Anonymity in Driving Behavior
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Transcript of Anonymity in Driving Behavior
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Anonymity in Driving Behavior
Shawn Bray, Zehna Gilliam and Skye SimonelliSan Diego Mesa College
San Diego, CA.
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To test the effects of anonymity on driving behaviors and to better understand which factors may contribute to other unlawful
behaviors.
Objective
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Drivers in automobiles with tinted windows are less likely to make a complete stop at four way stop intersections than drivers in
automobiles without tinted windows.
HYPOTHESIS
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KEY TERMS
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Observational Study: Researchers observe behaviors under the conditions in which they naturally occur
Anonymity: The quality or state of being unknown
Disinhibition: A lack of restraint caused by outside factor such as drugs, alcohol, or rioting
Anti-Social Behavior: A person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others
KEY TERMS
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Literature Review
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Zimbardo’s (1969) famous electric shock study on the relationship between anonymity and immoral behavior.
Ed Diener’s (1976) Halloween study on the effects of being less identifiable by personal information.
Andrew Silke’s (2003) analysis of attacks in Northern Ireland, anonymous criminals committed more violent attacks.
Literature Review
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Singer’s (1965) study on less identifiable people being more likely to conform in the Asch (1951) situation.
According to Zhong & others (2010), “Even dimmed lighting or wearing sunglasses increases people’s perceived anonymity, and thus their willingness to cheat or behave selfishly.”
Patricia Ellison’s (1995) test on anonymity’s effect upon incivility amongst drivers.
Literature Review
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Methods
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Observational Study inconspicuous and unobtrusive
n = 400 200 tinted cars 200 un-tinted cars
3 different data collection locations
Random sample and representative
Must make a complete 3 second stop
Methods
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Only cars approaching from the North and South directions
Tally in corresponding section of “Stopped/No Stop” and “Tint/No-Tint” section of observation chart
One researcher at each separate location
Selected data collection start time
Every other car observed
Car must have back tires behind limit line
Methods
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Materials UsedStopped No Stop
Tint
No Tint
III
I
IIII
II
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One researcher at each separate location
Selected data collection start time
Every other car observed
Car must have back tires behind limit line
Inclusion Criteria
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Observational Definitions:
Tint/Stop: TSTint/No Stop: TNS
No-Tint/Stop: NSNo-Tint/No Stop: NN
Observational Definitions and Chart
Stopped No Stop
Tint
No Tint
IIII
IIII
II
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Observational Location: oneOceanside, CA – 2:30-3:30pm
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Observational Location: twoEncanto, CA – 5:30-7:30pm
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Observational location: threeUniversity City, CA – 11:30-1:30pm
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Partially rolled down windows
Completely rolled down windows
Automobiles without doors
Convertibles
Cars yielding to pedestrians
Exclusion Criteria
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Tint •Stop: 70•No Stop: 130
No Tint
•Stop: 95•No Stop: 105
Results
Stop: 165No Stop: 235
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Tinted Windows: 35% did make complete stop 65% did not make a complete stop
Un-Tinted Windows: 47.5% did make complete stop 52.5% did not make a complete stop
Results
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Tinted Windows
Stop: 35%
NO Stop: 65%
Results
Un-Tinted Windows
Stop: 49%
NO Stop: 54%All Cars
Stop: 41%
NO Stop: 59%
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DISCUSSION
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We supported our hypothesis that drivers of car with tinted windows are less likely to make a complete stop at an intersection.
We failed to reject our alternative hypothesis.
We have acknowledged that the intent of reckless drivers may not be malicious.
Some confounding variables we found: Degree of window tint Contrast in obedience in different socioeconomic areas
Discussion
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Other future studies will include relationships between window tint and: Medical conditions Safety concerns Style preference
Overall, we realize that while Deindividuation may not be the cause of getting window tint it is, however, the result.
Discussion
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Anonymity. (2009). In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/anonymity
Berkowitz, L. Some determinants of impulsive aggression: Role of mediated associations with reinforcements for aggression. Psychological Review, 1974, 81, 165-176.
Blais MA, Smallwood P, Groves JE, Rivas-Vazquez RA. Personality and personality disorders. In: Stern TA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Biederman J, Rauch SL, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2008: chap 39.
References
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Disinhibition. (n.d.). In Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/anonymity
Festinger, L., Pepitone, A., & Newcomb, T. (1952). Some consequences of deindividuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 47, 382-389.
Johnson, R. D., & Downing, L. L. (1979). Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 37(9), 1532-1538. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1532.
Li, Brian, "The Theories of Deindividuation" (2010). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 12. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/12
Myers, D. G. (2013). Social Psychology (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
References
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Observational Study. (2014). In Stat Trek. Retrieved from http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=observational_study
Singer, J.E., Brush, C.A., and Lublin, S.C. (1965). Some aspects of Deindividuation: Identification and Conformity. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 1, 356-378.
Zimbardo, P. G. The human choice: Individuation, reason and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold, & D. Levinc
(Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 18). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.
All images are Microsoft clipart or Google Maps screenshots.
References