for example, sports, entertainment, business, trade, and academic), and the news media. Chicago has numerousnicknames, which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best knowninclude: "Chi-town," "Windy City," "Second City,"[15] and the "City of Big Shoulders."[16] Chicago has also beencalled "the most American of big cities."[17] [18] [19] [20]

HistoryDuring the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had

taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenouspermanent settler in Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, who is believed to be of African and European (French)descent.[21]In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over bysome Native Americans in the Treaty of Greenville to the United States for a military post.

In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in the War of 1812, Battle of FortDearborn. The Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the Treaty of Chicago in1833. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200 at that time.[22]Onthe 15th day of June, 1835, the first public land sales commenced with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. receiver of public moneys. Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4,000. The City of Chicago wasincorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837.

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The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American wordshikaakwa , translated as "wildonion" or "wild garlic," from the Miami-Illinois language.[23] [24] [25] [26]The first known reference to the site of thecurrent city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir written about the time.[27]

The wild garlic plants, Allium tricoccum, were described by LaSalle's comrade, naturalist-diarist Henri Joutel, in his journal of LaSalle's last expedition.[28] [29]

State and Madison Streets, the busiest corner inChicago (1897)

As the site of the Chicago Portage, the city emerged as an importanttransportation hub between the eastern and western United States.Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, opened in1848, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and MichiganCanal. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the GreatLakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economybrought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad.Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwesterncities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking,with the advent of the refrigerated rail car and the regional centrality of

the city's Union Stock Yards.[30]

In the 1850s Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[31]These issuesalso helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago forthe nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the generalelection, setting the stage for the American Civil War.

Chicago experienced some of the fastest population growth in the world, requiring infrastructure investments. InFebruary 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of Chicago's and the United States' first comprehensivesewerage system was approved by the Common Council.[32] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new

grade. While raising Chicago out of its mud and sewage, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreatedsewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, thence into Lake Michigan, polluting the primarysource of fresh water for the city. Chicago responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan tonewly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage was largely resolved when the city undertook a majorengineering feat. The city reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that water flowed from Lake Michigan into theriver, instead of the water flowing from the river into the lake. It began with the construction and improvement of theIllinois and Michigan Canal, and completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois Riverwhich joins the Mississippi River.

Artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871

After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city,including the entire central business district, Chicago experienced rapid

rebuilding and growth.[33] During its rebuilding period, Chicagoconstructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeletonconstruction.[34] Labor conflicts and unrest followed, including theHaymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems amongChicago's lower classes led Jane Addams to be a co-founder of HullHouse in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the newfield of social work.

During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago and the state of Illinois togetherattained national stature as leaders in the movement to improve public health. City and state laws that upgradedstandards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, small pox and yellow fever were not

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only passed, but also enforced. These in turn became templates for public health reform in many other states.[35]Thecity invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. Thechief advocate and driving force for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D., whoestablished a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866, created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled withfestering, shallow graves, and helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health in 1867 in response to an outbreak of cholera. Ten years later he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health,which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[36]

In the 19th century, Chicago became an important railroad center and in 1883 the standardized system of NorthAmerican Time Zones was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago.[37]This gavethe continent its uniform system for telling time.

In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of JacksonPark. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.[38]TheUniversity of Chicago was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair orcarnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks.

Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from theeastern states. Of the total population in 1900 not less than 77.4% were foreign-born, or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-bornpopulation.[39]

20th and 21st centuries

The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters, including the notorious Al Capone, battled each other and lawenforcement on the city streets during the Prohibition era. Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.[40]

The Chicago River is the south border (right) of the Near North Sideand Streeterville and the north border (left) of Chicago Loop,

Lakeshore East and Illinois Center (from Lake Shore Drive's LinkBridge with Trump International Hotel and Tower at jog in the river

in the center)

The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The

availability of jobs attracted African Americans fromthe South. Between 1910 and 1930, the blackpopulation of Chicago increased from 44,103 to233,903.[41] Arriving in the hundreds of thousandsduring the Great Migration, the newcomers had animmense cultural impact. It was during this wave thatChicago became a center for jazz, with King Oliverleading the way.[42]

In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatallywounded in Miami during a failed assassination

attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair.[43] The theme of the fair was technological innovationover the century since Chicago's founding.[44]

On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at theUniversity of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project.

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Downtown Chicago as seen from the Willis TowerSkydeck

Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of machinepolitics. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting, manywhite residents, as in most American cities, left the city for thesuburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based onrace. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for

lower skilled workers. In 1966, James Bevel, Martin Luther King,Jr., and Albert Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement,which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daleyand the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted thetumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featuredphysical confrontations both inside and outside the conventionhall, including full-scale riots, or in some cases police riots, in citystreets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower(now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago,

McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, wereundertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. When Richard J.Daley died, Michael Anthony Bilandic served as mayor for threeyears. Bilandic's subsequent loss in a primary election has beenattributed to the city's inability to properly plow city streets duringa heavy snowstorm. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city's first femalemayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination.

In 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of theclosest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a

few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton, who ran on therace-baiting slogan Before it's too late .[45]Washington's term in office saw new attention given to poor and minorityneighborhoods. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, shortly after being elected to a second term.Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements toparks and creating incentives for sustainable development. After successfully standing for reelection five times andbecoming Chicago's longest serving Mayor, Richard M. Daley announced he would step down at the end of his finalterm in 2011.

On February 23, 2011, former White House chief of staff and congressman Rahm Emanuel won the municipalelection to succeed Daley, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote.[46] Emanuel was sworn in as Mayor onMay 16, 2011.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahm_Emanuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M._Daleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Eptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filming_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Byrnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Anthony_Bilandichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O%27Hare_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCormick_Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Illinois_at_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willis_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Democratic_National_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Rabyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bevelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Daleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A2011-08-07_2000x3000_chicago_from_skydeck.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willis_Tower

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Chicago 7

Geography

Topography

Aerial view of the Loop and the North Side withbeaches lining the lakeshore.

Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago

Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. The city lies beside freshwater Lake Michigan, and tworivers the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in theindustrial far South Side flow entirely or partially through Chicago.The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River withthe Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city. Chicago'shistory and economy are closely tied to its proximity to LakeMichigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of theregion's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city'sLake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago'sclimate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as canbe seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.[47] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, isrelatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slightdifferentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are alongthe lake shore at 577 ft (176 m), while the highest point, at 735 ft (224 m), is a landfill located in the Hegewischcommunity area on the city's far south side.

Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drivenext to Burnham Park in the South Side

The Chicago Loop is the central business district but Chicago is also acity of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large

portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfrontinclude Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park. 29public beaches are also found along the shore. Landfill extends intoportions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier, Northerly Island,the Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial andresidential buildings can be found close to the waterfront.

An informal name for the Chicago metropolitan area isChicagoland ,used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic

reporters. There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland," but it generally means the city and its suburbstogether. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eightnearby Illinois counties: Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties inIndiana: Lake, Porter and LaPorte.[48] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook Countywithout the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties.[49] The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties.[50]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicagoland_Chamber_of_Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicagoland_Chamber_of_Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LaPorte_County%2C_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porter_County%2C_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_County%2C_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankakee_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grundy_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendall_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kane_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DuPage_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McHenry_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_County%2C_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Tribunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCormick_Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_Campus_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northerly_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy_Pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_beacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Park_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnham_Park_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_Park_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Shore_Drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%23Neighborhoodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Side_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnham_Park_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Shore_Drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Half_Marathonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hegewisch%2C_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Above_mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_gradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_freighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Des_Plaines_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calumet_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Portagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Portagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_dividehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFull_chicago_skyline.jpg

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Chicago 8

Chicago Harbor Lighthouse

Climate

The city lies within the humid continental climate zone, andexperiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, with aJuly daily average of 84.7 F (29.3 C). In a normal summer,

temperatures exceed 90 F (32 C) on 21 days.[51] Winters are cold,snowy, and windy, with some sunny days, and with a January averageof 23.5 F (4.7 C). Temperatures often (43 days) stay below freezingfor an entire day, and lows below 0 F (18 C) occur on eight nightsper year.[51]Spring and fall are mild seasons with low humidity.

According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 107 F (42 C) wasrecorded on June 1, 1934 and July 11, 1936, both at Midway Airport. The lowest temperature of was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985,[52]at O'Hare Airport. The city can experience extreme winter cold spells that may last for severalconsecutive days.

Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high F (C) 67(19)

75(24)

86(30)

92(33)

102(39)

107(42)

107(42)

103(39)

102(39)

94(34)

81(27)

71(22)

107(42)

Average high F (C) 30.7 36.1(2.3)

47.4(8.6)

59.2(15.1)

71.3(21.8)

80.8(27.1)

84.7(29.3)

82.3(27.9)

75.1(23.9)

63.2(17.3)

48.0(8.9)

35.6(2.0)

59.5

Average low F (C) 16.2 21.3 30.6 40.2(4.6)

50.9(10.5)

60.7(15.9)

66.3(19.1)

65.0(18.3)

56.7(13.7)

44.9(7.2)

33.6(0.9)

22.2 42.4

Record low F (C) 25 20 7 10 28 35(2)

46(8)

43(6)

29 20 3 20 25

Precipitation inches (mm) 1.95(49.5)

1.78(45.2)

2.83(71.9)

3.82(97)

3.86(98)

4.16(105.7)

3.82(97)

3.91(99.3)

3.45(87.6)

2.79(70.9)

3.22(81.8)

2.76(70.1)

38.35(974.1)

Snowfall inches (cm) 12.9(32.8)

10.3(26.2)

6.0(15.2)

1.4(3.6)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0.1(0.3)

2.3(5.8)

10.1(25.7)

43.1(109.5)

Avg. precipitation days (0.01 in)

11.2 8.9 11.7 11.6 11.0 10.3 9.5 9.6 8.9 9.7 11.5 11.3 125.2

Avg. snowy days ( 0.1 in) 6.2 6.2 4.5 1.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.7 7.2 30.5

Sunshine hours 136.4 138.4 186.0 216.0 282.1 312.0 319.3 282.1 228.0 192.2 114.0 105.4 2511.9

Source no. 1: Illinois State Climatologist Office (normals 1971 2000, extremes 1928 2006) [51]

Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961 1990) [53]

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Chicago 9

Cityscape

Chicago skyline April 18, 2009 from Northerly Island looking west.

Chicago August 9, 2010 from John Hancock Center looking south.

Architecture

Further information: Architecture of Chicago, List of tallest buildings in Chicago, and List of Chicago Landmarks

Looking north from Wacker Drive at Trump Tower and the Wrigley Building, with John Hancock Center in the distance on the left side.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hancock_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrigley_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wacker_Drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chicago_River_@_night.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chicago_Landmarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOne_Summer_Night_in_the_Windy_City.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hancock_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChicago_sunrise_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northerly_Island

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Chicago 10

North Lake Shore Drive and the Gold Coast, Chicago

The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the mostoutstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nation's most prominent architects from New Englandto the city for construction of the 1893 Columbian Exposition.

In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in Chicago, ushering in theskyscraper era.[54]Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.[55]The nation's two tallestbuildings are both located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower), and Trump International Hotel andTower. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 EastWacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe, along with manyothers. The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of largest buildings in the world, and still listed as 20th with itsown ZIP code, stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently, the fourtallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower, Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the

Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as on the South Side, the areas alongthe Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago Southland, and Northwest Indiana are clustered.

Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago.Large swaths of Chicago's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by bungalows built from the early20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. One of Chicago's suburbs, Oak Park, was home to the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who haddesigned The Robie House located near the University of Chicago.

One of the city's most famous thoroughfares, Western Avenue, is one of the longest urban streets in the world. Otherfamous streets include Belmont Avenue, Pulaski Road, and Division Street. The City Beautiful movement inspiredChicago's Boulevards and Parkways.

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Chicago 12

Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts

The Chicago Theatre

Chicago's theatre community spawned modern improvisationaltheatre.[57]Two renowned comedy troupes emerged The Second Cityand I.O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicagotheater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the

city's north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory GardensTheater. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters suchas Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place.Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speakingpopulation can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson

Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in theChicago area.

Classical musicofferings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recognized as oneof the best orchestras in theworld,[58] which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is theChicagoSinfonietta, amore diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts aregiven in GrantPark and Millennium Park. Ravinia Park, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is also a favoritedestination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the HarrisTheater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[59] and presents operas in Lithuanian. It celebrated fifty years of existence in 2006, and operates as a not-for-profit organization. It is noteworthy for performing the rarely stagedRossini'sWilliam Tell (1986) and Ponchielli's I Lituani (1981, 1983 and 1991), and also for contributing experiencedchorus members to the Lyric Opera of Chicago.[60]The opera Jrat and Kastytis by Kazimieras Viktoras Banaitis

was presented in Chicago in 1996.[61]

The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater inMillennium Park. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard StreetDance Chicago.

Other live music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the citywas a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. Thecity has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture broughtforth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza, the Intonation Music Festival andPitchfork Music Festival.

Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists,such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representationalpaintings. Today Robert Guinan paints gritty realistic portraits of Chicago people which are popular in Paris,although he is little known in Chicago itself.

Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Mir's Chicago , Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Monument with Standing Beast by JeanDubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg,Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor,Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the

Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.

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.org/w/index.php?title=Harris_Theater_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harris_Theater_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravinia_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_Park_%28Chicago%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sinfoniettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sinfoniettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Jefferson_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Park%2C_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Park%2C_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gateway_Theatre_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drury_Lane_Theatre_%28Illinois%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auditorium_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadillac_Palace_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_America_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_America_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts_Oriental_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victory_Gardens_Theaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victory_Gardens_Theaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodman_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steppenwolf_Theatre_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I.O.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improvisational_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improvisational_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A20070620_Chicago_Theatre_sign.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Theatre

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Chicago 13

Tourism

View of Navy Pier from the 23rdfloor of Lake Point Tower.

The Magnificent Mile hostsnumerous upscale stores, as well aslandmarks like the Chicago Water

Tower.

In 2008, Chicago attracted 32.4 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.7 milliondomestic business travelers and 1.3 million overseas visitors.[10] These visitorscontributed more than US$11.8 billion to Chicago's economy.[10] Upscaleshopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants,

as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city isthe United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by WalkScore ranked Chicago the fourth most walkable of fifty largest cities in theUnited States.[62] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving asthe Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center,galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38 ft(12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, BuckinghamFountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annualTaste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflectiveCloud Gatesculpture. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winterseason. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain'stwo towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, alongwith water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed, stainless steel bandshell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festivalconcert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music andDance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including theChicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque.

Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3000 ft (910 m) long and houses

retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot(46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest,attracting about 8 million people annually.[63]

In 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4.0 ha)lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the FieldMuseum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of GrantPark, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown parkalong the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian andNear Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago HistoryMuseum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the PeggyNotebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications and theMuseum of Science and Industry.

The top activity while visitors tour Chicago for leisure is entertainment, approximately 33% of all leisure travelers.Facilities such as McCormick Place and the Chicago Theatre contribute to this percentage.[64]

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Chicago 14

Parks

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto , a Latin phrase which translates intoEnglish as "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7300 acres (3000 ha)of municipal parkland. There are 33 sand Chicago beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories,16 historic lagoons, and 10 bird and wildlife gardens.[65] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1200acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City innumber of visitors.[66]With berths for more than 5,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largestmunicipal harbor system; even larger than systems in cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, or Miami. Inaddition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have beenadded in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side,

and most notably, Millennium Park in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, anetwork of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas whichlie along the city's periphery, home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo inBrookfield.

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Chicago 15

Cuisine

Chicago-style Deep Dish pizza with a rich tomatotopping

A Polish market in Chicago

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included amongthese are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza, This style is said tohave originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is

popular in the city as well.The Chicago-style hot dog, typically a Vienna Beef dog loaded with anarray of fixings that often includes neon green pickle relish, yellowmustard, pickled sport peppers, tomato wedges, dill pickle spear andtopped off with celery salt all on a S. Rosen's poppy seed bun.[67]

Ketchup on a Chicago hot dog is frowned upon by enthusiasts of theChicago-style dog, but may prefer to add giardiniera.

There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them theItalian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered au

jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicygiardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is theMaxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa on a hot dogroll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sportpeppers.[68]

Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio, with roastedbone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted

potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito, a sandwich made withflattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the tamale with Chile, Mother-in-law sandwich.[69]Yetanother is the Greek saganaki, an appetizer of cheese served flamb at the table.[70]

The Taste of Chicago in Grant Park runs from the final week of June through Fourth of July weekend. Hundreds of local restaurants take part.

A number of well-known chefs have restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, GrantAchatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination."

The city is home to 23 Michelin starred restaurants, with Alinea and L2O receiving three stars.

Chicago features a wide selection of vegetarian cuisine, with 22 fully vegetarian restaurants and manyvegetarian-friendly establishments within the city.[71] [72]

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Chicago 16

Religion

St. Mary of the Angels, one of thecity's "Polish Cathedrals" wasintentionally modeled on St.

Peter's Basilica.

Due to its cosmopolitan history, Chicago has a rich blend of religious heritage asdisplayed by the architecture and institutions throughout the city. Christianity ispredominant among the city's population represented by the various denominationsincluding Catholic, Protestant, Oriental and Orthodox churches. The city also

includes adherents of Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, and theBah', among others. Because of this diversity, Chicago has a wealth of sacredarchitecture.

Through the city's size and notoriety, it has gained recognition as a religious center.The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893and 1993. Chicago contains many theological institutions, which includeseminaries and colleges such as the Moody Bible Institute and DePaul University.Chicago is the seat of numerous religious leaders from a host of bishops of a widearray of Christian denominations as well as other religions. In the northern suburbof Wilmette, Illinois, is the Bah' Temple, the only temple for the Bah' Faith inNorth America.

Numerous prominent religious leaders have visited the city, including the DalaiLama and Mother Teresa. Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 as part of his first trip to the United States afterbeing elected to the Papacy in 1978.

Sports

Chicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States byThe Sporting News in 1993, 2006, 2010.[73]

The cityis home to two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), who play inWrigley Field on the North Side, and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), who playin U.S.Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year sincethe AL began in 1901. The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National FootballLeague (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charterfranchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but are now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bearsplay their home games at Soldier Field just off the shore of Lake Michigan.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) are one of the most recognized basketball teams inthe world. During the 1990s with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight

seasons. The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL), who began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six," teams of the National Hockey League (NHL), have won four Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks are

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Chicago 18

Media

Further information: Media in Chicago, Chicago literature, List of fiction set in Chicago, and Chicago InternationalFilm Festival

Harpo Studios, headquarters of talk show hostOprah Winfrey.

The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market inNorth America, after New York City and Los Angeles.[79]Each of the

big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directlyowns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago(WBBM, WLS, WMAQ and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, whichis owned by the Tribune Company, is carried with some programmingdifferences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwideand in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of several talkshows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show on WLS-TV, whileChicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI'sThis American

Life and NPR'sWait Wait... Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station canbe seen on WTTW, producer of shows, such asSneak Previews , The

Frugal Gourmet , Lamb Chop's Play-Along andThe McLaughlin Group , just to name a few and WYCC.

There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago, theChicago Tribune and theChicago Sun-Times , withthe former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers andmagazines, such asChicago , the Dziennik Zwizkowy (Polish Daily News) , Draugas (the Lithuanian dailynewspaper), theChicago Reader , the SouthtownStar , the Chicago Defender , the Daily Herald , Newcity ,[80] [81]

StreetWise and theWindy City Times . The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out Chicago is also publishedin the city.

Chicago is a filming-friendly location. Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed in the city, mostnotablyThe Blues Brothers , Ferris Bueller's Day Off , Home Alone , The Fugitive , Blade: Trinity , I, Robot , Wanted ,

Batman Begins , The Dark Knight , andTransformers: Dark of the Moon .Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows. Chicago-based TV shows include the situationcomedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters andThe Bob Newhart Show . The city served as the venuefor the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope , as well as the science fiction drama series Early Edition . DiscoveryChannel films two shows in Chicago:Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab .

Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont onSunday evenings.

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Chicago 19

Economy

The Chicago Board of Trade Building

Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the UnitedStates approximately US$532 billion according to 2010 estimates.[82] [83]

The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in theUnited States, due to its high level of diversification.[84] Chicago wasnamed the fourth most important business center in the world in theMasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.[85] Additionally, theChicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expandedcorporate facilities in the United States for six out of the seven years from2001 to 2008.[86] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largestscience and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in thenation.[87]In 2009, Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richestcities.[88] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field,John Farwell, Morris Selz, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercialvisionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.

Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second largest centralbusiness district in the US.[89] The city is the headquarters of the FederalReserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). Thecity is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE),and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, alongwith the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group, in addition, owns the NewYork Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.[90]

Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contractssuch as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange).Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.[91]

The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States withapproximately4.25 million workers.[92] In addition, the stateof Illinoisis home to 66Fortune 1000 companies,including those in Chicago.[93]The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 FinancialTimes 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquartersfrom Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001.[94] [95]Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonalds are inChicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. Chicago is also hometo United Continental Holdings and its United Airlines and Continental Airlines subsidiaries.

Manufacturing, printing, publishing and f ood processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medicalproducts and services companies are headquartered in the Chicagoarea, including BaxterInternational, Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover, the constructionof the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River,and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s,Chicago became a major grainport, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As themajor meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though themeatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a majortransportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars,

and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also home to a growing number of web startupcompanies like CareerBuilder, Orbitz, 37signals, Groupon, and Feedburner.[96]

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