Annual Report - · PDF fileAnnual Report 2006-07 ... Malaviya arhar-6 of pigeonpea, LR-409 of...

Annual ReportAnnual Report2006-07

Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureSantoshnagar, Hyderabad - 500 059

All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland AgricultureAll India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland AgricultureAll India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture

PRE FACEPrefaceRainfed Agriculture in India extends over 91.5 million ha across diverse agro-climates,

ecological situations and socio-economics settings. In order to address the location-specific

problems, the All India coordinated research Project on Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA)

initiated research on rainfed agriculture with 22 network centers and 8 Operational Research

Projects (ORPs) for the last three decades. This project is continuing the efforts to generate

site-specific technologies in the areas of rainwater management, soil and water conservation,

cropping systems, drought tolerant varieties, integrated nutrient, pest and energy management

strategies, alternate land use options and farming systems for stabilized productivity and income.

In addition, the ORPs located in different environments are involved in participatory

development and evaluation of the rainfed technologies for wider adoption.

The Annual Report (2006-07) of AICRPDA is a well-compiled research document with

information based on 469 on-station trials and 122 on-farm trials across rainfed rice, maize,

oilseeds, cotton and nutritious cereals-based production systems. This report contains salient

findings of technologies generated under on-station and assessment and refinement of

technologies under on-farm conditions in various production systems. In addition, this

document contains information on focused research under AP Cess fund schemes. I hope the

information contained in this report is useful to all the research institutes, agricultural universities

and other stakeholders including NGOs involved in transfer of rainfed technologies.

I am grateful to Dr. Mangala Rai, Director General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE,

Dr.J.S. Samra, former Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR and Dr.A.K. Singh, Deputy Director

General (NRM) for their guidance, support and encouragement for enabling to implement this

project successfully. I am also thankful to Dr.A.K. Gogoi, Assistant Director General (Agronomy)

for his continued support.

I wish to place on record the excellent contributions and cooperation by the Chief

Scientists, Scientists from the network centers and ORPs for technology generation and

dissemination and also help rendered by authorities of respective State Agricultural Universities/

Technical Universities/ICAR Institutes/International Research Organizations, personnel from

State Line Departments, NGOs, etc., and ultimately utilization of results by the farmers.

I wish to compliment the efforts of Dr.KPR. Vittal, former Project Coordinator (Dryland

Research) for coordination, monitoring and evaluating the technical program during the

reported period. I also appreciate Dr.G. Subba Reddy, present Project Coordinator (Dryland

Research), for his excellent efforts in coordinating the program and bringing out this report

so meticulously in a short time. I wish to appreciate the efforts made by Dr.G.R. Maruthi

Sankar, Principal Scientist (Agricultural Statistics) and Dr.G. Ravindra Chary, Senior Scientist

(Agronomy) in compilation and synthesis of data generated from AICRPDA network centers

and completion of the annual report

I acknowledge the support provided by Ms.A. Girija, Mr.RVVSGK. Raju, Mr.L. Sreeramulu,

for data compilation and analysis, Ms.G. Varalakshmi for secretarial help, Ms.A. Prema Kumari

and Mr.SR. Meena for administrative help, Ms.S. Sangeetha, Ms.S. Devika, and Ms.I. Usha Rani

for word processing and other assistance by Mr.N. Manikya Rao, Mr. Amarender and

Mr.L. Nagaraju for supporting services.

( Y. S. Ramakrishna)

Page No.

Executive Summary vii-xii

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Resource Characterization 3

3.0 Salient Findings 11

3.1 Rice based Production System 11

3.2 Maize based Production System 27

3.3 Oil Seed based Production System 42

3.3.1 Groundnut based Production System 42

3.3.2 Soybean based Production System 51

3.4 Cotton based Production System 63

3.5 Nutritious Cereal based Production System 73

3.5.1 Sorghum based Production System 73

3.5.2 Pearlmillet based Production System 84

3.5.3 Fingermillet based Production System 96

4.0 Operational Research Project 102

5.0 Front line Demonstrations and On-Farm Trials 113

6.0 AP Cess Fund Ad-hoc Projects 117

7.0 Publications 121

8.0 Project Team of AICRPDA 127

9.0 Budget 131

10.0 Acronyms 132

CONTENTSContents

AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07 vii

All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture

The All India Co-ordinated Research Project for DrylandAgriculture has a network of 25 centers representing arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid and per-humid climates with diversebiophysical and socio-economic settings of the rainfed agro-ecologies of the country. The project has mandate to generatelocation specific technologies through on-station research focusingon rain water management/soil and water conservation, integratednutrient management, cropping systems, crop improvement,energy management, alternate land use systems and farmingsystems in rainfed rice, maize, oilseeds (groundnut and soybean),cotton and nutritious cereals (finger millet, pearl millet andsorghum) based production systems. The resultant technologiesare subsequently assessed on farmers’ fields under 8 OperationalResearch Projects. Out reach programs like Frontlinedemonstrations (FLDs) on pulses and oilseeds, on-farm trialsthrough other externally funded projects like AP Cess schemesare also being undertaken. A total of 469 experiments wereconducted at the 24 centers with a percentage of 22.8, 14.1, 11.5,12.8, 25.4, 0.4, 7.5, 1.3 and 4.2 under INM, soil and waterconservation, energy management, cropping systems, cropimprovement, integrated weed management, alternate land usesystems, integrated farming system and others respectively acrossthe production systems.

These include 117 experiments on rice based productionsystem (Jagdalpur, Jorhat, Faizabad, Phulbani, Ranchi andVaranasi), 48 on maize based production system (Arjia, Ballowal-Saunkhri and Rakh Dhiansar), 89 on oilseeds based productionsystem (Indore, Rewa (soybean based)) and Anantapur, Rajkot(groundnut based), 32 on cotton based production system (Akola,Kovilpatti and Parbhani) and 231 on nutritious cereals basedproduction system (Bellary, Bijapur, Solapur (Rabi sorghumbased), Agra, SK Nagar, Hisar (Pearlmillet based); Bangalore(Fingermillet based)) centers.

The salient findings from the research during 2006-07 aresummarized below:

Rice Based Production System

In the rainfed rice based production system, improvedvarieties of different crops viz., RT-54 of sesame and J-11 ofgroundnut at Jagadalpur; Vandana of rice, BAU-2K-16 of linseed,BAU-20 of groundnut, Madhu of horsegram, RT-125 of sesame,GPU-28 of fingermillet, CSH-16 of sorghum, BVM-10 of maize,Birsa Chana-3 of chickpea at Ranchi; Narendra mung-1 ofgreengram, Malaviya arhar-6 of pigeonpea, LR-409 of lentil atVaranasi; and Vandana of rice at Phulbani were found stable.Among different cropping systems, turmeric + pigeonpea (10:2)at Phulbani; rice-niger at Jorhat; pigoenpea + kalmegh atFaizabad; pigeonpea + rice at Varanasi were superior for higheryield and monetary returns compared to traditional systems.

Among different rain water management practices, ridgesand furrows for pigeonpea at Faizabad; lined pond with soil-cementplaster in 6:1 ratio (8 cm thickness) for tomato and pumpkin atPhulbani; two irrigations for potato (one at stolen and the otherat tuber formation) at Jorhat; life saving irrigation for rice atVaranasi; mulching @ 10 t/ha for lentil at Ranchi were superior.

50% N (inorganic) + 50% N (organic) for rice at Jorhat; 75kg N + 30 kg P + 30 kg K/ha for rice, lime @ 20% of limerequirement + FYM @ 5 t/ha for greengram and mustard atJagdalpur; 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) for rice +pigeonpea, 15 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) for rice and 15 kgN (FYM) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) for blackgram at Phulbani; 15 kg N(compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha for blackgram+ rice at Ranchi; 100% recommended fertilizer for rice-lentil atVaranasi; 25 kg N/ha (compost) for maize at Faizabad; 25 kg N/ha(FYM) for greengram at Varanasi; 80 kg N + 40 kg P + 30 kg K +Zn

SO

4 @ 25 kg/ha + Borax @ 10 kg/ha for rice at Varanasi

were superior for maximum productivity and monetary returns.

Conventional tillage + hand weeding twice + 100% N(organic) for rice-lentil at Faizabad; disc harrowing twice + onecultivator + 100% N (inorganic) for rice at Varanasi; conventionaltillage (5 ploughings by desi plough + laddering) for toria at Jorhatwere found efficient tillage and nutrient management practicesfor maximum productivity and monetary returns.

Dry line sowing by seed drill together with recommendedfertilizer + post-emergence weedicide for rice at Jagadalpur wassuperior for controlling weeds and attaining higher productivity.Greengram was suitable for growing together with aonla formaximum returns at Varanasi.

Oilseeds Based Production System

Groundnut Based Production System

Narayani of groundnut at Anantpur; GG-11C of groundnutat Rajkot; G Til-3 of sesame; GM-4 of greengram and SR-1647 ofsorghum at Rajkot were superior for maximum productivity andmonetary returns.

Cotton-sesame at Rajkot; sowing of groundnut in 2nd fortnight of July at Anantapur; sowing of pearlmillet at 30 days afteronset of monsoon; sesame, blackgram, castor, cotton andspreading groundnut at onset of monsoon; bunch groundnut andpigeonpea at 15 days after onset of monsoon at Rajkot; wereefficient for higher productivity and profitability.

10 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha for groundnut at Anantapur;25 kg N/ha (compost) for groundnut at Rajkot; 100%recommended N for pearlmillet; 100% recommended fertilizerfor soybean, sesame, greengram, cowpea, sorghum and maizefodder were superior for maximum yield and monetary returns.50% recommended fertilizer + vermi compost @ 1 t/ha was

Executive Summary


AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07viii

superior for blackgram at Rajkot for maximum productivity andprofitability.

Conventional tillage + 100% N (organic) was superior formaximum productivity of groundnut at Rajkot. Similarly, deepploughing alternate years for groundnut was superior for amaximum productivity at Rajkot.

Soybean Based Production System

JS 93-05 of soybean; ICP-8863 of pigeonpea; JG-16 ofchickpea and BNS-10 of niger were superior at Indore. TM-99-50of greengram; IVU-486 of blackgram; JG-130 of chickpea and JL-2 lentil were efficient at Rewa for maximum productivity andmonetary returns.

Sowing of soybean + pigeonpea at onset of monsoon atIndore was superior. 80 kg N + 60 kg P + 20 kg K/ha for maize-chickpea; soybean-chickpea and maize +soybean was superiorfor attaining maximum productivity and monetary returns atIndore. 50% N (inorganic) + 50% N (organic) for safflower;Jabhua rockphosphate @ 60 kg/ha + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment+ 3 kg PSM blended with 50 kg FYM/ha for soybean and 100%recommended fertilizer + sulphur @ 40 kg/ha (gypsum) forsoybean were superior at Indore for attaining maximum monetaryreturns. 100% N (compost) for rice, blackgram, 50% N (urea) +50% N (compost) + Azotobactor for wheat, 60 kg N + sulphur@ 45 kg/ha for mustard were superior for higher grain and fodderyield and monetary returns at Rewa.

Low tillage + weedicide + interculture once was superiorat Rewa, while conventional tillage + hand weeding was superiorat Indore for attaining maximum soybean yield and monetaryreturns. Sowing with CRIDA planter was efficient for soybean andchickpea at Indore.

Among rainwater management practices, ridge and furrowsystem (45 cm) and sowing across the slope + vegetative barrierwere efficient for attaining maximum yield and monetary returnsfrom soybean crop.

Drumstick + soybean was efficient for maximumprofitability and soybean equivalent yield at Indore.

Cotton Based Production System

TKH-1174 of cotton at Kovilpatti; K-2 of cotton at Parbhaniwere superior for attaining a higher grain yield crops. Cotton +pigeonpea at Akola; sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) at Parbhani weresuperior for maximum productivity and monetary returns.

25 kg N (inorganic) + 25 kg N/ha (FYM) for cotton +greengram at Akola; 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) + 10 kgP/ha for pearlmillet, 100% recommended N (urea) +recommended P (enriched FYM) for sorghum + cotton, 15 kg N(compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) for sorghum + cowpea atKovilpatti; FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% recommended fertilizer forgreengram-rabi sorghum, 100% recommended fertilizer

(inorganic) for sorghum + pigeonpea and cotton + blackgramwere superior for attaining maximum profitability.

Conventional tillage + interculture + 50% N (organic) +50% N (urea) was superior for sunflower at Kovilpatti, whileconventional tillage + interculture + 100% recommendedfertilizer was superior for sorghum at Parbhani. Opening of furrowwas beneficial for maximum productivity of sorghum, soybeanand cotton at Akola. Sapota + greengram was efficient formaximum monetary returns at Kovilpatti.

Nutritious Cereal Based Production System

Maize Based Production System

EH-1496 of maize, AT-28 of sesame, HG-3 of horsegram,AU-3 of blackgram and SPV-1342 of sorghum at Arjia; Parkashhybrid of maize at Ballowal Saunkhri were superior.

Blackgram in kharif followed by chickpea in rabi was themost profitable system at Ballowal Saunkhri.

Sorghum in half donar area + maize in half receiver areawith 150% recommended N and P was superior for maximumproductivity and profitability at Arjia. Life saving irrigation + 100%recommended fertilizer for maize and life saving irrigation + oneirrigation at branching + 100% recommended fertilizer formustard were superior for maximum productivity and monetaryreturns at Rakh Dhiansar. Sugarcane mulch for maize; and paddystraw mulch for wheat, African sarson and lentil were superior forattaining maximum yield and monetary returns at BallowalSaunkhri.

100% recommended N (inorganic) for maize, 15 kg N (greenleaf) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) for blackgram; FYM @ 10 t/ha forgobi sarson, FYM @ 10t/ha + 40 kg N/ha + recommended PKfor wheat were superior at Rakh Dhiansar for maximumproductivity and profitability. 100% N (inorganic) for maize,blackgram, wheat and 15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha(inorganic) for lentil were superior for maximum productivity andprofitability at Ballowal Saunkhri. Similarly, 15 kg N (compost)+ 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) and 100% NP + boron + zinc +magnesium was superior for maize at Arjia.

Conventional tillage + interculture + 100% N (inorganic)was superior at Ballowal Saunkhri, while low tillage + weedicide+ interculture + 100% N (inorganic) was superior at RakhDhiansar for maize and wheat for maximum yield and monetaryreturns.

Sowing of wheat on 14th November and mustard on 5th

October were superior at Rakh Dhiansar, while 16th July wassuperior for maximum maize equivalent yield and monetaryreturns of maize, pearlmillet, blackgram and greengram atBallowal Saunkhri. Sowing mustard on 16th November andchickpea on 8th November were superior at Ballowal Saunkhri.

Maize in kharif and gobi sarson in rabi and aonla + greenfodder were superior at Rakh Dhiansar. Similarly, blackgram/

AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07 ix


greengram – wheat was highly profitable compared to silvi-agri,agri-horti and other systems at Rakh Dhiansar. 60 x 30 cm rowspacing was superior for lemon grass for maximum oil yield atBallowal Saunkhri.

Sorghum Based Production System

HG-1 of horse gram, G-15 of cluster bean at Solapur; SB-275 of sunflower, FMLT-1 of foxtail millet, BMLT-8 of barnyardmillet, PMLT-2 of prosomillet, T-1 of cowpea, NS-157 of linseed,GPM-25 of mustard, BJPL-1 of horsegram and S-1635 of mulberrywere superior at Bijapur.

Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) and sunflower + pigeonpea(2:1) were superior at Solapur, while castor + sunflower (1:1)and chilli + onion (2:4) were superior at Bijapur for maximumproductivity and profitability. 60 cm x 60 cm for green gram +blackgram was superior at Bijapur, while 45 cm x 20 cm wassuperior for attaining maximum profitability of rabi sorghum atSolapur.

25 kg N (crop residue) + 25 kg N/ha (Leucaena) for rabisorghum, 15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) for chickpea atSolapur; 15 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (urea) for rabi sorghum,15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) for chickpea, 50% N (FYM)+ 50 % N (urea) for safflower, 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha forsunflower at Bijapur; 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf)for rabi sorghum and chickpea at Bellary were superior formaximum productivity and monetary returns.

Mechanical bund + vertical plastic mulch was superior forpearlmillet at Solapur. Seed soaking with pregnant cow urine forrabi sorghum, while pebble mulch of 50% of surface applicationfor green gram and residue incorporation for sorghum weresuperior at Bijapur for maximum productivity.

Conventional tillage + 100% N (inorganic) for pearlmilletat Solapur, conventional tillage + 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (urea)for rabi sorghum at Bellary; conventional tillage + farmer’spractice for rabi sorghum at Bijapur were superior for maximumyield and monetary returns.

Aonla + pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) was superior formaximum aonla equivalent yield and monetary returns at Solapur.75 kg N + 37.5 kg P + 37.5 kg K/ha + irrigation of 10 lt/plantwas superior for Jatropha at Solapur. A maximum canopy volumeand number of branches of jatropha were attained with JJ-cutting,while JU-seedling were superior for maximum plant height andcollar diameter at Bellary.

Pearlmillet Based Production System

G-45 of cluster bean at Agra; DSH-5 hybrid of pearlmillet,and MB-1 of moth bean at Hisar were superior for maximumproductivity.

Clusterbean in kharif and mustard in rabi and clusterbean+ pearlmillet (6:1) at Agra; and cotton + blackgram (1:1) at SKNagar were superior for maximum productivity and profitability.

Mothbean (paired rows 30 & 60 cm) + 1 row of green gram wassuperior at Hisar for maximum moth bean equivalent yield andmonetary returns. Pearlmillet + green gram (8:4) with a rowspacing of 30 cm was superior at Hisar for maximum pearlmilletequivalent yield and profitability. Dhaincha was superior for greenmanuring in early sown pearlmillet, while removing 3rd row at 30DAS for fodder and making furrows of 45 cm width was superiorin late sown pearlmillet for maximum profitability at Hisar.

Two life saving irrigations + FYM @ 5 t/ha and ridges andfurrows were superior for attaining maximum monetary returnsfrom castor at SK Nagar. Crop residue mulch for castor at SKNagar and polythene mulch for pearlmillet at Hisar were superior.Among anti-transpirants for castor, kaolin (6%) was superior formaximum profitability at SK Nagar.

50% N (urea) + 50% N (FYM) for pearlmillet, 15 kg N(compost) for cluster bean, 100% N (urea) i.e., 60 kg N/ha forpearlmillet + cluster bean at Agra were superior for maximumgrain yield. Application of 75 kg N + 50 kg P + 50 kg K/ha + zinc+ boron + magnesium was superior for pearlmillet at Agra. 50%recommended N (FYM) was superior for attaining maximumpearlmillet yield at SK Nagar.

100 kg N/ha + FYM @ 8 t/ha + seed treatment with HT-54 was superior for pearlmillet at Hisar. 100% recommended(urea) was superior for maximum productivity and profitabilityfrom green gram and pearlmillet + green gram system at Hisar.60 kg N + 20 kg P/ha was superior for castor, while 20 kg N + 40kg P/ha was superior for moth bean and chickpea at Hisar. FYM@ 4 t/ha + azotobactor + phosphobacterium was superior formustard for attaining maximum productivity and profitability atHisar.

Conventional tillage + interculture + 100% N (organic)was superior at Agra, while conventional tillage + 2 intercultures+ 100% N (inorganic) was superior for pearlmillet at Hisar formaximum yield and monetary returns. Low tillage + weedicide+ one interculture together with 50% N (urea) + 50% N (FYM)was superior for pearlmillet at SK Nagar.

Deep ploughing with disc plough was superior for cotton atSK Nagar for attaining maximum yield. Ridger seeder was superiorfor sowing of pearlmillet, chickpea and mustard crops at Hisar formaximum productivity and monetary returns.

Sowing of mustard during 11-20 October and maintaining100% plant population was superior at Agra. Aonla + cluserbeanin kharif and aonla + mustard in rabi at Agra; aonla +Stylosanthas hamata at SK Nagar were superior for monetaryreturns. Castor + cowpea was superior under integrated farmingsystems tested at SK Nagar.

Fingermillet Based Production System

TM-7 of green gram, UB-3 of blackgram, KM-6 of cowpea,BKADDI of chilli and NAH-2049 of maize were superior atBangalore.


AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07x

Chilli + castor (8:1) with nipping was superior at Bangalore.The early sowing of castor on 27th May was superior for yield andmonetary returns at Bangalore.

Natural vegetation gave minimum runoff compared todifferent vegetative barriers tested at Bangalore. Nase live barrierat upside of the plot was superior compared to downside of theplot for fingermillet at Bangalore.

FYM @ 10 t/ha in FYM block and maize residue @ 5 t/ha+ 100% recommended NPK in maize residue block were superiorfor finger millet at Bangalore for maximum productivity andprofitability. 100% recommended N and K + lime @ 300 kg/ha+ MgCO

3 @ 500 kg/ha + boron @ 10 kg/ha was superior for

fingermillet at Bangalore for maximum productivity.

Power tiller operated reaper was superior to manualharvesting for time taken/acre, labour man-days, operational costand productivity of fingermillet at Bangalore. Power tiller operatedreaper was superior for pigeonpea for time taken/acre and man-days, while tractor drawn interculture hoe was superior forfingermillet at Bangalore for number of rows covered, higher widthof coverage, time taken/acre and labour requirement. The tractordrawn intercultivator was superior for fingermillet compared tobullock drawn intercultural hoe for number of rows covered, widthof coverage, time taken for 1 acre, labour requirement andoperational cost at Bangalore.

Operational Research Projects

PHEM-2 of maize, TAG-24 of groundnut, AK-1 of horse gramat Arjia; and Parkash hybrid of maize, SG-9 of bunch groundnut,SML-668 of greengram, PHB-2168 of pearlmillet, PBW-527 ofwheat and RLM-619 of raya were superior at Ballowal Saunkhri,while HHB-67-2 of pearlmillet, RH-93-4 of mustard, BH-393 ofbarley were superior at Hisar for maximum productivity andmonetary returns. Similarly, A-404 of fingermillet, Vandana ofrice, VRP-6 of pea, K-9107 of wheat and Shivani of mustard wereefficient at Ranchi. L-5 of fingermillet, Samrudhi of green chilli,BRG-1 of pigeonpea and IT-38956-1 of cowpea were superior atBangalore. Mauli under shallow and medium vertisols and PhuleYasoda under deep vertisols were superior for rabi sorghum atSolapur.

Maize + blackgram (2:2) at Arjia; fingermillet + pigeonpeaat Bangalore; lentil+ raya at Ballowal Saunkhri; pearlmillet +greengram (8:4) at Hisar; pigeonpea +rice (1:3) at Ranchi; andsunflower + pigeonpea (2:1) at Solapur were highly stable formaximum productivity and profitability.

Supplemental irrigation of 40 mm applied at 55 DAS ingroundnut + sesame (6:2) and deep tillage + ridging after sowing+ 100% recommended N (FYM) for maize at Arjia; opening ofmoisture conservation furrows between paired rows of pigeonpeain groundnut + pigeonpea (8:2); fingermillet + pigeonpea (10:2)with staggered moisture conservation furrows within paired rowsof pigeonpea at Bangalore and harvesting every 3rd row of

pearlmillet at 30 DAS at Hisar were superior for maximumprofitability.

Balanced use of NPK + biofertilizers for fingermillet atBangalore; 60 kg P/ha for maize and 30 kg P/ha for groundnut atArjia; 50% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) for maize at BallowalSaunkhri; 30 kg N + 60 kg P + 30 kg/ha of Sulphur (throughgypsum) for soybean at Indore; 20 kg N/ha + azotobacter forpearlmillet and mustard at Hisar and 20 kg N + 20 kg P + 40 kgK/ha for upland rice at Ranchi were superior for attainingmaximum monetary returns.

Maize planter for maize and seed-cum-fertilizer drill forwheat at Ballowal Saunkhri; disc and blade harrow for chickpeaat Hisar; pre-emergence application of butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha,two ploughings with Birsa Ridger plough for upland rice at Ranchi;sowing of wheat with Dutch hoe were superior for attainingmaximum monetary returns.

Weeding with wheel hand hoe for pearlmillet and mustardat Hisar; spraying of post-emergence weedicide of Chlorimuranethyl 25 WP @ 37 g/ha (kloban 25 WP) at 18-20 DAS for soybeanand Ethyl easter @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 35-40 DAS for wheat at Indore;pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 lt/ha for greengram at Ballowal Saunkhri were highly efficient for maximumproductivity and monetary returns.

Finger millet + pigeonpea (10:2) in mango at Bangalore;dhek based agro-forestry model with guinea grass at BallowalSaunkhri; green gram and cluster bean as intercrops in agri-hortisystem were superior for maximum productivity and net returns.The improved package of practices for green gram, cluster bean,moth bean and sesame were superior at Hisar for maximum yieldincrease and monetary returns compared to farmers practice.

Monitoring and Evaluation

As a part of monitoring and evaluation of research and outreach programs under AICRPDA network, various meetings wereorganized during the period. These include V QRT review meetings,working group meeting of Chief Scientists of AICRPDA centers andORP review meetings of AP Cess fund project on capacity buildingof Operational Research Projects. The V-QRT team of Dr.MaharajSingh, Chairman; Dr.RP. Dhir; Dr.S. Bharadwaj; Dr.HS. Sur andDr.PK. Joshi visited 20 AICRPDA centers during August to November2006 and reviewed the activities and salient findings made by thecenters during the last 5 years (2000-05), assessed the on-goingtechnical program (2006-07), infrastructural facilities, field visitsand interacted with farmers. Dr.KPR. Vittal, Member-Secretary (V-QRT), Dr.GR. Maruthi Sankar and Dr.G. Ravindra Chary haveaccompanied the QRT members to all the centers to facilitatemonitoring and evaluation and review of AICRPDA centers. TheAICRPDA Coordinating Cell has been monitoring 17 ICAR-Adhocfunded projects. These projects were monitored since theirsubmission through evaluation by experts, facilitating presentationof these projects in the Project Screening Committee at ICAR,

AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07 xi


monitoring the technical progress (half yearly and annual) byorganizing technical workshops, budget sanctions and finalsubmission to ICAR. Various capacity building programs forscientists under network centers and for diverse stakeholders wereorganized.

Linkages and Collaborations

AICRPDA Network centers worked in close collaboration withrespective State Agricultural Universities (research, teaching andextension), ICAR/National Institutes (DOR, DMR, NRC onSorghum, CPCRI for breeding programs, evaluation trials etc.)State and Central Govt. Departments, Private agencies, NGOs andother stakeholders in the areas of research, training, extensionand education and also providing the technical support on rainfedfarming and watershed development etc. with national agencies.The centers also established linkages with Medicinal Plant Board,local national institutions for training programs and Ministry ofRural Development, Ministry of Water Resources, GOI for adhocprojects. AICRPDA centers established strong linkages with NGOs

like Rural Development Trust (Anantapur) etc. in their respectivedomains. Project Coordination Unit, Hyderabad and AICRPDAcenters are also involved in externally funded projects viz., AP Cessfunded (details are given in the chapter on Adhoc projects.), PPICfunded, CSIR funded projects etc.,

Publications

There were 177 publications of AICRPDA team whichcomprised of 39 research papers published in journals, 52 paperspresented in conferences, 19 books/bulletins/reports and 67popular articles during the reported period.

Budget

The total budget allocated for 22 network centers of AICRPDAfor the period 2006-07 is Rs.748.725 lakhs to generate site-specifictechnologies under different rainfed environments. AboutRs.195.800 lakhs is allocated for 8 Operational Research Projectcenters to assess, refine and up-scaling of rainfed technologies toimprove the livelihoods of rainfed farming communities.


AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07xii

A Two-day Technical workshop on Capacity building of ORPsHanjagi, ORP village, Solapur during 8-9, February, 2007

Director Y.S. Ramakrishna briefing the achievements during2001-04 to V QRT (CRIDA-AICRPDA-AICRPAM)

Chairman, V QRT addressing the scientists in themeeting held at CRIDA

Dr. Maharaj Singh, Chairman, Dr. H.S. Sur, Member, V QRTinteracting with scientists & farmers, Ballowal Saunkhri

Dr. R.P. Dhir, Member, V QRT interacting withtribal farmers, Phulbani

Dr.S.P.Surve, I/C ORP briefing the objectives of the workshop

Three day Technical Workshop on Capacity building of ORPs,1-3 March,2007 at CRIDA, Hyderabad

Focused group discussion


AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 07 1


Rainfed Agriculture has a crucial role to play in Indianeconomy and rural livelihoods. It is spread over 60% of netcultivated area, contributing over 40% to our national food basket.Rainfed area supports 40% of human and 60% of livestockpopulation. Coarse cereals (87.5%), pulses (87.5%), oilseeds(77%), rice (48%) and cotton (65.7%) are predominantly grownin rainfed regions. Resource poor farmers, the backbone of rainfedagriculture, were largely bi-passed by Green Revolution whosebenefits were mostly reaped by the already resource-rich farmersholding irrigated lands.

Agriculture in rainfed areas continues to be a gamble andrainfed farmers face several uncertainties like aberrant weather,lack of timely inputs and credit leading to low and unstableproductivity and profitability. The inherent risks are high becauserain is undependable in timing and amount. Soils are degradedand poor in fertility, farmers’ economy is fragile with littleresilience. Holdings are small and scattered, drought are commonphenomena in this areas which results sometimes low yields andeven crop failures.

To meet these challenges in rainfed agriculture, the All IndiaCoordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA),initiated research to generate location specific technologiesfocusing “better crop with every rain drop”, through a 22 networkcenters situated across the diverse agro-climatic region of thecountry. The prioritized research programs undertaken were inthemes of rain water management, cropping systems, cropimprovement, integrated nutrient management, energymanagement, alternate land use system and farming system.

The designated mandate is -

Mandate

To optimize the use of natural resources, ie., rainfall, landand water, and to minimize soil and water loss anddegradation of environment;

To evolve simple technologies to substantially increase cropproductivity and viability;

To increase stability of crop production over years byproviding improvements in natural resource managementand crop management systems and alternate cropproduction technologies matching weather aberrations;

To develop alternate and sustainable land use systems; and

To evaluate and study transferability of improved drylandtechnology to farmers’ fields.

The project has an unique feature in its multi-disciplinaryapproach and on-farm participatory systems research along withoutreach programs like frontline demonstrations, on-farm trials

etc. Along with this, for assessment and refinement of the locationspecific technologies generated at research stations, 8 OperationalResearch Projects (viz., Anantapur, Arjia, Ballowal Saunkhri,Bangalore, Hisar, Indore, Ranchi and Solapur) conduct on-farmparticipatory research. Following the new paradigm of agro-ecosystems based research initiated during National AgriculturalTechnology Project (NATP), these 22 centers are now undertakingresearch in five production systems, viz., rainfed rice (6 centers),nutritious cereals (9 centers), maize (3 centers), cotton (3centers), oilseeds (4 centers) with the Project Coordination unitat CRIDA, Hyderabad. The location of the Centers, ORPs andOrganogram of AICRPDA is shown in Figure 1 and 2.

In 2006-07, 474 experiments were conducted at researchstations under different production systems and theme areas wherein 103 were on integrated nutrient management, 61 on soil andwater conservation/rain water management; 50 on energymanagement; 64 on cropping systems; 99 on crop improvement;2 on integrated weed management; 25 on alternate land use systemand 11 other experiments. For technology refinement, 24 on-farm trials and 28 frontline demonstrations were also conducted.Seven experiments were also conducted in farming systemresearch. 129 on-farm participatory research trials were conductedin ORP villages. In addition to the core this program both on-station and on-farm was strengthened through additional fundingfrom AP Cess Scheme in key theme areas (361.2 lacs). Severaladhoc grants were also released from PPIC, CSIR and IWMI.

Along with V-QRT Chairman and Members, the Projectcoordinator and Scientists from the Coordinating Cell visited allthe AICRPDA centers during the year and reviewed activities of thecenter, salient findings, technical program, administrative andbudgetary issues, staff position and proceedings were brought outat each center. A Working Group Meeting of AICRPDA NetworkChief Scientists and also a meeting of 8 ORPs were organized duringthe reported period. The Project Coordinator and scientists ofAICRPDA Coordinating Cell have also assisted the Director, CRIDAin the QRT meetings held at CRIDA, Hyderabad during the reportedperiod.

The Project Coordination Unit of AICRPDA has beenmonitoring the technical progress (half-yearly & annually) of 17ICAR-Ad hoc funded schemes (with a budget of Rs. 281.11 lakhs).Two-Day Technical Workshop on Capacity Building of OperationalResearch Projects (AP Cess Funded Project) was organized atCRIDA in January 2007.

Many capacity building activities for the scientists andfarmers were undertaken during 2006-07 at the centers and ORPsin coordination with respective SAUs, State Departments, nationalinstitutions etc.

1. Introduction


AICRPDA Annual Report 2006 - 072

Fig.1. Location of AICRPDA Network Centers

Research Centers and Operational Research Project Centers of

All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland AgricultureResearch Centers and Operational Research Project Centers of

All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland AgricultureICAR Institutes State Agricultural Universities Technical Universities

Main Centers Main Centers Sub-centers Operational Research Projects Main Centers Sub-centers

1.Faizabad (NDUAT)2. Rakh Dhiansar (SKUAT_J)

Scientific 6Technical 12Administration 6Supporting 6(Plan, AICRPDA,ICAR 75% share)

1. Akola (PDKV) 2. Ananatapur (ANGRAU) 3. Arjia (MPUAT) 4. Ballowal-Saunkhri (PAU) 5. Bangalore (UAS_B) 6. Bijapur (UAS_D) 7. Hisar (CCSHAU) 8. Indore (JNKV) 9. Jagadalpur (IGAU)10. Jorhat (AAU)11. Kovilpatti (TNAU)12. Parbhani (MAU)13. Phulbani (OUAT)14. Rajkot (JAU)15. Ranchi (BAU)16. Rewa (JNKV)17. SK Nagar (SKDAU)18 .Solapur (MPKV)

Scientific 90 Technical 180 Administration 54 Supporting 90(Plan, AICRPDA,ICARshare 75%)

1. Bellary (CS&WCRTI) 2. Jhansi (IGFRI) 3. Jodhpur (CAZRI)

Scientific 15Technical 30Administration 6Supporting 15(Non-plan,respectiveInstitutes, ICAR)

1.Anantapur (ANGRAU)2.Arjia (MPUAT)3. Ballowal-Saunkhri (PAU)4.Bangalore (UAS_B)5.Hisar (CCSHAU)6.Indore (JNKV)7.Ranchi (BAU)8.Solapur (MPKV)

Scientific 24Technical — 0Administration 16Supporting 16(Plan, AICRPDA, ICAR 100%share)

1. Agra (Bachpuri College)

Scientific 3Techinical 6Administration 2Supporting 3(Plan, AICRPDA,ICAR 100% share)

1. Varanasi (BHU)

Scientific 5Techinical 10Administration 2Supporting 5(Plan, AICRPDA, ICAR, 100% share)

As on 28.02.2006

V




The rainfed areas are spread out widely in the country. Theycan be broadly classified into arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humidregions. The arid areas forming 19.6% of the total geographicalarea (329 m ha) are characterized by low and erratic rainfall (<500 mm) and sandy soil texture. The growing season is very short(up to 75 days) with millets and short duration pulses dominatingthe production systems. Livestock farming is an importantcomponent of production in the arid ecosystem. The semi-aridareas can be further classified into dry and wet. Dry semi-aridareas form 12% of the geographical area and receive a meanannual rainfall ranging from 500 – 700 mm with a growing seasonof 75-199 days. The wet semiarid region constituting 25.9% of thegeographical area receive mean annual rainfall ranging from 750– 1100 mm with a growing season up to 120 days. The crops andcropping systems are quite diverse in the semi-arid part of thecountry depending on the length of the growing season. Sorghum,cotton, soybean, groundnut and pulses are the major crops grownin this zone. The dry sub-humid areas constitute 21.1% of thegeographical area and receive a mean annual rainfall ranging from1100 – 1600 mm. The high rainfall in these areas providesopportunities for water harvesting which can be linked withadvantage to control water congestion of soil on one hand andrunoff driven soil erosion, on the other.

Resource characterization is basic to the correctunderstanding of a given problem. Some fundamental elementsare described below.

2.1 Climate

The important climatic elements used for characterizationof rainfed areas are rainfall, temperature, sunshine, relativehumidity, wind speed and potential evapo-transpiration as theydirectly or indirectly influence the plant suitability, adaptability,growth and productivity in a region. The climatic features of thedryland centers across the rainfed regions of the country aresummarized in Table given below. Since rainfall is of crucialimportance, it is being described in detail.

2.2 Soils

The soils of rainfed regions are characterized by low organicmatter, alkaline to slightly acidic reaction on CaCO

3 accumulation

in the upper 150 cm of soil, weak to moderate profile development,coarse to medium texture and low biological activity. The AICRPDAcenters have been located at each of these soil types (Table givenbelow). Except vertisols, most of the soils are coarse textured andare poor in retaining rain water and nutrients. The crops grownon these soils are normally prone to drought and nutrient

Climate during SW monsoon (June – September) in AICRPDA centers

AICRPDA AESR Air Sun-shine Wind speed PET Rainfall Water WaterCenter temperature (oC) (hr/day) (km/h) (mm) (mm) surplus deficit

Max Min (mm) (mm)

Agra 4.1 35.3 26.7 6.4 4.0 598 630 0 152Akola 6.3 32.8 24.2 4.9 8.6 604 687 0 49Anantapur 3.0 34.0 21.5 8.2 10.8 641 643 0 312Arjia 4.2 42.4 17.4 7.4 - 1681 700 125 655Bangalore 8.2 27.8 19.3 4.5 10.7 503 496 0 60Bellary 3.0 32.0 23.8 5.8 9.9 659 281 0 337Bijapur 3.0 31.0 21.6 6.7 9.4 622 367 0 228Dantiwada 5.2 30.2 18.7 8.3 5.2 572 - 161 88Faizabad 9.2 30.8 19.1 7.3 - 1482 958 255 69Hisar 2.3 37.5 26.3 9.7 5.9 769 351 0 459Ballowal Saunkhri 9.1 30.5 16.4 7.9 2.3 739 116 0 155Indore 5.2 30.7 22.5 4.7 16.3 616 846 70 0Jhansi 4.4 34.5 26.1 6.6 5.0 619 902 50 0Kovilpatti 8.1 36.7 24.7 6.6 14.5 812 150 0 631Phulbani 12.1 36.6 23.5 7.5 6.8 478 1440 609 0Rajkot 2.4 33.7 24.5 5.7 17.7 738 628 0 157Rakh Dhiansar 14.2 29.0 17.3 5.0 - 700 1500 - 0Ranchi 12.3 30.4 22.7 4.3 4.3 455 1172 597 0Rewa 10.3 31.4 19.1 8.4 4.6 688 1074 173 74Solapur 6.1 32.3 22.3 4.6 8.6 589 561 0 67Varanasi 4.2 34.4 26.6 5.8 5.2 577 966 190 0

2. Resource Characterization



Major characteristics of soils of dryland research centers in India

Center AESR Climate PH (1:2) / Organic Phosphate Probable Meanelectrical carbon & potash deficiency annual

conductivity content of other rainfall(ds m-1) (kg/ha) nutrients (mm)

AlfisolsAnantapur 3.0 Arid (AWC 6.0-7.0 0.25-0.30 10-15 Zinc 643

5-6 cm) 0.03-0.05 50-200

Hyderabad 7.0 Semi-arid 5.5 – 6.5 0.50-0.75 8-12 Sulphur, calcium, 750(AWC 5-13 cm) 0.05-0.20 180-250 750 zinc, molybdenum

Bangalore 8.2 Semi-arid 5.5-6.50.0 0.50-0.75 8-12 Sulphur,zinc, 891boron, molybdenum

AridisolsJodhpur 2.1 Arid (AWC 7.5-8.0 0.15- 12-18 Zinc 380

5-9 cm) 0.15-0.20 0.22 280-400

Hisar 2.3 Arid (AWC 7.5-8.0 0.15-0.22 280-400 320 5-9 cm) 0.15-0.20

SK. Nagar 2.3 Semi-arid (AWC 7.5-8.0 0.25- 20-35 62110-15 cm) 0.05-0.08 0.30 125-200

InceptisolsAgra 4.1 Arid (AWC 7.5-8.0 0.20-0.38 15-25 538

5-6 cm) 0.75-0.90 250-350

Ballowal 9.1 Dry Sub-humid 7.5-8.0 0.20-0.38 15-25 538

Saunkhri (AWC 20-25 cm) 0.75-0.90 250-350Varanasi 9.2 Dry sub-humid 7.0-7.5 0.10-0.25 15-35 1080

(AWC 20-25 cm) 0.05-0.30 80-150Rakh Dhiansar 14.2 Dry sub-humid 7.0-7.5 0.10-0.25 15-35 1100

(AWC 20-25 cm) 0.05-0.30 80-150OxisolsPhulbani 12.2 Moist sub-humid 5.0-6.0 0.30-0.45 10-25 1440

(AWC 12-24 cm) 0.02-0.30 200-350

Ranchi 12.3 Moist sub-humid 5.0-6.0 0.30-0.45 10-25 Calcium 1370 (AWC 12-24 cm) 0.02-0.30 200-350

Vertic InceptisolsRajkot 2.4 Arid (AWC 7.5-8.0 0.50-0.70 25-30 592

9-11cm) 0.15-0.20 350-425

Jhansi 4.4 Semi-arid (AWC 7.8-8.5 0.40-0.60 8-15 93610-12 cm) 0.25-0.40 500-650

Kovilpatti 8.1 Semi-arid (AWC 7.8-8.5 0.40-0.60 8-15 Sulphur, 78010-12 cm) 0.25-0.40 500-650 calcium

VertisolsAkola 6.3 Semi-arid (AWC 7.5-8.5 0.20-0.35 20-40 825

18-40 cm) 0.20-0.35 500-800

deficiencies. Due to low organic matter content, particle aggregationis inadequate. High friability makes the soils prone to erosion.The infiltration rate of water is low both in vertisols and alfisolsdue to swelling of clay in the former and crust formation in thelatter. With the exception of some vertisols, which are rich in bases,the rainfed soils are generally low in fertility because of poor organicmatter content and their origin from nutrient poor base.

2.3 Major production systems

The rainfed areas have been divided into five majorproduction systems to critically analyse the crop and specificproblems and potentials. These are i) coarse cereal based, ii)groundnut based, iii) rainfed rice based, iv) cotton based and v)soybean based.

The coarse cereal based production system covers 34




districts located mostly in the western and central parts of thecountry and the semi-arid hot high lands of the Deccan Plateau.The important crops grown in these regions are sorghum, pearlmillet, maize, pigeonpea and other pulses, cotton and groundnut.The area receives a mean annual rainfall of 648 mm with availablewater capacity (AWC) of 50-200 mm/meter.

The groundnut based production system is located inwestern plains, central high lands, semi-arid Deccan Plateau andEastern Ghats. It covers 16 districts mainly in the states of Gujarat,Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The mean annual rainfall is 684with 90-150 days of growing season. Saline and alkaline vertisolsand alfisols are present in the area with an AWC of 50-150 mm/meter. Other important crops are rice, cotton and pulses.

The rainfed rice based production system is distributed innorther plains, Chattisgarh, Mahanadi basin and sub-humideastern plateau mainly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, MadhyaPradesh and Orissa covering 34 districts. The area receives a meanannual rainfall of 1166 mm with 120-210 days of growing season.Alfisols, inceptisols, entisols and related red soils dominate thezone with 50-200 mm/meter AWC. Besides rice, the otherimportant crops grown are wheat, groundnut and sugarcane.

The cotton based production system is located mostly inthe Deccan Plateau and hot semi-arid peninsular parts. The areareceives a mean annual rainfall of 795 mm with 120-150 days ofgrowing season. The dominant soils are vertisols with 100-250mm/meter AWC. The other associated crops grown in thisproduction system are sorghum, pigeonpea and groundnut.

The soybean based production system is mainly confinedto the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in the centralhigh lands, Malwa-Gujarat plains and Kathiawar peninsula. Itcovers 18 districts. The other important crops grown are wheat,chickpea and sorghum. The mean annual rainfall is 1058 mmwith 120-180 days of growing season. The soils are mainly vertisolsand related vertic soils with 120-250 mm/meter AWC.

Rainfall pattern under different production

systems

Rice based production system

Under rice based production system, Phulbani received amaximum rainfall of 2030.6 mm, followed by Jorhat with 1657.2mm, Ranchi with 1622.7 mm, Jagdalpur with 1400.1 mm,Faizabad with 867.2 mm and Varanasi with 848.3 mm during2006. Phulbani and Ranchi received an excess rainfall of 45.4%and 41.2%, while Faizabad and Varanasi received a deficit rainfallof 17.5 and 21.5% respectively.

At Phulbani, the onset of monsoon was on 5th June, whilewithdrawal was on 2nd October. A maximum rainfall of 987.2 mmwas received in August, followed by 412.5 mm in July, 297.7 mmin June, 176.0 mm in September and 139.2 mm in May. Therewere 58 rainy days at Phulbani comprising of 17 in August, 12 in

September, 10 each in June and July, 6 in May, 2 in October andone day in November. There was a dry spell of 12 days during 9 –20 June, 9 days from 6-14 July, 6 days from 6-11 August, 11 daysfrom 8-18 September, 27 days from 3-29 October and 60 daysfrom 2nd November to 31st December. The kharif crops did notsuffer, while the rabi crops including tuber crops were affecteddue to moisture scarcity.

At Ranchi, the onset of monsoon was in the beginning ofJune and the withdrawal was in the last week of October. Amaximum rainfall of 470.3 mm was received in August, followedby 325.9 mm in September, 322.6 mm in July, 283.6 mm in Juneand 156 mm in May. There were 73 rainy days at Ranchicomprising of 22 days in August, 19 in July, 11 in May and 9 eachin June and September, 2 in October and one November. Therewere no dry spells at Ranchi. However, due to lack of sufficientmoisture in the rabi season, pigeonpea and other crops weremarginally affected.

At Jorhat, a maximum rainfall of 387 mm was received inJuly, followed by 265.8 mm in August, 247.3 mm in June, 173mm in May, 155.5 mm in September, 143.2 mm in April, 127.5mm in October and 82.8 mm in February. There were 62 rainydays at Jorhat comprising of 19 days in August, 12 in June, 11 inAugust, 10 in September, 5 in October, 3 in December and 2 daysin November.

At Jagdalpur, a maximum rainfall of 426 mm was receivedin August, followed by 380.2 mm in July, 291.4 mm in September,109 mm in June, 97 mm in November and 55.6 mm in March.There were 76 rainy days at Jagdalpur comprising of 19 days inJuly, 17 in August, 12 in September, 10 in June, 6 in April, 5 inMarch, 4 in November and 3 days in May.

At Faizabad, the onset of monsoon was on 26th June andwithdrawal was on 25th September. A maximum rainfall of 425.9mm was received in July, followed by 159.1 mm in August, 114.1mm in May, 92.2 mm in June 39 mm in September and 15.6 mmin October. The location had a dry spell of 6 days during 5 – 10August and 12 days during 2-13 September. The crops did notsuffer during 2006.

At Varanasi, the onset of monsoon was on 10th June andwithdrawal was on 4th October. A maximum rainfall of 439 mmwas received in July, followed by 236.8 mm in August, 56.6 mm inSeptember, and 45.6 mm in October. There were 39 rainy days atVaranasi comprising of 14 days in July, 12 in August, 4 in May, 3 inOctober, 2 each in April and September and 1 day in March. Therewas a dry spell of 11 days during 20 – 30 June, 11 days during 2 –8, 10, 17, 18 and 28th July, 19 days during 4 – 10, 12 – 18 and 27– 31 August. The deficit rainfall and 4 dry spells occurred inkharif have affected rice, pigeonpea and other crops.

Maize based production system

Under maize based production system, there was deficitrainfall of 24.5 % at Ballowal Saunkhri, while there was an excess



rainfall of 15% at Rakh-Dhiansar compared to normal. BallowalSanukhri received 763 mm compared to a normal of 1011 mm,while Rakh-Dhiansar received 988.6 mm compared to a normalof 860 mm.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, August received a maximum rainfallof 305.6 mm, followed by July with 167.2 mm, and Septemberwith 80.4 mm. There was a rainfall of 66.6 mm in March and62.1 mm in May. There were 46 rainy days comprising of 14 daysin August, 11 in July, 6 in May and 3 days in each September andMarch, one day each in April, October and November.

At Rakh Dhiansar the on-set of monsoon was on 26th SMWand withdrawal was on 39th SMW. A maximum rainfall of 230.9mm was received in July, followed by 219.9 mm in August, 168.8mm in September and 88.6 mm in June. There was a rainfall of72 mm in January, 47.6 mm in May, 45.4 mm in October, 43.2mm in March and 39.3 mm in December during 2006.

Sorghum based production system

Under sorghum based production system, there was anexcess rainfall of 34.8% at Bijapur, and 5.2% at Solapur, whilethere was a deficit rainfall of 27.3% at Bellary.

At Bijapur, a maximum rainfall of 237.3 mm was receivedin September, followed by 212.1 mm in June, 152.5 mm in May,81.8 mm in October, 43.2 mm in November and 37 mm in August.There were 48 rainy days comprising of 11 days in September,followed by 10 in June, 7 in August, 5 in July, 4 in October, 3 daysin November and one day in April.

At Solapur, a maximum rainfall of 205.9 mm was receivedin September compared to 131.2 mm in June, 101.7 mm in May,95.5 mm in November, 49.2 mm in August and 43.1 mm in July.There were 43 rainy days at Solapur, which comprised of 13 daysin September, 8 in June, 6 in May, 4 each in July and August, and2 days each in March, April, October and November. Solapurreceived the first rainfall in 21st SMW, while withdrawal was on 9th

November in 45th SMW. There were 3 dry spells of 30 days during27th June, 26th July (27-29 SMW), 29 days during 8th August to 5th

September (33-35 SMW) and 28 days during 8th October to 4th

November (41-44 SMW). The dry spells have affected all Kharifcrops at Solapur.

Pearlmillet based production system

Under pearlmillet production system, Agra and Hisarreceived a deficit rainfall of 40.8 and 33.1% while SK Nagar receivedan excess rainfall of 36.1%. Agra received 393.5 mm against anormal of 664.5 mm, while Hisar received 275.6 mm against anormal of 421 mm and SK Nagar received 1096.7 mm against anormal of 806 mm during 2006.

At Agra, a maximum rainfall of 296.3 mm out of annualrainfall of 393.5 mm was received in July. A rainfall of 43.3 mmwas received in May and 33.7 mm in August in 2006. The onsetof monsoon was in 1st week of July, while the withdrawal was in 3rd

week of September. A long and severe dry spell in August hasaffected all the kharif crops. Due to lack of soil moisture, rabisowings could not be undertaken.

At Hisar a maximum rainfall of 116.9 mm was received inJuly, 55.6 mm in May, 53.4 mm in September and 45.2 mm inJune during 2006. The rainfall was received in 20 rainy dayscomprising of 8 days in July, 6 in May, 3 in June, 2 in September,and one day in December. The onset of monsoon was on 30th

June and withdrawal was on 2nd September. A long dry spell of 33days during 30th July to 31st August has severely affected all kharifcrops. Due to lack of sufficient soil moisture, mustard crop inrabi was severely affected.

At SK Nagar, August received a maximum rainfall of 650.2mm, followed by July with a rainfall of 353.6 mm and Septemberwith 92.9 mm. The rainfall was received on 32 rainy dayscomprising of 16 days in August, 14 in July and 2 days inSeptember. The onset of monsoon was in 27th SMW and withdrawalwas in 36th SMW. Due to heavy rainfall in July and August, cropswere severely affected at SK Nagar.

Fingermillet based production system

Under fingermillet based production system, a rainfall of704.2 mm was received in 2006 against a normal of 929.9 mm. Amaximum rainfall of 130.6 mm was received in May, followed by112.6 mm in June, 110.4 mm in November, 91.8 mm in March,84.4 mm in July, 61 mm in September and 60 mm in August. Arainfall of 36 mm was also received in October. The rainfall wasreceived on 41 rainy days comprising of 8 days in May, 7 inNovember, 6 each in August and September, 5 in June, 4 in July, 3days each in March and October and 2 days in April. There were 4dry spells of 27 days during 19th May to 16th June; 23 days during20th June 13th July; 14 days during 28th July to 12th August; and 15days during 23rd August to 7th September. Due to dry spells andlack of sufficient soil moisture, crops were severely affected atdifferent crop growth stages.

Groundnut based production system

Under groundnut based production system, there was adeficit rainfall of 25.8% at Anantapur compared to an excess rainfallof 37.2% at Rajkot. Anantapur received an annual rainfall of 464mm compared to a normal of 625.5 mm, while Rajkot received809.8 mm compared to a normal of 590.4 mm in 2006.

At Anantapur, a maximum rainfall of 112.8 mm was receivedin September compared to 68.6 mm each in June and November.A rainfall of 77 mm was received in March, while 71.4 mmoccurred in May. The rainfall was received in 33 days comprisingof 7 days in September, 5 each in June and November, 4 each inMay, August and October. There were 2 rainy days in March andone day each in April and July. The on-set of monsoon was on 14th

June. There were 2 dry spells of 16 days during 26th June to 11th

July and 19 days during 13th to 31st July.




At Rajkot, a maximum rainfall of 427.4 mm was received inJuly, compared to 169.7 mm in August, 120.2 mm in June and84.1 mm in September. There were 45 rainy days at Rajkotcomprising of 16 days in August, 14 in July, 7 in June, and 6 daysin September. The onset of monsoon was on 2nd June (22nd SMW)and withdrawal was on 26th September (39th SMW). Dry spellsoccurred in 26th, 31st, 37th and 38th SMW at Rajkot, which affectedall the kharif crops.

Soybean based production system

Under soybean based production system, Indore receivedan excess rainfall of 22.7%, while Rewa received a deficit of 31.7%.Indore received 1175 mm against a normal of 958 mm, whileRewa received 742.4 mm against normal of 1087.2 mm.

At Indore, a maximum rainfall of 494.9 mm occurred inAugust, followed by 279.8 mm in July, 183.4 mm in Septemberand 103.2 mm in June. The annual rainfall was received in 76rainy days comprising of 22 days in July, 20 in August, 9 inSeptember, 7 in June, 4 in October, 3 in May and 2 days in March.The onset of monsoon was on 18th June and withdrawal was on 7th

October.

At Rewa, a maximum rainfall of 370.8 mm was received inJuly compared to 220 mm in August, 67.2 mm in November and54.8 mm in June. The rainfall was received from 45 rainy dayscomprising of 20 days in July, 15 in August, 4 in September, 3 inJune and 2 days in November. The onset of monsoon was on 28th

June and withdrawal was on 18th September. There was a dryspell of 10 days during 7-16 September, which created a moisturedeficiency for most of the crops.

Cotton based production system

Under cotton based production system, Akola, Kovilpatti andParbhani received an excess rainfall of 44.6, 44.1 and 13.3%compared to normal. Akola received a rainfall of 1192.5 mmagainst a normal of 824.9 mm, while Kovilpatti received 1048.9mm against a normal of 727.9 mm. At Parbhani, a rainfall of1091.1 mm was received against a normal of 963 mm.

At Akola, the monsoon started on 4th June (23rd SMW). Amaximum rainfall of 336.9 mm was received in August, followedby 259.9 mm in September, 253.9 mm in July, 74.9 mm in Juneand 56.5 mm in October. There was a rainfall of 111.8 mm inMarch and 95.6 mm in May. The rainfall was received in 55 rainydays comprising of 14 days in August, 12 each in July andSeptember, 5 each in March and June and one day each in Octoberand November.

At Kovilpatti, a maximum rainfall of 471.6 mm was receivedin October, 223.3 mm in November, 74 mm in December and 70mm in March, 51.6 mm in May, 51.2 mm in August, 48.6 mm inApril and 37.2 mm in September during the year. The rainfallwas received on 47 rainy days comprising of 15 days in October,14 in November, 5 in March, 4 in May, and 3 each in April andSeptember, one day each in January, August and December.

At Parbhani, a maximum rainfall of 553 mm was receivedin August, followed by 130.4 mm in June, 116.6 mm in October,96.5 mm in July, 87.4 mm in September, 38 mm in November,36.9 mm in March and 32.3 mm in May. The rainfall was receivedon 43 rainy days comprising of 8 days each in September andJune, 6 days each in July, August and October, 4 days each in Marchand May, and one day in November. A dry spell occurred atParbhani during 33-36 SMW, which did not affect crops.

V



Rainfall of centers in rice based production system during 2006

Normal RF = 1146Actual RF = 1623

Actual RF = 1657



Actual RF = 1400





Rainfall of centers in maize and pearlmillet based production systems during 2006

Maize Pearlmillet


Normal RF = 1011Actual RF = 763 Normal RF = 806

Actual RF = 1097


Normal RF = 658Normal RF = 665Actual RF = 394



Rainfall of centres in groundnutand soybean based production systems during 2006


Groundnut


Rainfall of centers in cotton and fingermillet based production systems during 2006

Fingermillet

Cotton



Sovbean



Normal RF = 927




3.1 Rice Based Production System

3.1.1 Crop Improvement

At Ranchi, the improved varieties of rice Anjali (2600 kg/ha) and Vandana recorded the highest grain yields (2578 kg/ha)under rainfed environment. Among the three checks included inthe trial, BG-102 gave 2208 kg/ha, while BVD-209 gave a minimum1792 kg/ha. In another study, JD-15 recorded highest grain yield(2370 kg/ha), while BAU-8-2-14 gave a grain yield of 1550 kg/ha.In a linseed trial, DAU-2K-16 and Subra gave a significantly higheryield of 412 and 400 kg/ha compared to BAU-2K-17 (171 kg/ha).The national check T-397 gave a yield of 344 kg/ha, while anotherzonal check Shekher gave a yield of 317 kg/ha. The improvedvariety of BAU-20 gave the highest pod yield (2933 kg/ha), whileGG-2 variety recorded lowest pod yield (1600 kg/ha). The superiorvariety was at par with BAU-18, Birsa bold and AK-12-24 in a yieldrange of 2577 to 2933 kg/ha. In a horsegram trial, Madhu andHG-20 varieties gave highest grain yields (737 – 757 kg/ha). TheCRIDA-1-9R variety recorded 391 kg/ha. Among the varieties ofsesame, RT-125 recorded 92% of higher grain yield compared toDhavari variety. The superior variety was at par with RT-103 andRT-127 varieties with a yield of 511 to 556 kg/ha. The only checkincluded in the trial, viz., Kanke white gave a grain yield of 444 kg/ha in the season. The improved varieties of GPU-28 in fingermilletgave the highest grain yield (2619 kg/ha), followed by BM-2 (2500kg/ha) and VR-708 (2417 kg/ha). The national check HR-373 gavea yield of 2143 kg/ha. In sorghum, the hybrid CSH-16 gave higher

grain yield by 125% compared to RSSV-9 (1130 kg/ha). CSH-14and CSH-15 were the second and third best varieties with a yieldof 2351 and 2241 kg/ha in the season. The local variety gave agrain yield of 1203 kg/ha. In maize, BVM-10, Suwan, BVM-8,BVM-9 and BVM-6 were found stable in terms of yield. The grainyields were ranging from 2512 to 2646 kg/ha. In chickpea, BirsaChana-3 gave highest seed yield under both stress (1796 kg/ha)and stress -free condition (1926 kg/ha). It was at par with KPG-59, Birsa Chana-2 and Birsa Chana-1 varieties (Table 1).

The improved variety of greengram Narendra mung-1 gavesignificantly higher yield of 1361 kg/ha, while HUM-1 recordedminimum yield (1009 kg/ha) at Varanasi. Among pigeonpeavarieties, Malviya Arhar-6 gave highest grain yield (1641 kg/ha).Malviya Arhar-11 gave a minimum yield of 150 kg/ha in the season.In lentil, JPS-3 gave maximum grain yield (972 kg/ha), followedby HUL-61 (736 kg/ha). The check variety K-75 gave a yield of 486kg/ha (Table 1). At Jagdalpur, RT-54 variety of sesame gavemaximum grain yield (503 kg/ha), gross income (Rs. 12575/ha)and net income (Rs. 4523/ha). The variety GT-2 gave minimumgrain yield (254 kg/ha) and gross income (Rs. 6350/ha). Ingroundnut at Jagdalpur, J-11 gave the highest yield (2080 kg/ha)and net income (Rs.34482/ha). This was followed by ISK-1-05-27with a grain yield of 1900 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 41800/ha,net income of Rs. 30522/ha with a BC ratio of 2.71. A minimumgrain yields of 1100 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 24200/ha, netincome of Rs. 1292/ha with minimum BC ratio of 1.15 wereattained by ISK-1-05-92 variety (Table 2).

3. Salient Achievements

Table 1. Performance of varieties in various crops on yield at different centers

Center/Cropping system Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (kg/ha)

Ranchi-Rice (2 yrs) RR 166-645 2578 1616RR 347-1 2333 1587RR 348-6 2533 1828Vandana (ZC) 2578 1636Anjali (NC) 2600 1690Birsa Gora 102 (LC) 2044 1489CD (5%) 244

Varanasi-greengram HUM-16 1295 1692(3 yrs) Narendra Mung –1 1361 1320

Samrat 1171 1168CD (5%) 293

Pigeonpea (3 yrs) ICPL 891 1179Malaviya Arhar-6 1641 2380Malaviya Arhar-11 150 1457Bahar 1333 2036CD (5%) 208



Table 2. Influence of improved varieties of sesame for yield and monetary returns at Jagdalpur

Treatment Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC ratio(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

TKG – 21 414 8052 10350 2298 0.29RT – 54 503 8052 12575 4523 0.56Punjab Til-1 387 8052 9675 1623 0.20TKG – 55 416 8052 10400 2348 0.29RT – 46 441 8052 11025 2973 0.37Local (c) 115 8052 2875 -5177 -0.64

Sudarsan variety of turmeric at Phulbhani

Table 3. Performance of varieties of greengram on yield andmonetary returns at Phulbani

Treatment Grain Gross Netyield income income

(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Dhauli 1091 29457 16657Pusa- 9531 876 23652 10852Samrat 880 23760 10960OBGG-52 802 21654 8854Sujata 800 21600 8800Nayagarh local 820 22140 9340Boudh local 676 18252 5452CD (5%) 296

At Phulbani, the improved variety of VL-7453 in rice recordedthe highest grain yield, followed by DDR-121 and NDR-1053-12. Aminimum yield of 1150 kg/ha was attained by Jaldi-6 variety. Inniger, highest grain yields were attained by ONS-114, followed bySL-33 and ONS-150. In sesame, the improved varieties of Prachiand OSSEL-84 recorded the highest grain yield followed by Maghilocal (366 kg/ha). Uma was the 3rd best with 364 kg/ha. Ingreengram Dhauli, Samrat and Pusa-9531 recorded highest grainyields 1091, 880 and 876 kg/ha respectively. Dhauli gave the highestgross income (Rs. 29457/ha) and net income (Rs. 16657/ha) inthe study (Table 3).

In mustard M-27, ORT (M)-7-2, ORT (M)-7-5, ORT (M)-7-1 and Parbati gave a seed yield of 113, 110, 109 and 107 kg/harespectively. Lakdong variety of turmeric gave the highest grain

yield (9307 kg/ha), followed by Sudarsan (7400 kg/ha) and Ranga(6393 kg/ha). A minimum yield of 1257 kg/ha was attained byPTS-39 in the study. Improved variety of VIC-8 in ginger gave thehighest grain yield (4627 kg/ha) followed by Phulbani local (4317kg/ha) and Suprabha (4283 kg/ha).

3.1.2 Cropping Systems

Inter cropping of Pigeonpea + kalmegh gave the highestmaize grain equivalent yield (7621 kg/ha) and income (Rs.45726/ha), followed by Pigeonpea + okra, which gave maize grainequivalent, yield of 7326 kg/ha and gross income of Rs.43956/haat Faizabad (Table 4).

In another study, highest barley equivalent yield of 5454 kg/ha was attained by growing forage in kharif followed by lentil inrabi. Blackgram-lentil was the second best system with a barleyequivalent yield of 5333 kg/ha. A minimum yield of 3267 kg/hawas attained by growing forage-barley sequence during 2006(Table 5).

At Jorhat, rice – lentil system gave the highest rice grainequivalent yield (4580 kg/ha) and net income of (Rs.17370/ha)followed by rice-lathyrus that gave rice grain equivalent of 4172kg/ha and net income of Rs.14730/ha. The results over the yearsindicated that rice-lentil recorded highest rice grain equivalentyield (3828 kg/ha) followed by rice-niger system (Table 6).

At Varanasi, maximum rice equivalent yield of 2076 kg/hawas attained with paired planting of 2 rows of rice and one row ofpigeonpea (Bahar variety). This was followed by 1935 kg/ha bygrowing 4-paired rows of rice and one row of pigeonpea (MA-13variety). The improved varieties of pigeonpea (UPAS-120) + rice(Vandana) in intercropping system recorded highest rice equivalentyields (2312 kg/ha) at Ranchi, followed by BR-65 of pigeonpea(2068 kg/ha) and Vandana of rice (2088 kg/ha) in intercroppingsystem. In a similar study, maximum yield of maize (2245 kg/ha)and rice yields (1045 kg/ha) were recorded by using BM-1 varietyof maize and Birsagora-102 variety of rice in intercropping system.A minimum maize yield of 1712 kg/ha together with a rice yield of978 kg/ha were attained with Suwan variety of maize and Vandanavariety of rice in the study.

At Phulbani, pigeonpea and turmeric (2:10) intercroppingsystem recorded highest net income (Rs.24434/ha), followed bypigeonpea + turmeric (1:3) on replacement basis. The sole




Table 4. Influence of intercropping systems on productivity and income at Faizabad

Cropping system Yield (kg/ha) Gross Maize eqt.Kharif-rabi I crop II crop Maize income mean yield (2 yrs)

eqt. yield (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Maize + okra 2760 4774 5943 35658 6838Maize + toria 2708 4948 4770 28620 5732Maize + turmeric 2691 5382 5385 32310 6790Maize + blackgram 2726 868 5382 32292 5517Maize + kalmegh 2656 1997 5983 35898 7123Maize +ashwagandha 2674 295 5625 33750 6216Pigeonpea + okra 1450 4427 7326 43956 8621Pigeonpea + taroi 1560 4826 6698 40188 7901Pigeonpea + turmeric 1500 6684 6831 40986 8299Pigeonpea + blackgram 1480 903 6834 41004 7501Pigeonpea + kalmegh 1520 1823 7621 45726 8740

Table 5. Influence of intercropping systems on productivity and income at Faizabad

Cropping system Yield (kg/ha) Barley eqt. Gross incomeI II yield (kg/ha) (Rs/ha)

Maize-chickpea 2812 818 4747 33229Maize-lentil 2812 1042 5088 35616Maize-mustard 2812 586 3750 26250Maize-barley 2812 972 3382 23674Black gram-chickpea 854 988 4896 34272Black gram -lentil 854 1267 5333 37331Black gram -mustard 854 710 3696 25872Black gram -barley 854 1146 3320 23240Forage-chickpea 35297 1080 5103 35721Forage-lentil 35297 1337 5454 38178Forage-mustard 35297 802 3851 26957Forage-barley 35297 1250 3267 22869

Table 6. Influence of cropping systems on yield and income at Jorhat

Cropping system Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean rice eqt.Rice eqt. cultivation income income ratio yield (2 yrs)

Kharif-rabi Grain yield (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Rice- niger 3556 -170 3811 12511 27861 15349 2.23 3826Rice-lathyrus 3472 - 245 4172 12511 27242 14730 2.18 3632Rice-pea 3278 - 185 3939 12511 26040 13528 2.08 3501Rice-lentil 3806 - 217 4580 12511 29881 17370 2.39 3828Rice-linseed 3306 - 316 3985 12511 26225 13714 2.10 3599Rice-buck wheat 3250 - 228 3478 12511 25740 13228 2.06 3604Rice-toria 3500 - 240 4014 12511 27562 15051 2.20 3729

turmeric gave a yield of 2001 kg/ha with the second best grossincome of Rs. 60030/ha and net income of Rs. 15380/ha(Table 7).

Intercropping of groundnut and pigeonpea (4:2) recordedhighest gross income (Rs. 46468/ha), net income (Rs. 25671/ha) and BC ratio of 1.18 followed by sole groundnut with net incomeof Rs. 22722/ha and BC ratio of 1.09 (Table 8).

3.1.3 Rain water Management

Among rainwater management practices supplementalirrigation (5 cm) enhanced the productivity of rice var. Vandana(194 kg/ha), while a combination of hoeing and leaf mulchinggave additional grain yield (361 kg/ha) compared to control (1612kg/ha) at Ranchi. At Jorhat, use of two supplemental irrigations(viz., one at stolen formation and other at tuber formation) in



Table 7. Effect of different row ratios of turmeric and pigeonpea on yield and income at Phulbani

Treatment Grain yield Cost of Gross Net Mean yield (kg/ha) cultivation income income (2 yrs) (kg/ha)

I II (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) I II

Sole turmeric 2001 44650 60030 15380 2221Sole pigeonpea 1371 14441 27420 12979 1407Turmeric + pigeonpea (3:1) 1000 1086 46324 51720 5396 860 1113Turmeric + pigeonpea (5:1) 1424 694 45699 56600 10901 1183 730Turmeric + pigeonpea (3:1) replacement 1289 854 37900 55750 17850 1065 881Turmeric + pigeonpea (5:1) replacement 1335 534 40086 50730 10644 1232 597Turmeric + pigeonpea (6:2) 1168 730 37900 49640 11740 1052 828Turmeric + pigeonpea (10:2) 1830 481 40086 64520 24434 1681 454CD (5%) 464 358

Table 8. Influence of cropping systems on yield and profitability of pigeonpea and groundnut at Phulbani

Treatment Yield Rice eqt. Cost of Gross Net BC Mean rice eqt. (kg/ha) yield cultivation income income ratio yield (4 yrs)

I II (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Sole rice 2064 2063 13200 13588 388 0.03 1802Sole pigeonpea 1294 2674 13400 228444 9444 0.70 3107Sole groundnut 1807 5078 20921 43643 22722 1.09 3685Strip cropping of pigeonpeaand rice (1:1) 708 1201 3224 17061 20433 3372 0.20 2745Strip cropping of pigeonpeaand groundnut (1:1) 696 964 5443 17161 35624 18463 1.08 4131Rice + pigeonpea (5:2) 1663 709 3564 18366 23538 5172 0.28 3366Groundnut + pigeonpea (4:2) 1273 884 5900 21777 46468 25671 1.18 4575CD (5%) 934

potato (Kufri Jyoti) gave a maximum yield (75700 kg/ha), followedby one irrigation at stolen formation (71200 kg/ha). At Varanasi,inter cultivation, straw mulch and additional 10 kg N/ha were foundeffective drought management practices for early season droughtin rice. Supplemental irrigation recorded highest grain yield ofrice (1481 kg/ha), followed by 2% urea spray under late seasondrought conditions. In rice-lentil system, application of FYM (5 t/ha), leaucaena @ 5 t/ha gave on par performance during stressconditions. In tomato at Phulbani, line pond with soil cement

plaster (6:1 ratio) with 8 cm thickness gave BC ratio of 1.87, whilein pumpkin during rabi, an additional net income (Rs.6228/ha)was attained compared to unlined pond (Table 9).

Among different types of inorganic fertilizer, FYM, Leucaenaand weed mulch tested for rice-linseed sequence at Varanasi, therewas no significant difference among treatments in influencing thegrain yield of crops. A maximum rice yield of 2160 kg/ha +linseed yield of 264 kg/ha were attained with an application of100% recommended fertilizer through inorganic source.Application of FYM @ 5 t/ha was the second best with a grainyield of 1883 kg/ha of rice and 255 kg/ha of linseed in the study(Table 10).

3.1.4 Integrated Nutrient Management

Long-term studies on permanent manurial

experiments

The long term studies of cereal – legume sequence atFaizabad comprising cereal alone (maize), legume (pigeonpea)and cereal + legume (maize + pigeonpea) with varied nutrientmanagement practices indicated no variation of nutrientmanagement practices was observed either in sole maize andpigeonpea or maize and pigeonpea intercropping systems.

Supplemental irrigation with the harvested water in lined pondgave additional income in tomato at Phulbani




Table 9. Effect of rain water management practices on grain yield of different crops at different centers

Varanasi Rice-linseed (4 yrs) RDF (inorganic) 2160 264 2200 296FYM (5 t/ha) 1883 255 1801 2875 t/ha (Leucaena) 1659 270 1586 282Weed mulch (5 t/ha) 1668 209 1527 227CD (5%) NS

Rice (NDR 97) (6 yrs) A. Normal sown rice 1622 1917B. Early season drought - control 972 1850Intercultivation 1042 1911Straw mulch 1238 205710 kg N/ha (additional) 1146 2077CD (5%) NSLate season drought: Control 1088 1485LSI 1481 17412% urea spray 1238 1692CD (5%) 209Late sowing (pearlmillet) 1164 2604

Ranchi Rice (Vandana) (2 yrs) Control 1612 1181Hoeing between rows 1632 1284Leaf mulching 1765 1429Hoeing between rows andLeaf mulching 1980 1612Application of one irrigation 1806 1486

Lentil (PL-406) Control 705Inter cultivation 779Mulching (10 t/ha) 779CD (5%) 55

Jorhat Potato (K.Jyoti) No irrigation 520One irrigation at stolen formation 712One irrigation at tuber formation 545Two irrigations(One at stolenformation and the other a tuber 757formation)

Center Crop (Variety) Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (kg/ha)

I II I II

Table 10. Effect of rainwater management practices on yield ofrice and linseed sequence at Varanasi

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Rice Linseed

RDF (inorganic) 2160 264

FYM (5 t/ha) 1883 255

5 t/ha (Leucaena leaves) 1659 270

Weed mulch (5t/ha) 1668 209

CD (5%) NS NS

However, application of 15 kg N through green leaf manure and20 kg N through urea showed promising results in sole andintercropping system (Table 11).

At Phulbani, the studies on integrated nutrient supply systemfor pigeonpea + rice intercropping (2001-06) indicated that useof 20 kg N through FYM and 25 kg N through chemical fertilizersgave highest productivity of rice sole crop (1212 kg/ha), followedby 10 kg N through FYM and 35 N kg through chemical fertilizer(1101 kg/ha), and 20 kg N through glyricidia and 25 kg N throughchemical fertilizer (1145 kg/ha). In sole pigeonpea, 30 kg Nthrough FYM and 15 kg N through chemical fertilizer recorded



Table 11. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield of maize and pigeonpea intercropping system at Faizabad

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (6 yrs) (kg/ha)Maize Pigeonpea Maize Pigeonpea

Sole MaizeControl 422 974100% recommended N (inorganic) 530 190250% recommended N (inorganic) 561 133225 kg N (compost) 574 114015 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 407 107715 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 490 128515 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 555 107815 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 561 131115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 518 1083CD (5%) NSSole PigeonpeaControl 2198 1069100% recommended N (inorganic) 2162 204450% recommended N (inorganic) 2273 154425 kg N (compost) 2439 162115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2474 147215 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic)) 1988 157315 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2190 153815 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2654 164115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1850 1324CD (5%) NSControl 271 1764 541 841100% recommended N (urea) 290 1642 1068 115750% recommended N (urea) 315 1521 843 85225 kg N (compost) 345 1752 762 92915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (urea) 290 1614 626 86515 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 324 1463 815 89015 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (urea) 284 1866 644 90815 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) 290 2175 792 106415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 274 1816 702 888CD (5%) NS

highest grain yield, followed by 20 kg N through glyricidia and 25kg N through chemical fertilizers. In intercropping system of rice+ pigeonpea, 20 kg N FYM and 25 kg N through chemical fertilizersgave the highest rice equivalent yield (4536 kg/ha) and net incomeof Rs.6308/ha. Supply of nutrients through FYM/green leafmanuring/ INM practices recorded highest soil moisture contentat flowering and pod initiation stage of pigeonpea in sole andintercropping systems. These practices led to the improvement oforganic carbon and available phosphorus in FYM/green leafmanuring practices compared to the application of chemicalfertilizer alone. The results over years indicated that 20 kg Nthrough FYM + 20 kg N through chemical fertilizers in sole rice,30 kg N through FYM + 15 kg N through chemical fertilizers insole pigeonpea, 20 kg N through FYM + 25 kg N through chemical

fertilizers in pigeonpea + rice intercropping system were foundstable (Table 12).

In rice and horsegram sequence at Phulbani, 50% RDF kg/ha (30-20-20) + FYM to supply 30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P

2O

5 and 20

kg K2O/ha recorded gross income of Rs.8524/ha. All the treatment

combinations gave a negative net income and BC ratio during 2006(Table 13).

The study on rice and blackgram in sole and intercroppingsystems showed that application of 15 kg N through FYM and 20kg N through chemical fertilizer gave highest sole rice yields (2269kg/ha). Use of 15 kg N through FYM and 10 kg N through chemicalfertilizers recorded the highest grain yields in sole blackgram (980kg/ha). In rice + blackgram system none of the INM practices




Table 12. Effect of nutrient management practices on yield and economic parameters in rice and pigeonpea intercropping at Phulbani

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net incomeRice Pigeonpea (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

FYM @ 5 t/ha 738 645 18673 17180 -149310 N (green leaf) + 35 N (chemical fertilizer) 1084 741 19285 21106 182120 N (green leaf) + 25 N (chemical fertilizer) 1145 790 20551 22440 188930 N (green leaf) + 15 N (chemical fertilizer) 945 841 18117 22301 418410 N (FYM) + 35 N (chemical fertilizer) 1101 904 19010 24464 545420 N (FYM) + 25 N (chemical fertilizer) 1212 964 20001 26309 630830 N (FYM) + 15 N (chemical fertilizer) 1005 1016 20992 26146 5154Chemical fertilizer 980 693 18018 19546 1528Green leaf 828 867 22111 22144 33CD (5%) 253 207 41220

Table 13. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and income of rice-horsegram sequence under permanentmanurial trial at Phulbani

Treatment Cost of Gross Net Mean yield Yield (kg/ha) cultivation income income (13 yrs) (kg/ha)


Control 221 50 11717 1928 (-) 9789 656 145

100% RDF (60-40-40 NPK) 825 83 14643 6554 (-) 8089 1612 199

50% RDF (30-20-20 NPK) 659 64 12656 5279 (-) 7377 1197 186

Glyricidia to supply 30 kg N/ha + 20 kg /P2 O5 /ha+ 20 kg K2O/ha 483 104 16454 4438 (-) 12016 1089 278

Cassia to supply 30 kg N/ha + 20 kgP2O5 /ha + 20 kg K2O/ha 537 101 17043 4731 (-) 12312 1123 188

FYM to supply 30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P2O5 /ha + 20 kg K2O/ha 763 169 15629 6711 (-) 8918 1730 374

50% RDF kg/ha(30-20-20)+Glyricidia tosupply 30kg N/ha + 20kg P2O5/ha + 20K2O/ha 820 111 17392 6699 (-) 10693 1418 317

50% RDF kg/ha(30-20-20) + Cassia to supply30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P2O5/ha + 20 kg K2O/ha 800 77 17981 6342 (-) 11639 1435 300

50%RDF(30-20-20)+FYMto supply30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P2O5/ha+ 20 kg K2O/ha 1029 148 16567 8524 (-) 8043 1739 -

CD 5% 233 23

20 kg N (FYM)+25 kg N (inorganic) in rice + pigeonpea (5:2)at Phulbani

Rice + blackgram (5 : 2) with 15 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N(inorganic) at Phulbani



Table 14. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and income in rice and blackgram crops in sole and intercroppingsystem at Phulbani

Sole riceControl 1178 11492 8126 (-) 3366100% RDF (60 kg) N (inorganic) 2129 13585 14533 (+) 94850% RDF (30% kg) N (inorganic) 1962 12646 13262 (+) 61625 kg N (FYM) 1680 14457 11341 (-) 311615 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2073 12466 13914 (+) 44815 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2269 13575 15042 (+) 146715 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2018 13988 13840 (-) 14815 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N 20 kg N (inorganic) 2200 14097 14809 (+) 71215 kg N FYM + 10 kg (green leaf) 1484 14841 10027 (-) 4814Sole blackgramControl 293 8062 7911 (-) 151100% RDF (60/ha) N (inorganic) 433 9803 11691 188850% RDF (30%) N (inorganic) 420 9082 11340 225825 kg N (FYM) 966 12581 26082 1350115 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 980 11590 26460 1487015 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 827 11699 22329 1063015 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 643 12278 17361 508315 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 449 12167 12123 (-) 4415 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 882 12856 23814 10958Rice + blackgramControl 175 100 12117 3908 (-) 8209100% RDF (60 kg/ha) N (inorganic) 510 132 14161 7046 (-) 711550% RDF (30%) N (inorganic) 480 125 13902 6620 (-) 728225kg N (FYM) 270 407 15097 12812 (-) 228515 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 503 359 15920 12919 (-) 300115 kg N FYM + 20 kg N (inorganic) 579 378 16029 14044 (-) 198515 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 432 282 14519 10577 (-) 394215 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 464 311 14628 11520 (-) 310815 kg N FYM + 10 kg N (green leaf) 474 395 15372 13868 (-) 1504

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income

Rice Blackgram (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

recorded the net income during this year. Based upon theeconomic analysis it is observed that sole blackgram is moreprofitable than sole rice or rice + blackgram system. The resultsover the years indicated (1998-2006) the sole crop of blackgramgave the highest rice equivalent yields (2711 kg/ha) followed bysole rice (1449 kg/ha) and rice + blackgram (Table 14).

At Ranchi, in rice –linseed system, use of 40-30-20 kg NPK/ha recorded highest grain yield of rice (2503 kg/ha), followed by50% RDF through FYM and 50% through inorganic fertilizers (20-15-10 kg NPK/ha). However, use of FYM 10 t/ha recorded riceyields of 2724 kg/ha during kharif season. In rabi, application of50% of recommended N through FYM + 50% of recommendedNPK through inorganic fertilizer (20 N + 15 P + 10 K kg/ha)

gave a significantly highest yield of linseed (650 kg/ha). This wasfollowed by application of FYM @ 10 t/ha with a yield of 630 kg/ha, 100 % recommended NPK (40 N + 30 P + 20K kg/ha) with ayield of 590 kg/ha. The control gave a minimum yield of 310 kg/ha, compared to 383 kg/ha attained by 50 % of recommendedNPK through inorganic fertilizer (Table 15).

In another study, blackgram sole recorded highest grain yieldof 824 kg/ha with application of 15 kg N/ha through green leaf +20 kg N/ha through urea. Application of 15 kg N/ha throughcompost + 10 kg N/ha through green leaf + 10 kg N/ha throughfarm residue gave an equal yield of 824 kg/ha in the study. Thecontrol gave a minimum yield of 381 kg/ha in the season(Table 16).




Table 15. Effect of nutrient management practices on yields in rice-linseed system at Ranchi

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Rice Linseed

Control 1821 310N, P2O5 & K2O 100% of rec. (40:30:20) 2503 590Half of recommended N, P

2O

5 & K

2O kg/ha (inorganic) 20:15:10 kg/ha 1997 383

FYM to meet N of half of recommended N, P2O

5 & K

2O kg/ha (inorganic) 20:15:10 kg/ha + P, K 2143 45

Farm residue wheat straw to meet N of half of recommended of N, P2O5 & K2O kg/ha 2390 523(inorganic) 20:15:10 kg/ha & rest inorganic form PK less present in farm residueHalf dose of FYM + half of recommended inorganic (20:15:10 kg NPK/ha) 2538 650FYM @ 10 t/ha 2724 630CD (5%) 389 109

Table 16. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield of blackgram at Ranchi

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (9 yrs) (kg/ha)Control 381 553100% recommended N/ha (urea) 681 74850% recommended N/ha (urea) 468 65525 kg N/ha (compost) 567 73915 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 493 72715 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 823 83815 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 505 73415 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 699 73015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 824 754+ 10 kg N/ha(farm residue)CD (5%) 36

At Ranchi in intercropping system of blackgram and rice,use of 15 kg N through green leaf + 10 kg N through inorganicfertilizer recorded highest grain yield of blackgram (825 kg/ha)which is on par with 15 kg N through compost + 10 kg N throughgreen leaf and 10 kg N through farm residue. In rice 15 kg Nthrough compost + 10 kg N through green leaf and 10 kg Nthrough farm residue gave highest grain yield (3022 kg/ha),followed by 15 kg N through green leaf and 20 kg N throughinorganic fertilizer (2917 kg/ha) (Table 17).

At Varanasi, a maximum rice yield of 2255 kg/ha was attainedwith an application of 15 kg N through green leaf + 20 kg N throughurea, while a minimum yield of 1302 kg/ha was attained with anapplication of 15 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (green leaf) in rice block.The different treatments of urea, FYM and green leaf were foundto be on par with each other under rice block in the season. Ingreen gram sole block, the different fertilizer treatment of FYM,urea and green leaf manure was found to be on par with eachother in the season. Highest greengram yield of 1222 kg/ha wasattained with an application of 25 kg N through FYM, while aminimum yield of 932 kg/ha was attained with an application of15 kg N through FYM + 20 kg N through urea (Table 18).

At Jorhat, the study was conducted with different

combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers together withbio-fertilizers like azospirillum, phosphorus solublizing bacteriaand different phosphate fertilizer like rock phosphate and murateof potassium in rice. The studies indicated significantly highestgrain yield (3167 kg/ha), fodder yield (4628 kg/ha), gross income(Rs. 25640/ha), net income (Rs. 6074/ha) with a BC ratio of 1.31were attained in rice with an application of 50% recommendedfertilizer through inorganic source + 50% N through organic

Effect of INM on kharif rice (Basundhara) 50% RDF (inorganic)+ 50% N (organic) at Jorhat



Table 18. Influence of nutrient management practices on yields of rice and greengram at Varanasi

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha)Sole rice Sole green gram Green gram in strip Rice + greengram

Control 1562 1049 1153 594100% RDF 1651 1056 1120 174050% RDF 1547 1076 1133 104225 kg N (FYM) 1875 1222 1233 101115 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (urea) 1875 1092 1220 104215 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) 1615 932 1133 101115 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (urea) 2255 1132 1113 80215 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) 1354 1089 1113 101115 kg N (FYM) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1302 1209 1987 698CD ( 5%) NS NS 126 521

source. However, a maximum BC ratio of 1.70 with a yield of 2639kg/ha of grain, 3612 kg/ha of fodder, Rs. 21182/ha of gross income,and Rs. 8751/ha of net income were attained with a combinationof bio-fertilizer based INM package, i.e., FYM @ 3 t/ha +azospirillum + phosphorus solublizing bacteria + rock phosphate@ 10 kg/ha + murate of potash @ 40 kg/ha. The control gave asignificantly lower yield of 2250 kg/ha of grain and 2083 kg/ha offodder together with a gross income of Rs. 17312/ha, net incomeof Rs.7062/ha with a BC ratio of 1.69 (Table 19).

In Faizabad, application of 100 % recommended NPKthrough inorganic and 50% recommended NPK through inorganicfertilizer together with FYM @ 3 t/ha gave maximum grain yieldof 2423 kg/ha of maize and 818 kg/ha of chickpea in sequence(Table 20).

3.1.5 Tillage and Nutrient Management

At Faizabad, the tillage and nutrient management in riceand lentil sequence indicated that highest grain yield of rice (1460kg/ha) and lentil (1146 kg/ha) were attained with conventionaltillage + hand weeding twice. This also gave a maximum fodderyield of 1816 kg/ha from rice and 2317 kg/ha from lentil in the

season. Among fertilizer combinations, application of 100% Nthrough organic source gave the highest yield of rice (1496 kg/ha) and lentil (1259 kg/ha). The low tillage with interculture orlow tillage with interculture and herbicide application gave a yieldin the range of 1213-1280 kg/ha of rice and 1129-1132 kg/ha oflentil. The 100% inorganic fertilizer and a combination of 50%fertilizer through inorganic and organic sources gave a rice grainyield in the range of 1164-1294 kg/ha and lentil grain yield of991-1157 kg/ha in the study (Table 21).

In rice-horsegram sequence at Phulbani, highest grain yieldof rice equivalent of 1437 kg/ha was attained by low tillage +interculture twice. Among fertilizer treatments, application of 50%N through organic source and the remaining 50% N throughinorganic source recorded highest mean rice equivalent yield of1683 kg/ha (Table 22).

At Jorhat, there was no significant difference in grain yieldsof toria with different treatments. There was a yield range of 219kg/ha with two harrowings and a maximum of 268 kg/ha attainedby conventional tillage comprising of five ploughings by Desi plough+ one laddering in the season (Table 23).

Table 17. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity of rice and blackgram crops at Ranchi

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (8 yrs) (kg/ha)

Blackgram Rice Blackgram Rice

Control 430 1829 583 1050100% recommended N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 671 2754 783 214750% rec. N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 496 2088 708 160825 kg N/ha through compost 663 2704 822 168715 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 578 2579 788 182415 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 825 2917 893 199815 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 545 2810 806 171715 kg N/ha + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic fertilizer) 690 2810 821 187815 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 825 3022 860 1866+ 10 kg N/ha (farm residue)CD (5%) 190 620




Table 19. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and economics in rice at Jorhat

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (2 yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Control 2250 2083 10250 17312 7062 1.69 2385RDF (60:20:40 for rice) 2444 3583 12168 19795 7627 1.63 2993Bio-fertilizer based INM package (3t FYM/ha 2639 3612 12431 21182 8751 1.70 2882+ Azospirillum + PSB + rock phosphate @ 10 kg/ha + MOP @ 40 kg/ha)50% RDF (inorganic) + 50% N (organic) 3167 4628 19564 25640 6076 1.31 336575% RDF (inorganic) + 25% N (organic) 2778 4333 16010 22696 6686 1.42 330550% N (inorganic) + 50% N (organic) 3028 4487 19056 24561 5505 1.29 3661+ P, K (less present in organic)75% (inorganic) + 25% N (organic) 2611 4472 15249 21631 6382 1.42 2712+ P, K (less present in organic)

Table 20. Effect of nutrient management practices on yield of maize and chickpea sequence at Faizabad

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Maize Chickpea

Control 1342 772100% recommended NPK (urea) 2423 818FYM @ 6t/ha 2052 1636Vermi-compost @ 6t/ha 1775 1389Poultry manure @ 6t/ha 1667 131250% recommended NPK (urea) + FYM @ 3t/ha 2346 137350% recommended NPK (urea) + vermi-compost @ 3t/ha 2006 109650% recommended NPK (urea) + poultry manure @ 3t/ha) 1944 1003CD (5%) 179 178

Table 21. Influence of tillage and nutrient management in Rice-lentil sequence at Faizabad

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (6 yrs) (kg/ha)I II II II

Conventional tillage + 2 hand weeding 1460 1146 1708 1156Low till (50% of CT) 1213 1129 1486 1078Low till + one spraying of herbicide + 1 hand weeding 1280 1132 1417 1064N1-100% N (organic) 1496 1259 1526 1086N2-50% N (organic + 50% NPK (inorganic) 1294 1157 1536 1113N3-100% NPK (inorganic) 1164 991 1550 1099CD (5%) 167 107

Table 22. Effect of tillage and nutrient management on yield in rice-horsegram system at Phulbani

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (5yrs) (kg/ha)Rice Horsegram Rice eqt. Rice Horsegram Rice eqt.

Conventional tillage + interculture (twice) 1133 139 1373 1174 184 1444Low tillage + interculture (twice) 1150 166 1437 991 207 1317Low tillage + interculture (once) + Herbicide 979 128 1199 975 195 1270CD (5%) NS100% N (organic) 775 200 1121 798 277 277100% N (chemical fertilizer) 1069 79 1205 1090 122 127450% N (organic) + 50% N (chemical fertilizer) 1417 154 1683 1251 187 1542CD (5%) 249



Effect of tillage on toria (Cv. TS-38) at Jorhat

Table 23. Effect of tillage and nutrient management on rice atVaranasi

Treatment Grain Yield(kg/ha)

Mould board plough 1889Rotavator 2153Disc harrowing 1986CD (5%) 113Weedy check 1681Hand weeding 2181Pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) pre-emergence 1945Pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) pre-emergence+ Interculture 30 DAS 2278Petlachlor (0.5 kg/ha) + Interculture 30 DAS 2070CD (5%) 190Bunding 2184Without bunding 2034CD (5%) NSTwo disc harrowing + one cultivator 2218One disc harrowing + one cultivator 2116Criss cross cultivation 1993CD (5%) 82100% N (inorganic) 223150% N (inorganic + 50% N (organic) 2129100% N (organic) 1959CD (5%) 109

Table 24. Influence of nutrient management practices on yieldof niger at Jorhat

Treatment Grain yield Mean yield(kg/ha) (kg/ha)(2 yrs)

Control 39 38

RDF (20:10:10 kg NPK/ha) 44 41

Bio-fertilizer based INM 84 84package (3t/ha FYM +Azotobacter+ PSB + rock phosphate @ 5kg P+ MOP @ 10 kg K/ha

50% RDF (inorganic) 145 120+ 50% N (organic)

75% RDF (inorganic) 95 116+ 25% N (organic)

50% N (inorganic) + 100 105 50% N (organic) + P, K(less present in organic)

75% N (inorganic) 96 80+ 25% N (organic)+ P, K (less present in organic)

CD (5%) 22

At Jorhat, a maximum grain yield of niger was recorded (145kg/ha) with application of 50% recommended fertilizer throughinorganic source + 50% N through organic source to rice in kharif.This was followed by 100 kg/ha of grain with 50% N throughinorganic source + 50% N through organic source + P and Kafter excluding the content of organic source for rice in kharif(Table 24).

At Jagdalpur, a highest grain yield of 3179 kg/ha was recordedwith 150% recommended dose of fertilizer followed by application

of FYM @ 5 t/ha and the remaining through inorganic fertilizer+ IPM (2620 kg/ha) with net income of Rs. 12188/ha (Table 25).

At Phulbani, application of 100% recommended dose offertilizer gave highest grain yield of maize (3128 kg/ha), 7628 kg/ha of yam together with a gross income of Rs.76230/ha. Applicationof 50% N through urea + 50% N through FYM was the secondbest with a grain yield of 5021kg/ha of maize and 10194 kg/ha ofyam with a gross income of Rs. 69252/ha and maximum netincome of Rs. 19417/ha (Table 26).

In green gram - mustard sequence, the study indicated thatapplication of lime @ 20% of lime requirement with FYM @ 5 t/ha gave the highest net income (Rs.6101/ha) followed by use oflime @ 20% of lime requirement (Rs. 5481/ha). A minimumgrain yield of 180 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 4860/ha and negativenet income and BC ratio were attained under control (Table 27).

3.1.6 Energy Management

At Varanasi, use of rotavator gave additional grain yield 264and 161 kg/ha of rice, compared to the use of mould board plough(1889 kg/ha) and disc harrowing (1986 kg/ha) respectively.Among weed management practices, application of pendimethalin@ 1 kg/ha together with interculture at 30 DAS recordedmaximum grain yield of 2278 kg/ha. This practice was superiorto weedy check, hand weeding, pre-emergence application ofpendimethalin and application of petlachlor together withinterculture at 30 DAS. In another study, the bunded plots gave a




Table 25. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and economics in rice at Jagdalpur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCcultivation income income ratio

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Control 1163 1256 5500 7787 2287 0.42100% RDF (80:50:30) 2371 2623 5700 15951 10251 1.80100% RDF 80:50:30)+micronutrient 2229 2407 5950 14925 8975 1.51100% RDF(80:50:30)+ micronutrient+Dry aerobic broadcasting 2568 2773 5650 17195 11545 2.04Organic block (FYM @ 10 t/ha + green manuring) 2330 2516 5600 15602 10002 1.79100% RDF minus K (80:50:0) 2416 2609 5600 16177 10577 1.89INM + IPM + FYM (5t/ha) and rest through NPK 2620 2950 5500 17688 12188 2.22150% RDF 3179 3650 7000 21547 14545 2.08CD (5%) 458

Table 26. Effect of nutrient management practices on maize + yam intercropping at Phulbani

Treatment Grain Yield Gross Net Mean yield (5yrs) (kg/ha) income income (kg/ha)

Maize Yam (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Maize Yam

Farmers practice 2871 5433 41220 -19519 2127 5255Recommended fertilizer 3128 7628 55752 3425 3061 751750% chemical fertilizer + 50% N (FYM) 5021 10194 76230 19417 3810 886050% chemical fertilizer + 50% N (green leaf) 4143 9470 69252 10844 3452 835250% chemical fertilizer + 25% N (FYM) + 25% N (green leaf) 4129 8397 62772 5161 3265 782825% chemical fertilizer + 50% N (FYM) + 25% N (green leaf) 3588 6414 49248 -10601 2959 670025% chemical fertilizer + 50% N (green leaf) + 25% N (FYM) 3663 7230 59172 -1474 3016 7193CD (5%) 966 2147

Table 27. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and income of greengram under greengram-mustard sequenceat Phulbani

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Net Mean yieldyield cultivation income income (2 yrs)

(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Control 180 8058 4860 -3198 135Lime @ 10% of lime requirement 404 10081 10908 827 308Lime @ 20% of lime requirement 606 10881 16362 5481 434FYM @ 5 t/ha 482 12031 13014 983 325Lime @10% of lime requirement+ FYM @ 5 t/ha 651 13106 17577 4471 479Lime @20% of lime requirement + FYM @ 5 t/ha 741 13906 20007 6101 559Green leaf @ 5 t/ha 427 12031 11529 -502 296Lime @ 10%of lime requirement + green leaf @ 5 t/ha 539 13106 14553 1447 418Lime @ 20%of lime requirement + green leaf @ 5 t/ha 662 13906 17874 3968 457RDF (20 kg N: 40 kg P: 20 kg K)/ha 494 9499 13338 3839 382CD (5%) 99 -

mean yield of 2184 kg/ha compared to unbunded plots with 2034kg/ha. Among different types of cultivation, use of disc harrowingtwice + one cultivator gave a significantly higher grain yield (2218kg/ha), followed by disc harrowing once + 1 cultivator (2116 kg/ha). Among fertilizer doses, there was no significant differencebetween 100% N through inorganic source and 50% N eachthrough organic and inorganic sources.

3.1.7 Weed ManagementAt Jagdalpur, line sowing of rice + 100% RDF (80-50-30

NPK kg/ha) + post emergence weedicide gave significantly highergrain (3401 kg/ha) and fodder yield (4385 kg/ha), net income(Rs. 19846/ha) with a BC ratio of 3.44, followed by broadcasting-biasi + RDF 80:50:30 NPK + ex-situ green manure with sunhemp(3203 kg/ha). The Biasi type of seeding with 100% RDF (80 kg N



Table 28. Effect of different methods of sowing, nutrient and weed management on rice yield and monetary returns at Jagdalpur

Treatment Yield Cost of Gross Net BC (kg/ha) cultivation Income Income Ratio

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Broadcasting - Biasi + 100% RDF (80:50:30 NPK) 2809 3692 6203 20591 14388 2.31

Broad casting-Biasi + RDF 80:50:30 NPK 3203 4182 6353 23824 17471 2.74+ ex situ green manure (Sunhemp)

Line sowing + RDF + Post emergence weedicide 3401 4385 5763 25609 19846 3.44

Line sowing + RDF + ex situ green manure 3115 4134 5688 23337 17649 2.41incorporation by paddy weeder & weed control

Broad casting – Biasi (moist aerobic) + 100% RDF NPK 265 373 6058 1796 -4261 -0.69

Broadcasting – Biasi (moist aerobic) 283 402 6172 1919 -4252 -0.68+ RDF NPK + ex situ green manure (sunhemp)

Line sowing + RDF NPK + Post emergence weedicide 208 324 5958 1637 -4321 -0.72

Line sowing + RDF + ex situ green manure & mechanical 735 963 5728 4974 -754 -0.12weeder for green manure incorporation & weed control

CD (5%) 375 781

+ 50 kg P + 30 kg K/ha) gave lowest yield and income(Table 28).

In another study, broadcasting the seed with 100% RDFtogether with in situ green manure application recordedsignificantly highest grain yield (5030 kg/ha), fodder yield (5871kg/ha), gross income (Rs. 28840/ha) and net income (Rs.21376/ha) (Table 29).

Dry line sowing of rice (IR-64) with seed drill recorded thehighest grain yield (3650 kg/ha), net income (Rs. 20100/ha) andBC ratio of 3.53 in the season followed by dry broadcasting withbeushening practice (3083 kg/ha). Similar significant results wereobtained with “Swarna” variety of rice (Table 30).

3.1.8 Crop Management

At Jagdalpur, use of 120 kg/ha seed rate together with andwithout rhyzobium culture under Puddling + Pata + Forcedbroadcasting gave highest grain yield of chickpea (452 kg/ha) at80 kg/ha seed rate level. The seeding method of puddling+pata+ drum seeder was found efficient in realizing grain yield ofchickpea. It is observed that the broadcasting with a better seedrate of 120 and 160 kg/ha were superior compared to seedingwith a drum seeder with a relatively higher yield in all the treatmentcombinations (Table 31).

Use of recommended dose of fertilizer (80-30-50 NPK kg/ha) and lime @ 500 kg/ha by broadcasting gave significantly

Table 29. Effect of different methods of sowing, fertilizer and weed management on rice yield and monetary returns at Jagdalpur

Treatment Yield Cost of Gross Net BC (kg/ha) cultivation Income Income Ratio


Broad casting – biasi + RDF NPK/ha 4893 5621 7205 27539 20334 2.82

Broad casting – biasi + RDF NPK/ha + in situ green manure 5030 5871 7464 28840 21376 2.86

LS + RDF + Post emergence weedicide 4777 5476 6863 27368 20505 2.98

LS + RDF + in situ green manure incorporation 4897 5628 6753 28058 21305 3.15by paddy weeder & weed control

Broad casting – beushening + RDF 3177 3873 7259 18249 10990 1.51

Broad casting – beushening + RDF + in situ 2675 3262 7281 15364 8083 1.11green manure (sunhemp)

LS + RDF + post emergence weedicide 2315 2782 6998 13288 6290 0.39

LS + RDF + In situ green manure incorporation 3159 3772 6852 18130 11278 1.64by paddy weeder & weed control

CD (5%) 894 937




Alachlor + 1 Hand Weeding in maize at Faizabad

Table 30. Effect of different methods of sowing on yield and monetary returns of rice at JagdalpurTreatment Yield Cost of Gross Net BC

(kg/ha) cultivation Income Income RatioGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Dry broad casting + beushening 3083 4069 5950 22345 16395 2.76Dry line sowing by seed drill 3650 4350 5700 25800 20100 3.53Wet broad casting (batar boni) + beushening 1517 2730 6120 12015 5895 0.96Wet line sowing, drum seeder 1267 1533 6200 8988 2788 0.45CD (5%) 176

Table 31. Effect of seed rate and seeding method for chickpea at Jagdalpur

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha)Seeding method

Seed rate Puddling + Pata + Puddling + Pata + MeanForced broadcasting Drum seeder (sowing method)

80 kg seed rate without rhyzobium culture 201 344 27280 kg seed rate with rhyzobium culture 238 367 302120 kg seed rate without rhyzobium culture 404 363 383120 kg seed rate with rhyzobium culture 452 398 425160 kg seed rate without rhyzobium culture 365 257 310160 kg seed rate with rhyzobium culture 382 240 311

higher grain yield (2710 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.18271/ha),while application of 100% RDF and seed rate @ 125 kg/ha bybroadcasting gave a significantly lower yield of 1283 kg/ha of grainand 1515 kg/ha of straw.

At Faizabad, significantly higher grain yield of maize wasrecorded with weed free check (3629 kg/ha) followed by two handweedings at 20 and 40 DAS (3327 kg/ha) and application ofAlachlor @ 2 kg a.i/ha as a pre emergence dose together with onehand weeding at 30 DAS (3283 kg/ha). Pre-emergence applicationof Atrazine and pendimethalin to control weeds gave a significantlylower grain yield of 2209- 2419 kg/ha. The different treatmentsgave a gross income in the range of Rs. 5716/ha to Rs. 19039/haand BC ratio from 0.53 to 1.24 (Table 32).

Among different methods of seeding formation, ridges andfurrows gave higher seed yield of pigeonpea (391 kg/ha) and net

income compared to broadcasting (1445 kg/ha) with net incomeof (Rs.19149/ha). In respect of improved varieties, Narendra Arhar–2 gave highest grain yield (1904 kg/ha) and income (Rs.26906kg/ha), followed by Narendra Arhar –1 (1782 kg/ha) with a netincome of Rs.24777/ha (Table 33).

3.1.9 Alternate Land Use

The combination of FYM @ 2 kg/ha + 60 kg N + 40 kg P+ 20 kg K/ha gave significantly higher plant height (78.5 cm),grith (15.4 cm) and canopy in Jatropha. It was closely followed byNPK 60-40-20 with 76.5 cm height, plant girth of 14.2 cm andcanopy of 32.5 cm in North-East direction (Table 34).

Under badi farming situation in an integrated farmingsystem at Jagdalpur, cashew gave a maximum of 99.5% survivalfollowed by mango (94.3%) and guava (94%) as a part of thehomestead garden. Lemon recorded highest plant girth andnumber of branches (Table 35).

Badi farming situation in integrated farming system at Jagdalpur



Table 34. Effect of fertilizer application on growth parameters of Jatropha at Jagdalpur

Treatment Plant Plant girth No of Canopy spread (cm)height(cm) (cm) branch/plant North-East South-West

Control 12.5 3.3 1.0 18.7 20.42 kg FYM/pit 45.5 6.5 1.3 21.2 19.2NPK 60:40:20 (P through SSP) 76.5 14.2 4.1 32.5 26.1T2 + T3 78.5 15.4 5.6 36.5 29.560:40:0 + 2kg FYM 62.5 9.2 4.3 29.2 25.460:0:20 + 2 kg FYM 75.2 12.1 4.1 26.5 20.40:40:20 + 2 kg FYM 35.1 6.1 1.9 6.2 13.5NPK 0:40:20 27.5 5.1 1.1 5.3 10.5NPK 60:0:20 76.9 11.6 2.3 25.4 21.2NPK 60:40:0 61.2 11.2 3.2 26.1 21.5NPK 60:40:20 (P through DAP) 70.2 15.1 4.3 26.4 24.5NPK 60:0:0 47.5 8.1 2.9 22.5 18.4CD (5%) 15 2 1

Table 32. Effect of weed management practices on yield and monetary returns of maize at Faizabad

Treatment Yield Cost of Gross Net BC Mean (kg/ha) cultivation Income Income Ratio yield

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (3yrs)(kg/ha)

Alachlor 2.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 3013 8090 7554 15827 8369 1.12 3045

Alachlor 2.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 3283 8529 8034 17202 9168 1.14 3381+ 1 HW (30 DAS)Atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 2209 6228 6914 11648 4734 0.68 2358Atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 2419 6602 7494 12722 5228 0.70 2696+ 1 HW (30 DAS)Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 2220 6156 7936 11690 3754 0.47 2430Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence 2483 6641 8516 13039 4523 0.53 2745+ 1 HW (30 DAS)Blackgram (smoother crop) 2442 6722 7586 12852 5266 0.69 2799Dhaincha (smoother crop) 2442 6585 7138 12831 5693 0.80 26662 HW (20 & 40 DAS) 3327 8810 7788 17457 9669 1.24 3437Earthing up the crop 3064 8175 7498 16087 8589 1.14 2883Weed free check 3629 9592 8658 19039 10381 1.20 3737Weedy check 1083 3092 6338 5716 -622 -0.10 1078

Table 33. Effect of different methods of sowing of pigeonpea varieties at Faizabad

Treatment Grain yield Fodder Cost of cultivation Net Income BC Mean yield(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Ratio (3 yrs) (kg/ha)

Broad casting 1445 4309 6278 19149 3.05 1892Ridges & furrows 1836 5537 6813 25506 3.74 2030Line sowing 1649 5050 6700 22343 3.33 1772Narendra Arhar-1 1782 5377 6592 24777 3.76 2037Narendra Arhar-2 1904 5652 6592 26906 4.08 2161Bahar 1551 4700 6592 20715 3.14 1728

Malvia Arhar -13 1337 4132 6592 16963 2.57 1667




Table 36. Suitability of different fruit species under Tikra farming situation at Jagdalpur

Treatment Survival (%) Plant Plant girth No of Canopy spread (cm)height(cm) (cm) branch/plant North-East South-West

Mango 100.0 53.2 4.44 4.6 21.5 26.2Awanla 66.7 55.4 3.33 2.1 15.8 17.4Chiku 88.9 46.2 4.25 4.1 18.7 19.9Cashew 100.0 45.3 3.78 5.1 16.9 16.9Guava 88.9 47.6 5.00 3.4 18.5 18.3Lemon 88.89 43.1 6.13 3.4 10.3 11.5Litchi 11.1 36.2 3.00 3.2 15.2 10.8

Table 35. Suitability of different fruit species under homestead garden (Badi farming situation) under on-farm condition at Jagdalpur

Treatment Survival Plant Plant girth No of Canopy spread (cm)(%) height(cm) (cm) branch/plant North-East South-West

Mango 94.3 70.6 5.2 4.67 21.5 27.2Awanla 81.5 92.2 4.8 4.65 15.7 18.9Chiku 76.0 48.5 3.5 4.07 13.9 16.9Cashew 99.5 51.6 4.8 4.83 12.5 14.5Guava 94.0 69.6 4.2 4.27 19.5 21.3Lemon 84.0 39.5 6.5 6.07 9.3 11.5Litchi 70.9 36.5 3.8 3.83 12.4 13.8

While under another trial farming situation mango andcashew had a maximum survival percent of 100%, while litchihad a minimum of 11.11%. Aonla had a maximum plant heightof 55.4 cm, while lemon had maximum number of branches,cashew had a maximum trunk girth of 5.1 cm and mango had amaximum canopy spread of 21.5 and 26.2 cm under east-westand north-south directions respectively (Table 36).

3.2 Maize Based Production System

3.2.1 Crops and Varieties

At Arjia, the improved variety EH-1496 of maize gave highestgrain yield (4658 kg/ha), fodder yield (5387 kg/ha), gross income(Rs. 38167/ha), net income (Rs. 30667/ha) and BC ratio (5.09)followed by Kiran (4147 kg/ha) and PHM-1 (4105 kg/ha). Insesame, the improved variety of AT-28 gave highest grain (699 kg/ha), fodder yield (1750 kg/ha), net income (Rs. 12426/ha) andBC ratio (3.64). The improved variety of horsegram HG-1 was thetop variety with a grain yield of 756 kg/ha, fodder yield of 2958 kg/ha, net income of Rs. 6351and BC ratio (2.51). Among the varietiesof horsegram, HG-15 gave maximum grain yield, while HG-7recorded maximum fodder yield. In blackgam, AU-3 varietyrecorded highest seed (826 kg/ha) and fodder yields (5445 kg/ha), and net income (Rs. 22838/ha), followed by RBU-1012 (746kg/ha) and RBU-38 (607 kg/ha). In sorghum, SPV-1342 and SPH-1413 gave on par grain yields (4251 kg/ha) (Table 37).

At Ballowal Saunkhri, highest grain yield of maize (3900

kg/ha), net income (Rs19686/ha) and BC ratio (2.55) was

recorded by Parkash hybrid followed by PMH-2 (3830 kg/ha).

Among different spacings, planting of maize at 45 cm x 22.5 cm

recorded highest grain yield of 3980 kg/ha, fodder yield of 9950

kg/ha, net income of Rs. 20026/ha and BC ratio of 2.54. The

spacing of 60 cm x 22.5 cm gave a lowest grain yield and monetary

returns (Table 38).

High yielding blackgram varieties AU-3 and RBU 38 at Arjia



Table 38. Performance of different hybrids of maize with different spacings on productivity and monetary returns at Ballowal Saunkhri

Treatment Maize eqt. Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross Income Net Income BC Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Ratio (3 yrs) (kg/ha)

Parkash 3900 10320 12714 32400 19686 2.55 3997JH 3459 3520 9630 12714 29360 16646 2.31 3730PMH –2 3830 10140 12714 31840 19126 2.50 3789Megha 3280 9150 12714 27340 15226 2.26 3280Spacings (cm)45 x 22.5 3980 9950 12714 33040 20026 2.54 399060 x 20 3610 9640 12714 30080 17366 2.37 378860 x 22.5 3300 9830 12714 27600 14886 2.17 3570

Table 37. Effect of varieties of different crops on yield and monetary returns at ArjiaCrop Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratioMaize EH-1496 4658 5387 7500 38167 30667 5.09

Kiran 4147 5210 7500 34228 26729 4.56PHM-1 4105 5908 7500 34332 26832 4.58Local 3209 5210 7500 27193 19693 3.63CD (5%) 346 410

Horsegram HG-1 756 2958 4200 10551 6351 2.51HG-6 39 3104 4200 2020 -2180 0.48HG-3 785 3097 4200 10968 6768 2.61HG-2 775 2389 4200 10494 6294 2.50CD (5%) 132

Blackgram AU-3 826 5445 5200 28038 22838 5.39RBU - 1012 746 4132 5200 24733 19533 4.76AU-4 592 5211 5200 21076 1587 4.05CD (5%) 151

Sorghum SPH 1413 4251 14976 7200 43235 36035 6.00SPV 1342 4251 15137 7200 43380 36180 6.03Local check 3027 15459 7200 35102 27902 4.88CD (5%) 1075 2516

Increased productivity of Barley, raya, wheat and chickpeaafter maize at Ballowal Saunkhri


Among cropping sequence tested at Ballowal Saunkhri,highest net returns of Rs. 25846/ha, 40489, 21320, 32312 and27478/ha were attained by maize-chickpea, blackgram-raya,sesame-raya, pearlmillet-raya and sunhemp-wheat respectively.In terms of maize equivalent yield, maize-chickpea, blackgram-raya, sesame-raya, pearlmillet (fodder)-raya, sunhemp-rayarecorded highest yields of 5699, 6675, 4441, 5575 and 4667 kg/ha respectively (Table 39).

3.2.3 Rain Water Management

In Arjia, growing sorghum in 50% of donar area and maizein the remaining 50% receiver area in the watershed gave highestgrain equivalent yield (2786 kg/ha), fodder yield (2800 kg/ha)and net income of Rs. 16912/ha, followed by growing of sorghumin 2/3rd of donar area and maize in the remaining 1/3rd of thereceiver area. Among fertilizer combinations, application of 150%of recommended N and P gave a significantly highest grain yield(2815 kg/ha), fodder yield (4764 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.17400/ha) (Table 40).




Table 39. Performance of different kharif and rabi crops for yield and monetary returns at Ballowal Saunkhri

Parameter Grain yield (kg/ha) Kharif crops Rabi crops

Wheat Barley Raya Chickpea

Maize Blackgram Sesame Pearlmillet SunhempYield (kg/ha) Wheat 1074 (4549) 2426 5258) 870 (2978) 3556(4895) 3970 (4219)

(Total Maize eqt. of Barley 1611 (4734) 2611(4983) 1500 (3343) 2889 (3645) 3000 (2625)

cropping sequence) Raya 796 (5093) 1815 6675) 1037 (4441) 1981 (5575) 2074 (4667)

Chickpea 1018 (5699) 1667 6361) 926 (4069) 1826 (5225) 1852 (4167)

Wheat 3407 (3407) 985 (2832) 581 (2108) 39704 (1117) 13122 ( - )

Maize Blackgram Sesame Pearlmillet SunhempCost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Wheat 23677 19273 17471 16717 15206

Barley 22361 17957 16155 15401 13890

Raya 19240 14836 13033 12279 10769

Chickpea 22370 18566 16763 16009 14498

Wheat

Gross returns (Rs/ha) Maize Blackgram Sesame Pearlmillet SunhempWheat 40009 47523 25782 47161 42685

Barley 43358 46807 29562 35657 27750

Raya 42782 55325 34353 44591 37332

Chickpea 48816 55995 34207 45453 33336

Net returns (Rs/ha) Maize Blackgram Sesame Pearlmillet SunhempWheat 16331 28249 8311 30444 27478

Barley 20997 28850 13407 20256 13860

Raya 23544 40489 21320 32312 26563

Chickpea 25846 37429 17444 29444 18838

BC ratio Maize Blackgram Sesame Pearlmillet SunhempWheat 1.69 2.47 1.48 2.82 2.81

Barley 1.94 2.61 1.83 2.32 2.00

Raya 2.22 3.73 2.64 3.63 3.47

Chickpea 2.13 3.02 2.04 2.84 2.30

(Parantheses indicates maize grain equivalent yield)

Table 40. Effect of land elevation and nutrient management for maize and sorghum at Arjia

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCGrain cultivation income income ratio(Maize Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

eqt. yield)

Maize sole 2337 7428 7325 21985 14660 2.002/3 donor area (sorghum) + 1/3 receiver maize 2552 2593 4442 20696 16254 3.66Half donor area (sorghum) + half receiver maize 2786 2800 5663 22575 16912 2.99CD (5%) 432 880Control 2212 3698 5608 18809 13201 2.35100% RD of N & P 2648 4368 6250 22481 16231 2.60150% RD of N & P 2815 4764 6571 23971 17400 2.65CD (5%) 221 610



Table 42. Effect of rain water and nutrient management practices on yield and economics of mustard at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Net BCyield cultivation income income ratio

(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Control + No irrigation 625 6900 10313 3413 0.49Control + Pre sowing irrigation 799 7330 13184 5854 0.80Control + one irrigation at branching 1060 7330 17490 10160 1.39RDF + No irrigation 903 6900 14900 8000 1.16RDF + Pre sowing irrigation 1024 7330 16896 9566 1.30RDF + One irrigation at branching 1510 7330 24915 17586 2.40RDF + Mulching + no irrigation 1052 6900 17358 10458 1.51RDF + Mulching + Pre sowing irrigation 1132 7330 18678 11348 1.55RDF + Mulching + One irrigation at branching 1483 7330 24470 1714 0.23RDF + life saving irrigation + No irrigation 1146 6900 18910 12009 1.74RDF + life saving irrigation + Pre sowing irrigation 1250 7330 20625 13295 1.81RDF + life saving irrigation + One irrigation at branching 1649 7330 27209 19879 2.7150% N through FYM + No irrigation 764 6900 12606 5706 0.8350% N through FYM + Pre sowing irrigation 896 7330 14784 7454 1.01

Table 41. Effect of different rain water and nutrient management practices on production and profitability of maize at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (7yrs) (kg/ha)

Control 731 1096 8500 6762 -1739 923Recommended fertilizer (RDF) 1389 2084 10170 12849 2679 1470RDF + mulching 1463 2194 12670 13533 863 1586RDF + life saving irrigation 1556 2334 11570 14339 2769 185250% N through FYM 1065 1597 10300 9851 -449 1249CD (5%) 135

Sugarcane mulching in maize cropat Ballowal Saunkhri

Among different rain water and nutrient managementtechnologies, use of 100% recommended fertilizer along with onelife saving irrigation in maize recorded highest grain yield (1556kg/ha) and net income (Rs.2769/ha), followed by recommendedfertilizer + mulching (1463 kg/ha). However, use ofrecommended fertilizer alone gave higher net income (Rs.4418/ha) compared to the control (Table 41).

In another study, recommended dose of fertilizer along withtwo supplemental irrigations recorded highest seed yield inmustard (1649 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.19879/ha), followedby recommended dose of fertilizer with one supplemental irrigationat branching (1510 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.17586/ha).However, pre-sowing irrigation along with recommended dose offertilizer enhanced the profitability of mustard by Rs.7441/hacompared to the control (Rs.3413/ha). Pre-sowing irrigationcontributed for higher grain yield (174 kg/ha) and net income(2441/ha) (Table 42).

Among different mulches at Ballowal Saunkhri, use ofsugarcane mulch recorded highest grain yield in maize(335 kg/ha), while paddy straw mulch in wheat and African sarson

recorded the highest grain yields in wheat of (2910 kg/ha) andAfrican sarson (1741 kg/ha). This was followed by sugarcanemulch in wheat (2630 kg/ha) and African sarson (1580 kg/ha),while paddy straw mulch recorded the highest grain yield of maize(3316 kg/ha). Similar significant results in respect of net returns

were observed during the season (Table 43).




Table 43. Influence of different crop residue mulches on productivity and monetary returns of crops at Ballowal Saunkhri

Crop Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (7yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Maize Control 1904 483 11058 15667 4609 0.42 2357Paddy straw 3316 876 11568 27316 15748 1.36 3316Tarfali 2677 597 11110 21953 10843 0.98 2677Basooti 2245 646 11313 18541 7228 0.64 2784Subabul 2482 638 11313 20430 9117 0.81 3175Sugarcane trash 3351 873 11568 27594 16026 1.39 3704

Wheat Control 1960 3640 12738 21756 9018 0.71 1038Paddy straw 2910 5430 13247 32337 19090 1.44 2910Tarfali 1990 3820 12788 22263 9475 0.74 1990Basooti 2190 4020 12992 24243 11251 0.87 1153Subabul 2480 4950 12992 28010 15018 1.16 1304Sugarcane trash 2630 4980 13247 29327 16080 1.21 1377

African Sarson Control 1290 4380 9683 24510 14827 1.53 660Paddy straw 1740 5000 10193 33060 22867 2.24 1740Tarfali 1270 4430 9734 24130 14396 1.48 1270Basooti 1470 4650 9938 27930 17992 1.81 748Sababul 1550 4810 9938 29450 19512 1.96 794Sugarcane trash 1580 4750 10193 30020 19827 1.95 796

In lentil, paddy straw mulch gave highest grain yield (1190kg/ha) and net income (Rs.23215/ha), followed by sugar canetrash (1090 kg/ha) with net income (Rs.20515/ha) and subabul

(1040 kg/ha) with net income (Rs. 19265/ha) (Table 44).

3.2.4 Integrated nutrient management

3.2.4.1. Long term studies

1. Permanent manurial experiments

In long term studies on maize – gobi sarson, application of100% recommended N, P and K + ZnSO

4 @ 20 kg/ha gave highest

grain yield (2604 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.13425/ha) followedby the application of 100% N, P and K which gave grain yield of2268 kg/ha and net income of Rs.10818/ha (Table 45).

Application of FYM @ 10 t/ha recorded highest grain yieldof 1120 kg/ha and net income of Rs. 12280/- in gobi sarson. Itwas closely followed by application of 50% of recommended NPK

Table 44. Influence of different crop residue mulches on productivity and monetary returns from lentil at Ballowal Saunkhri

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BCGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Control 910 1940 8715 24570 15855 1.82Paddy straw 1190 2440 8915 32130 23215 2.60Tarfali 930 1950 8735 25110 16375 1.87Basooti 950 2000 8815 25650 16835 1.91Subabul 1040 2040 8815 28080 19265 2.19Sugarcane trash 1090 2100 8915 29430 20515 2.30

+ remaining 50% N through FYM (1094 kg/ha) and 50% ofrecommended NPK + remaining 50% N through crop residue(1047 kg/ha) (Table 46).

Permanent manurial trial at Rakh Dhiansar



Table 46. Residual effect of nutrient management practices on gobi sarson under maize-gobi sarson system at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Net BC Meanyield yield cultivation income incom ratio (10 yrs)


Control 504 6200 8316 2116 0.34 541100% Rec. NPK 749 6200 12358 6158 0.99 87450% Rec. NPK 672 6200 11088 4888 0.78 78350% rec. N (crop residue) 604 6200 9966 3766 0.60 71050% rec. N (FYM) 883 6200 14569 8369 1.34 96050% rec. NPK + 50% N (crop residue) 1047 6200 17275 11075 1.78 90350% rec. NPK + 50% N (FYM) 1094 6200 18051 11851 1.91 1157FYM @ 10 t/ha 1120 6200 18480 12280 1.98 1206100% rec. NPK + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha 800 6200 13200 7000 1.12 909Farmer’s method (FYM @ 4 t/ha + 40 kg urea/ha) 935 6200 15427 9227 1.48 935CD (5%) 132

Conventional tillage+interculture in maize at Ballowal Saunkhri

Table 45. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns from maize at Rakh Dhiansar


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Control 1251 1877 8500 11572 3072 0.36 1183100% rec. NPK (kg/ha) (60:40:20) 2268 3404 10162 20980 10818 1.06 218650% rec. NPK 1686 1529 9331 15595 6264 0.67 143650% rec. N (crop residue) 1669 1503 10000 15437 5437 0.54 142650% rec. N (FYM) 1603 2404 10375 14827 4452 0.43 151050% rec. NPK + 50% N (crop residue) 2085 3127 10831 19286 8454 0.78 178950% rec. NPK + 50% N (FYM) 2101 3151 11206 19426 8220 0.73 1961FYM @ 10 t/ha 1667 2500 11000 15419 4419 0.40 1639100% rec. NPK + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha 2604 3906 10662 24087 13425 1.26 2363Farmer’s method (FYM @ 4t/ha 1951 2476 9717 17821 8104 0.83 1647+ 40 kg urea/ha)CD (5%) 283

3.2.4.2. Site specific nutrient management

In site-specific nutrient management study, application of100% N and P together with boron, zinc and magnesium recordedhighest grain yield of maize (2969 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.14888/ha) followed by FYM @ 10 t/ha (2443 kg/ha) (Table 47).

3.2.4.3. Tillage and Nutrient Management

At Ballowal Saunkhri, conventional tillage + intercultureregistered highest grain yield of 2230 kg/ha, fodder yield of 7510kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 24627/ha, net income ofRs. 12828/ha and BC ratio of 1.06 in kharif maize, followed bylow tillage with a combination of interculture and weedicide.Among fertilizer treatment combination, application of 100% Nthrough inorganic source recorded highest yield and monetaryreturns, followed by 50% N through organic source + 50% Nthrough inorganic source.




Table 47. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize at Arjia


Control 1701 4878 6566 15686 9120 2.39100 % recommended NPK 2326 5276 7446 20612 13166 2.77100 % NPK + B 2252 5576 9246 20239 10993 2.19100 % NPK + Zn 2239 5901 8321 20336 12015 2.44100 % NPK + Mg 2344 6267 8346 21337 12991 2.56100 % NPK + B + Zn + Mg 2969 6074 11021 25909 14888 2.35FYM @ 10 t/ha 2443 5750 11566 21775 10209 1.88CD (5%) 551 NS

During rabi, conventional tillage together with interculturegave highest grain yield in wheat (3550 kg/ha) and net income(Rs. 24804/ha). Among nutrient management treatments, 100%N through inorganic source gave maximum yield and monetaryreturns, followed by 50% N through organic source and theremaining 50% through inorganic source combination (Table 48).

In maize – wheat sequence at Rakh Dhiansar, low tillage+weedicide+interculture+100% N through inorganic sourcegave highest grain yield of maize (3086 kg/ha), fodder yield (4629kg/ha), net income (Rs. 20761/ha) and BC ratio of 2.67. Amongdifferent treatment combinations, low tillage + interculture +100% N through organic source gave minimum grain and fodderyield and monetary returns (Table 49).

At Rakh Dhiansar, low tillage + weedicide + interculture

+ 100% N through inorganic source gave highest grain yield ofwheat (3403 kg/ha), fodder yield (3740 kg/ha) and net income(Rs. 28984/ha). Among different treatment combinations, lowtillage + interculture + 100% N through organic source gave aminimum grain and fodder yield and monetary returns(Table 50).

3.2.4.4. Nutrient Management Studies

In a nutrient management study for maize and blackgramunder sole crop blocks and maize + blackgram intercroppingstrip at Rakh Dhiansar, application of 100% recommended Nthrough inorganic fertilizer gave highest yield (3263 kg/ha), fodderyield (4894 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.19520/ha) under maizeblock, followed by 15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic)(2786 kg/ha) which gave a net income of Rs.15482/ha. Undermaize + blackgram strip, application of 100% recommended N

Table 48. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize inmaize-wheat system at Ballowal Saunkhri

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (7yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Maize (maize-wheat)Conventional tillage + interculture 2230 7510 11800 24627 12828 1.06 2170Low tillage + interculture 1860 6220 10272 20455 10183 1.0 1818Low tillage + interculture 2080 6740 10629 22650 12022 1.13 2018+ chemical weed control100% N (organic) 1870 6120 11741 20443 8702 0.73 188050% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) 2130 7040 10900 23323 12423 1.10 2006100% N (inorganic) 2170 7310 10059 23967 13908 1.37 2120Wheat (maize-wheat)Conventional tillage + interculture 3550 5730 13430 38234 24804 1.86 3051Low tillage + interculture 3470 5470 11648 37124 25476 2.2 2864Low tillage + interculture 3390 5500 12017 36565 24548 2.6 2927+ chemical weed control100 % N (organic) 3350 5440 13205 36132 22927 1.77 281850 % N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) 3510 5630 12365 37678 25313 2.03 2994100% N (urea) 3560 5620 11524 38113 26588 2.33 3035



Table 50. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of wheat at Rakh Dhiansar


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha (Rs/ha)

Tillage FertilizerConventional tillage + Interculture 100 % N (organic) 2778 3056 15356 34031 18675 1.20Conventional tillage + interculture 50% N (urea) +

50% N (organic) 3125 3438 14521 38282 23662 1.60Conventional tillage + Interculture 100 % N (urea) 3379 3717 13384 41393 28009 2.10Low tillage + Interculture 100 % N (organic) 2639 2903 13956 32328 18372 1.30Low tillage+ Interculture 50% N (urea)

+ 50% N (organic) 3056 3362 13121 37437 24316 1.90Low tillage + Interculture 100 % N (Urea) 3264 3590 11984 39983 27999 2.30Low tillage + Weedicide + Interculture 100 % N (organic) 2847 3132 14666 34876 20210 1.40Low tillage + Weedicide + Interculture 50% N (urea)

+ 50% N (organic) 3194 3513 13831 39125 25250 1.80Low tillage + Weedicide + Interculture 100 % N (urea) 3403 3740 12694 41678 28984 2.30

Table 49. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize at Rakh Dhiansar


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha (Rs/ha)

Tillage FertilizerConventional tillage + interculture 100% N (organic) 2294 3441 11976 212195 9243 0.77Conventional tillage + interculture 100% N (organic) 2877 4315 11142 26612 1547 1.38Conventional tillage + interculture 100% N (urea) 2988 4482 8605 27639 19034 2.21Low tillage + interculture 100% N (organic) 2043 3064 10576 18897 8321 0.79Low tillage + interculture 100% N (organic) 2516 3747 9742 23259 13518 1.39Low tillage + interculture 100% N (urea) 2808 4212 7205 25974 18769 2.61Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 100% N (organic) 2349 3524 11156 21728 10572 0.95Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 100% N (organic) 2808 4212 10322 25974 15652 1.52Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 100% N (urea) 3086 4629 7785 28545 20761 2.67

through inorganic source recorded highest grain yield of 2210 kg/ha and net income of Rs.10340/ha followed by 15 kg N (greenleaf) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) application which gave a yield of1851kg/ha with net income of Rs.7175/ha (Table 51).

Under blackgram block, highest grain yield of 1138 kg/hawith net income of Rs.1940/ha with BC ratio of 0.25 were attainedwith an application of 15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kgN/ha (inorganic). This was followed by 100% recommended N

through inorganic fertilizer which recorded a yield of 1095 kg/haand net income of Rs.1621/ha (Table 52).

In maize – wheat sequence, application of FYM @ 10 t/ha+ 40 kg N/ha + recommended P and K recorded highest grainyield of 2791 kg/ha and net income of Rs.11971/ha in maizefollowed by application of FYM @ 10 t/ha + 30 kg N/ha +recommended P and K (2541 kg/ha) (Table 53).

INM practices in maize in maize-wheatrotation at Rakh Dhiansar

INM practices in wheat in maize-wheatrotation at Rakh Dhiansar

INM practices in Maize at BallowalSaunkhri




Table 51. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize and blackgram at RakhDhiansar

Crop / Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldCropping cultivation income income ratio (9 yrs)system Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Sole Maize Control 1623 2434 9000 15012 6012 0.67 1470100% rec. N (inorganic) 3263 4894 10662 30182 19520 1.83 298050% rec. N (inorganic) 2593 3889 9831 23987 14156 1.44 214025 kg N (compost) 1953 2930 10000 18065 8065 0.81 189015 kg N (compost) 2232 3348 9719 20646 10927 1.12 1980+ 10 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N (compost) 2471 3706 9839 22856 13017 1.32 2350+ 20 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N green leaf 2534 3801 10169 23439 13217 1.31 2100+ 10 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N (green leaf) 2786 4180 10289 25771 15482 1.50 2470+ 20 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N (compost) 1929 2890 10315 17841 7526 0.73 1920+ 10 kg N (green leaf)CD (5%) 331

Maize + Control 856 1284 8650 7918 -732 -.08 818black-gram 100% rec. N (inorganic) 2210 3315 10102 20442 10340 1.02 1854maize eqt.) 50% rec. N (inorganic) 1601 2401 9376 14808 5432 0.58 1182

25 kg N (compost) 1369 2050 9650 12661 3011 0.31 122915 kg N (compost) 1204 1806 9369 11137 1768 0.19 1156+ 10 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N (compost) 1773 2660 9487 16400 6913 0.73 1336+ 20 kg N inorganic)15 kg N (green leaf) 1720 2580 9829 15910 6011 0.61 1351+ 10 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N green leaf 1851 2780 9948 17123 7175 0.72 1421+ 20 kg N (inorganic)15 kg N (compost) 1350 2030 9964 12490 2526 0.25 1137+ 10 kg N green leafCD (5%) 395

Table 52. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of blackgram at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Net BC Meanyieldyield cultivation income income ratio (9 yrs)


Control 608 6445 5168 -1277 0.80 716100% rec. N (urea) 1095 7686 9307 1621 1.21 121450% rec. N (urea) 916 7066 7786 720 1.11 96025 kg N (compost) 730 7445 6205 -1240 0.83 101915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (urea) 714 7164 6069 -1095 0.85 99715 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 905 7282 7692 405 1.05 109115 kg N green leaf + 10 kg N (urea) 852 7614 7242 372 0.95 98315 kg N green leaf + 20 kg N (urea) 1138 7733 9673 1940 1.25 142415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 947 7759 8049 290 1.04 965CD (5%) 212



Table 53. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize-wheat sequence atRakh Dhiansar


I II (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

MaizeControl 1173 1760 9500 10849 1349 0.14 1286FYM @ 10t + 20 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2247 3370 13606 20785 7179 0.53 2003FYM @ 10t + 30 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2541 3811 13724 23503 9779 0.71 2222FYM @ 10t + 40 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2791 4187 13845 25816 11971 0.86 2435Green manuring with sun hemp +20 kg N/ha + rec. PK 1736 2604 12106 16058 3952 0.33 1771Green manure with sunhemp + 30kg N/ha + rec.PK 1875 2813 12224 17343 5119 0.42 1882Green manure with sp + 40 kg N/ha + rec. PK 1986 2979 12345 18371 6026 0.49 1999Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 20 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2041 3062 13106 18878 5772 0.44 1837Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 30 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2263 3395 13224 20932 7708 0.58 2015Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 40 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2388 3582 13345 22090 8745 0.65 2104CD (5%) 324Wheat (Raj 3077) (Treatments imposed in kharif and no fertilizer in rabi )Control 1750 1925 12515 21437 8922 0.71 1081FYM @ 10t + 20 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2138 2352 12515 26191 13678 1.09 1521FYM @ 10t + 30 kg N/ha + rec PK 2361 2597 12515 28921 16406 1.31 1670FYM @ 10t + 40 kg N/ha + rec PK 2430 2673 12515 29957 17442 1.39 1731Green manure with sunhemp + 20 kg N/ha + rec.PK 1916 2107 12515 23954 10954 0.87 1265Green manure with sunhemp + 30 kg N/ha + rec.PK 2041 2245 12515 25002 12487 1.00 1512Green manure with sunhemp + 40 kg N/ha + rec.PK 2104 2315 12515 25775 13260 1.06 1605Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 20 kg N/ha + rec. PK 1944 2138 12515 23813 11298 0.90 1407Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 30 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2083 2291 12515 25515 13000 1.04 1511Leucaena leaves @ 5t + 40 kg N/ha + rec. PK 2166 2382 12515 26532 14017 1.12 1611CD (5%) 291

Among different treatment combinations of inorganic, FYM,green leaf manure and Leucaena for wheat at Rakh Dhiansar, itwas found that application of FYM @ 10 t/ha together with 40 kgN/ha and recommended P and K through inorganic source weresuperior with highest grain yield of 2430 kg/ha, fodder yield of2673 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 29957/ha, net income of Rs.17442 and BC ratio of 1.39 in the season. Application of FYM @10 t/ha together with 30 kg N/ha + recommended P and K throughinorganic source was at par with the superior treatment and wasthe second best for both grain and fodder yield, monetary returnsand BC ratio. A combination of green manure of sunhemp withinorganic fertilizer of 40 kg N/ha and recommended P, K andLeucaena @ 5 t/ha + 30 kg N/ha + recommended P, K gave asignificantly lower yield compared to the superior treatments. Aminimum grain and fodder yield and monetary returns wereattained by control in the study.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, application of 100% N/ha throughinorganic source gave highest grain yield of maize (2780 kg/ha),fodder yield (9150 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 18977/ha).

Application of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N/ha throughinorganic source was the second best with a grain yield of 2530kg/ha, fodder yield of 7980 kg/ha and net income of Rs. 13707/ha. In blackgram, application of 100% N/ha through inorganicsource gave a relatively higher grain yield of 1000 kg/ha and netincome of Rs. 15956/ha. However, the yield and monetary returnsattained by the superior treatment was at par with all treatmentcombinations, but all these combinations were significantlysuperior to control. In wheat, application of 100% recommendedN through inorganic source was the highest (2860 kg/ha), followedby application of 15 kg N/ha through green leaf + 20 kg N/hathrough inorganic source (2640 kg/ha). In case of lentil,application of 15 kg N/ha through green leaf + 20 kg N/ha throughinorganic source gave a relatively highest grain yield (1270 kg/ha)and net income (Rs. 25575/ha) (Table 54).

At Arjia, application of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic source gave highest grain yield of maize(3031 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 19051/ha) followed byapplication of 15 kg N through green leaf + 20 kg N through




Table 54. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of different crops at BallowalSaunkhri

Crop Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Meancultivation income income ratio yield

(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (7yrs)Grain Fodder (kg/ha)

Maize Control 1530 5870 10630 17523 6893 0.65 1500100% N/ha (urea) 2780 9150 11498 30475 18977 1.65 276050% N/ha (urea) 2320 6340 11065 24266 13201 1.19 228025 kg N/ha (compost) 2080 5950 15510 21995 6485 0.42 225015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 2390 6880 13610 25312 11702 0.86 256015 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 2530 7980 13715 27422 13707 1.00 266015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 2210 5710 19800 22819 3019 0.15 246015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 2640 8240 20283 28536 8253 0.41 268015 kg N/ha green leaf + 10 kg N/ha 2350 7380 19630 25442 5812 0.30 2330

Black- Control 810 2750 7044 18630 11586 1.64 620gram 100% N/ha (inorganic) 1000 2900 7044 23000 15956 2.27 870

50% N/ha (urea) 960 2870 7044 22080 15036 2.13 79025 kg N/ha (compost) 860 2730 7044 19780 12736 1.81 74015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 990 2980 7044 22770 15726 2.23 84015 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 980 2940 7044 22540 15496 2.20 84015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 920 2800 7044 21160 14116 2.00 79015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 940 2860 7044 21620 14576 2.07 81015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha 940 2960 7044 21620 14576 2.07 780

Wheat Control 1980 2806 12433 20758 8325 0.67 1510100% N/ha (urea) 2860 3889 13298 29755 16457 1.24 229050% N/ha (urea) 2170 3020 12865 22673 9808 0.76 181025 kg N/ha (compost) 2170 3280 17310 23037 5727 0.33 186015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 2450 3500 15410 25725 10315 0.67 201015 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 2480 3450 15518 25910 10392 0.67 211015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 2480 3330 21978 25742 3764 0.17 206015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 2640 3580 22085 27452 5367 0.24 220015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha 2290 3280 21433 24057 2624 0.12 1900

Lentil Control 1160 2770 8715 31320 22605 2.59 760100% N/ha (urea) 1230 3430 8715 33210 24495 2.81 89050% N/ha (urea) 1180 3110 8715 31860 23145 2.66 81025 kg N/ha (compost) 1180 2940 8715 31860 23145 2.66 82015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 1180 3210 8715 31860 23145 2.66 86015 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 1210 3330 8715 32670 23955 2.75 89015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 1240 3170 8715 33480 24765 2.84 88015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 1270 3520 8715 34290 25575 2.93 930

inorganic source (2903 kg/ha) and 100% recommended N throughurea (2861 kg/ha). In sole blackgram, 15 kg N through green leafand 10 or 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizers or 15 kg N throughcompost and 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizers gave on parseed yield of blackgram (2107–2192 kg/ha). In maize +blackgram strip, 15 kg N through compost and 20 kg N throughinorganic fertilizers gave highest grain yield (2825 kg/ha), followedby 15 kg N through green leaf and 20 kg N through inorganic

fertilizers (2705 kg/ha). The results over years (1998-2006)showed that the organic carbon % was highest with 15 kg N throughcompost and 10 kg N through green leaf (0.47%), followed by 15kg N though green leaf and 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizer.The available N (272-289 kg/ha), P (30.5-31.2 kg/ha), K (380-400 kg/ha) and water holding capacity (31-33.2%) of INM plotswere marginally increased over control in all INM treatments(Table 55).



Table 56. Influence of date of sowing and varieties on yield and economics of wheat at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (7yrs) (kg/ha)

Date of sowing25th October 3284 3612 13915 40228 26313 1.89 294014th November 3367 3703 13915 41246 27331 1.96 300504th December 3195 3514 13915 39137 25922 1.81 261324th December 1673 1840 13915 20493 7078 0.51 1770CD (5%) 274VarietiesPBW 175 3036 3340 13915 37192 23277 1.67 2756PBW 299 2936 3230 13915 35967 22052 1.58 2625PBW 396 2641 2905 13915 32351 18436 1.32 2280PBW 527 2989 3288 13915 36615 22700 1.63 2730WH 773 2796 3076 13915 34252 20337 1.46 2521CD (5%) 225

Table 55. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of maize at Arjia



Control 1795 4340 6450 166066 9616 2.49100% N (urea) 2861 6882 8033 25587 17553 3.1950% N (urea) 2299 5569 7526 20584 13058 2.7425 kg N (compost) 2597 6153 8389 23169 14780 2.7615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (urea) 2677 6369 7910 23899 15989 3.0215 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 3031 7229 8019 27070 19051 3.3815 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (urea) 2559 6187 7928 22905 14977 2.8915 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) 2903 6833 8037 25872 17835 3.2215 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (greenleaf) 2689 6702 8401 24189 15787 2.88

3.2.5 Crop Management

In Rakh Dhiansar, sowing of wheat on 14th November gavehighest grain yield of 3367 kg/ha, and net income of Rs.27331/hafollowed by sowing on 25th October (3284 kg/ha) and 4th December(3195 kg/ha). Among different varieties, PBW-175 recorded highestgrain yield of 3036 kg/ha and net income of Rs.23277/ha, followedby PBW-527 (2989 kg/ha) and PBW 299 (2936 kg/ha). Similarsignificant differences were observed in respect of net income(Table 56).

In mustard, sowing on 5th October was found optimum toget highest grain yield of 992 kg/ha, followed by sowing on 20th

October (823 kg/ha). The yields were drastically reduced whilesowing beyond 2nd week of November. Among varieties, theimproved variety of Kiran produced highest grain yields (996 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 9034), followed by RH 819 (837 kg/ha)(Table 57).

At Ballowal Saunkhri, sowing of mustard on 16th Novemberwas found optimum to get higher yield (1500 kg/ha with netincome of Rs.19955), followed by 4th week of November (1290

kg/ha with net income of Rs. 16175). Among different levels ofNitrogen, 60 kg N/ha recorded a higher net income of Rs. 2881over 40 kg N/ha (Rs.16334/ha). Among varieties, RLM-619 andPC-5 were superior with a relatively higher yield and monetaryreturns compared to PBR-97 (Table 58).

In chickpea, sowing on 8th November gave highest seed yield(1760 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 24944). The improved varietiesof PBG-1 gave additional net income of Rs. 1837/ha compared toPBG 5 (Rs. 20307). In respect of seed rates, there was nosignificant difference between 40 and 60 kg/ha (Table 59).

3.2.6 Contingency Crop Planning

As a part of contingency crop planning maize, pearlmillet(G), pearlmillet(F), blackgram and greengram were sown during2nd fortnight of July and 1st fortnight of August. Similarly, rabicrops of wheat, barley, African sarson, taramira and raya weresown both 3rd week of November and 2nd week of December. Amongkharif crops, pearlmillet recorded highest maize grain equivalentyield during 2nd fortnight of July (2056 kg/ha) and also on 1st

fortnight of August. This was closely followed by blackgram (1624




Table 57. Influence of date of sowing and varieties on yield and economics of mustard at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Grain Yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC ratio (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Date of sowing5th October 992 7400 16368 8968 1.2120th October 823 7400 13580 6180 0.844th November 753 7400 12424 5024 0.6819th November 618 7400 10197 2797 0.38CD (5%) 101VarietiesKiran 996 7400 16434 9034 1.22RH 30 742 7400 12243 4843 0.65RH 819 837 7400 13810 6410 0.87RSPR 03 690 7400 11385 3985 0.54Varuna 717 7400 11830 4430 0.60CD (5%) 126

Table 58. Performance of mustard varieties on different dates of sowing for productivity and monetary returns at Ballowal Saunkhri


Date of sowing16th November 1500 5360 7045 27000 19955 3.8330th November 1290 4910 7045 23220 16175 3.30Nitrogen (kg/ha)40 1326 4940 6934 23868 16334 3.4460 1465 5340 7155 26370 19215 3.69VarietiesRLM –619 1438 5230 7045 25884 12839 3.67PBR-97 1294 4880 7045 23292 16247 3.31PC-5 1454 5310 7045 26172 19127 3.72

Table 59. Performance of chickpea varieties on different dates of sowing and seed rates for productivity and monetary returns atBallowal Saunkhri

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (3yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Date of sowing8th November 1760 3490 10256 35200 24944 3.43 120222nd November 1440 3140 10256 28800 18544 2.81 1263VarietiesPBG 1 1620 3260 10256 32400 22144 3.16 1288PBG 5 1580 3310 11293 31600 20307 2.80 1241Seed rate (kg/ha)40 1600 3420 10256 32600 21744 3.12 125760 1600 3210 11293 32600 20707 2.83 1272

kg/ha) sown during 2nd fortnight of July and by pearlmillet (fodder)(1172 kg/ha) and blackgram (1118 kg/ha) during 1st fortnight ofAugust. Pearlmillet also gave maximum monetary returns inkharif season. During rabi, wheat and barley recorded highestwheat grain equivalent yield compared to other crops when sown

during 2nd fortnight of November or 1st fortnight of December.Similarly, barley and wheat when sown during 2nd fortnight ofNovember recorded maximum wheat equivalent yields comparedto 1st fortnight of December. The two crops were also superior formonetary returns in rabi season (Table 60).



Table 60. Productivity and monetary returns of crops sown on different dates of sowing under contingency planning in kharif andrabi at Ballowal Saunkhri

Treatment Crop Yield* Cost of Gross Net BC Meanyield(kg/ha) cultivation income incom ratio (3 yrs)

(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Kharif crops16th July Maize 1157 12714 10056 -2658 0.79 1157

Pearlmillet 2056 6395 20080 13685 3.14 2056Pearlmillet (fodder) 1466 5754 11729 5976 2.04 1925Blackgram 1624 8310 12995 4685 1.56 2292Greengram 958 9533 8043 -1490 0.84 1292

1st August Maize 393 12714 3469 -9245 0.27 393Pearlmillet 1924 6395 18660 12265 2.92 1924Pearlmillet (fodder) 1172 5754 9376 3622 1.63 1129Blackgram 1118 8310 8947 637 1.08 1246Greengram 217 9533 1827 -7706 0.19 346

Rabi crops21st November Wheat 3230 10963 34690 23727 3.16 2637

Barley 2670 9647 30053 20406 3.12 2053Taramira 1950 4153 12886 8733 3.10 1409Raya 1520 6907 16578 9671 2.40 1192African Sarson 2100 6907 17838 10930 2.58 2186

13th December Wheat 1820 10963 19554 8591 1.78 1418Barley 2250 9647 25243 15596 2.62 1596Taramira 1110 4153 8245 4092 1.99 870Raya 970 6907 9432 2525 1.37 609African Sarson 1640 6907 13950 7043 2.02 1304

* Maize equivalent yield for kharif and wheat equivalent yield for rabi


Among different agri-horti systems tested for suitability atRakh Dhiansar, a maximum fodder yield of 15540 kg/ha wasrecorded with sole green fodder (15540 kg/ha), followed by greenfodder system grown in between the rows of aonla (9830 kg/ha).A minimum fodder yield of 8750 kg/ha was attained under Albizialebbek + green fodder, while a minimum gross income of Rs.4790/ha, net income of Rs. 833/ha and BC ratio of 0.21 wereattained from Grewia optiva + green fodder system (Table 61).

In another study, sole gobi sarson, recorded highest grainyield (530 kg/ha), followed by intercropping of gobi sarson in agri-silvicultural system of leucaena and gobi sarson (365 kg/ha).Among different systems, Agri – silvicultural system: (Grewiaoptiva + gobi sarson) recorded highest net income (Rs. 5045/ha), followed by agri- silviculutral system with leucaena and gobisarson (Rs.4112/ha) and agri-horti system of Guava and gobisarson (Rs. 3916 /ha) (Table 62).

The alternate land use system studies at Rakh Dhiansarshowed that annual cropping system of blackgram/greengram –wheat recorded highest net income of Rs.18484/ha, followed bymaize – wheat system (Rs. 17983/ha). However, silvi agriculturalsystem (intercrop of fodder and wheat with the rows of leucaena)gave a net income of Rs.11086/ha (Table 63).

Kharif cropsfor contingencycrop planningat BallowalSaunkhri

Rabi crops forcontingency

crop planningat Ballowal

Saunkhri




Table 61. Performance of different tree species for fodder productivity and monetary returns at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Fodder Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldyield cultivation income incom ratio (11 yrs)


Agri - horti system: Guava + green fodder - - - - - 12590Agri – silviculture system: Leucaena 9160 3957 9492 5535 1.4 11700leucocephala + green fodderAgril – silvicultural system 9580 3957 4790 833 0.21 12170(Grewia optiva + green fodder)Agri – silvicultural: (Albizia lebbek + green fodder) 8750 3957 7512 3555 0.90 11320Aonla + green fodder 9830 3957 30595 26638 60.73 13160Agriculture, control: green fodder 15540 3957 7770 3813 0.96 17755

Table 62. Performance of gobi sarson under different tree component for productivity and monetary returns at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldyield cultivation income incom ratio (5 yrs)


Agri - horti system: Guava + green fodder - - - - - 12590Agri-horti system: Guava + gobi sarson - 7400 10416 3916 1.56 260Agri – silvicultural system: 365 7400 11512 4112 1.56 360(Leucaena leucocephala + gobi sarson)Agri – silvicultural system:(Grewia optiva + gobi sarson) 312 7400 12445 5045 1.68 320Agri – silvicultural system (Albizzia lebbek + gobi sarson) 304 7400 8349 949 1.13 310Aonla + gobi sarson 347 7400 -5725 1675 0.23 330Agriculture, control: Gobi sarson 530 7400 -8745 1345 0.18 450

Table 63. Effect of different enterprises of arable crops and agro-forestry options on production and profitability at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost ofcultivation Gross income Net income BCGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

RabiMaize – wheat 2604 2864 13915 31898 17983 1.29Blackgram/greengram-wheat 2645 2909 13915 32399 18484 1.33Fodder – toria + gobhi sarson 479+572 7400 17341 9941 1.34Silvi – agri system (Leucaena 2041 13915 25001 11086 0.80leucocephala + fodder – wheat)Agri – hort system (Aonla + fodder 860 2245 7400 14190 6790 0.90+ greengram / blackgram – gobhi sarson)Vegetable & medicinal 1843 13600 22116 8516 0.62

Leucaena leucocephala + Gobi sarson atRakh Dhiansar

Integrated Farming System at RakhDhiansar

Effect of spacing on growth and yield oflemon grass at Ballowal Saunkhri



Table 64. Performance of different trees, crops, vegetables and fodder for productivity and monetary returns under integrated farmingsystem at Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost ofcultivation Gross income Net income BCGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Maize 3580 3940 10178 31630 21452 2.10Blackgram 187 6145 8415 2270 0.37Fodder 30000 3957 15000 11043 2.79Leucaena 26000 3957 13000 9043 2.28Aonla + fodder 24380 3957 12190 8233 2.08Vegetable (okra) 2416 12735 19328 6593 0.56

3.2.9 Integrated Farming Systems

The integrated on station farming system model studiesindicated that among different enterprises, sole maize recordedhighest net returns (Rs.21452/ha), followed by growing fodder –toria + gobi sarson system (Rs.11043/ha), silvi agricultural systemconsisting of leucaena + fodder – wheat (Rs. 9043/ha), agri-horti system (aonla + fodder + greengram + blackgram – gobisarson) which gave a net income of Rs.8233/ha (Table 64).

In another study, arable cropping system of blackgram/greengram – wheat and maize – wheat system recorded the highestnet income of Rs.18484/ha and Rs.17983/ha respectively. Whilesilvi agricultural system with leucaena + fodder – wheat gavethe net income of Rs.11086/ha. Growing of vegetables andmedicinal plants recorded a net income of Rs.8516/ha (Table 65).

At Ballowal Saunkhri, planting of lemon grass at 60 x 30 cmduring kharif gave highest oil yield (123 kg/ha), followed by a rowspacing of 45 x 45 cm (115 kg/ha). While hoeing in lemon grasson an average enhanced the productivity (1 kg/ha) compared tonon-hoeing (113 kg/ha). During summer, 60 x 30 cm was foundoptimum to get higher oil yield in lemon grass (71 kg/ha). Hoeingin lemon grass contributed for getting additional 3 kilos of oilduring summer (Table 66).

3.3. Oilseed Based Production System

3.3.1 Groundnut based production system

3.3.1.1 Crops and Varieties

At Anantapur, the improved varieties of groundnut of DVRT-

Table 65. Performance of different crops under agri-horti system for productivity and monetary returns at Rakh Dhiansar


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Maize – wheat 2604 2864 13915 31898 17983 1.29Blackgram / greengram – wheat 2645 2909 13915 32399 18484 1.33Fodder – toria + gobi sarson 479+572 7400 17341 9941 1.34Silvi – agri system (Lucaena leucocephala 2041 13915 25001 11086 1.80+ fodder-wheat)Agri – hort system (Aonla + fodder + greengram/ 860 2245 7400 14190 6790 1.90blackgram – gobhi sarson)Vegetable & medicinal 1843 13600 22116 8516 1.62

7 recorded highest pod yield (633 kg/ha), followed by DVRT-3(594 kg/ha) and DVRT-6 (578 kg/ha). In a multi-location trial,the improved variety of K-1509 gave highest pod yield (854 kg/ha)followed by K-1375. These varieties on an average enhanced theproductivity by 53 kg/ha compared to Vemana (771kg/ha). Inanother trial, ICGV-00349 registered highest pod yield (1004 kg/ha) followed by ICGV-00340 (829 kg/ha). Under on-farm trial,the improved varieties TCGS-25, Narayani and 86015 of groundnutrecorded a pod yield of 600, 599 and 616 kg/ha respectively duringthe season. In another study, the improved variety of Narayanirecorded highest pod yield (1110 kg/ha) followed by 93372 (660kg/ha).

At Rajkot, the improved variety of GG-11C recorded highestpod yield (1106 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 4384/ha) followed byJVR-449 (1050 kg/ha), with a net income of Rs. 6709/ha. AmongVirginia bunch groundnut genotypes, JSSP-25 gave highest podyield (1081 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 4206/ha) followed byJSSP-24 (1031 kg/ha). However, JSSP-29 recorded a higher netincome (Rs. 2821/ha) compared to JSSP-24 (Rs. 1652/ha). Ingreengram, GM-4 gave highest seed yield (393 kg/ha) with grossincome of Rs. 12881/ha. The improved variety of sorghum, SR-1904 registered highest grain yield (420 kg/ha). However, theimproved variety of SR-1647 gave highest fodder yield (9812 kg/ha) among all other entries (Table 67).

In sesame varietal trial, improved variety of G-TIL-3 gavemaximum seed yield (640 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 2890/hafollowed by G-TIL-2 (572 kg/ha) with net income of Rs. 510/ha(Table 68).




Table 66. Effect of row spacing and interculture on productivity of lemon grass at Ballowal Saunkhri

Crop Treatment Oil yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (2 yrs) (kg/ha)

Lemon grass (kharif ) Row spacing (cm)45x30 123 8945x45 115 8360x30 123 8860x45 111 8160x60 96 72IntercultureControl 113 81Hoeing 114 82

Lemon grass (Summer) Row spacing (cm)45x30 64 4145x45 63 4060x30 71 4460x45 56 3660x60 54 35IntercultureControl 60 38Hoeing 63 40

Table 67. Influence of improved varieties of crops on productivity and monetary returns at Rajkot

Crop Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (4 yrs)


Groundnut GG – 11C 1106 3852 27080 31464 4384 1.16 1240(Virginia JVR – 449 1050 4963 27080 33789 6709 1.25 1050spreading) M – 335 (C) 637 4722 27080 25632 -1448 0.95 877

CD (5%) 141 112Groundnut JSSP – 25 1081 3222 27080 31286 4206 1.16 1352(Virginia bunch) GG – 20 (C) 1037 2889 27080 29407 2327 1.09 1298

JSSP – 24 1031 2704 27080 28732 1652 1.06 1318CD (5%) 123 147

Greengram GM – 4 393 1528 12565 12881 316 1.03 545GM-02-12 145 1921 12565 7467 -5098 0.59 193GM-02-13 123 2130 12565 7335 -5230 0.58 164CD (5%) 37

Sorghum SR – 1904 420 7765 18960 22142 3182 1.16 350SR – 2717 340 7310 18960 20485 1525 1.08 340SR – 1663 319 7245 18960 20186 1226 1.06 178CD (5%) 122 1354

Table 68. Influence of improved varieties of sesame on productivity and monetary returns at Rajkot

Treatment Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yield(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (4 yrs) (kg/ha)

G. Til-3 640 19510 22400 2890 1.15 640G. Til-2 572 19510 20020 510 1.03 598ABT – 24 527 19510 18445 -1065 0.94 527CD (5%) 76



Table 69. Influence of cropping systems on productivity and monetary returns at Rajkot



Groundnut-groundnut 424 1901 18850 10822 -8028 0.57 884Groundnut-cotton 690 2396 18850 16867 -1983 0.89 697Groundnut-castor 975 1771 18850 20605 1755 1.09 983Groundnut- pearlmillet 1030 1968 18850 21961 3111 1.17 1039Groundnut- sesame 954 2257 18850 21209 2359 1.13 1178Cotton-cotton 1209 85 16234 21326 5092 1.31 833Cotton-castor 1370 115 16234 24197 7963 1.49 1082Cotton-pearlmillet 1283 126 16234 22711 6477 1.40 991Cotton-sesame 1578 175 16234 27964 11730 1.72 1110Castor-castor 1527 196 17040 27115 10075 1.59 1244Pearlmillet-pearlmillet 215 2684 14925 9135 -5790 0.61 643Sesame-sesame 512 24 13330 9016 -4314 0.68 982

3.3.1.2 Cropping Systems

At Rajkot, cotton-sesame sequence recorded highest grossincome (Rs. 27964/ha), net income (Rs. 11730/ha), followed bycastor-castor sequence with a gross income of Rs. 2715/ha, netincome of Rs. 10075/ha, while sesame-sesame registered lowestgross income of Rs. 9016/ha. The crop sequences of groundnut-groundnut, groundnut-cotton, pearlmillet-pearlmillet and sesame-sesame were found to be unprofitable (Table 69).

At Anantapur, pigeonpea gave highest grain yield of 1233kg/ha with a net income of Rs. 18735/ha, while sorghum recordedlowest grain yield of 294 kg/ha under normal sowing conditions.Groundnut was found to be equally superior with a pod yield of383 kg/ha and net returns of Rs. 3388/ha. Under late sownconditions (2nd fortnight of July), groundnut gave highest pod yieldof 636 kg/ha with a net income of Rs. 9582/ha. Under thissituation, pigeonpea gave a grain yield of 669 kg/ha along with netreturns of Rs. 7455/ha. Castor recorded lowest bean yield of 203kg/ha. During the first fortnight of August, groundnut gave a podyield of 415 kg/ha with a net income of Rs. 11838/ha, whilepigeonpea was found to be the second best with a yield of 565 kg/ha and net returns of Rs. 5375/ha (Table 70).

At Rajkot, highest grain yield of pearlmillet (1029 kg/ha)was recorded when sown 30 days after onset of monsoon, followedby 15 days after onset of monsoon and under normal onset ofmonsoon. In sesame, highest grain yield of 333 kg/ha along withthe gross income of Rs. 11108/ha when sown at onset of monsoonand also 15 and 30 days after onset of monsoon. Blackgramrecorded highest grain yield of 593 kg/ha during onset of monsoon.This crop also recorded highest grain yield 15 and 30 days afteronset of monsoon. The bunch groundnut registered highest podyield of 619 kg/ha when sown 15 days after onset of monsoon.Similar trend of results was observed even 15 and 30 days after

onset of monsoon. Castor recorded highest bean yield (1789 kg/ha) when sown with onset of monsoon and also 15 and 30 daysafter onset of monsoon. In cotton, highest pod yield of 848 kg/hawas recorded when sown with onset of monsoon. Similar trendswere observed even 15 and 30 days after onset of monsoon.Pigeonpea gave highest grain yield of 3600 kg/ha when sown 15days after onset of monsoon. In groundnut, a maximum podyield of 715 kg/ha was recorded when sown during onset ofmonsoon, while lowest pod yield of 136 kg/ha was recorded whensown at 30 days after onset of monsoon (Table 71).

3.3.1.3 Rain Water Management

At Rajkot, there was no significant difference in pod yieldsof groundnut due to different rain water management practices.However, 30 cm distance between rows having 3 rows on broad

Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation enhancedgroundnut yields at Anantapur




Table 70. Influence of sowing time on productivity and profitability of different crops at Anantapur

Crop/Cropping system Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income Mean yield(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (3 yrs) (kg/ha)

Early sowingGroundnut 206 7547 -953 293Sorghum 294 3411 -3840 277Sunflower 121Pigeonpea 1233 24660 18735 914Castor 525 10500 1800 594Cluster bean 376 6768 1505 259Normal sowingGroundnut 383 8500 11883 3388 736Sorghum 282 7251 3333 -3918 542Sunflower 6560 299Pigeonpea 624 5925 12480 6555 556Castor 232 8700 4640 -4060 811Cluster bean 292 5263 5256 -7 248Late sowing: July 2nd fortnightGroundnut 636 8500 18082 9582 656Sorghum 1250 7251 9625 2374 839Sunflower 6560 243Pigeonoea 669 5925 13380 7455 532Castor 203 8700 4060 -4640 440Cluster bean 458 5263 8244 2981 289Late sowing: Aug 1st fortnightGroundnut 415 8500 12668 11838 403Sorghum 459 7251 4483 -2768 275Sunflower 6560 215Pigeonpea 565 5925 11300 5375 401Castor 22 8700 440 -8260 129Cluster bean 305 5263 5490 227 173

fodder yield and Rs. 6094/ha of gross income. It was closelyfollowed by application of 100% RDF with N and K along withboron @ 10 kg/ha (192 kg/ha) with negative net returns. However,there is no significant variation in the yield of groundnut due tovaried nutrient management practices (Table 74).

At Rajkot, application of 100 % recommended N throughinorganic fertilizer gave highest grain yield of pearlmillet (794 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 3237/ha) in permanent strip, followedby application of 50% recommended N through urea. Inpearlmillet under rotation strip, application of 100 %recommended N through inorganic fertilizer gave highest grainyield (942 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 5128/ha followed byapplication of 50% recommended N through urea. In solepearlmillet block, application of 100 % recommended N throughinorganic fertilizer gave significantly highest grain yield of 852 kg/

bed of 90 cm and furrow of 45 cm gave highest pod yield (439 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 995/ha (Table 72).

At Anantapur, supplemental irrigation to groundnut duringmoisture stress enhanced the productivity 478 kg/ha comparedto rainfed system (502 kg/ha).

3.3.1.4 Integrated Nutrient Management

At Anantapur, application of 50% recommended dose, i.e.,10 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha under treated block, gave highestpod yield (247 kg/ha) and gross income (Rs.6426/ha) followedby 100% RDF (20-40-40 NPK kg/ha). In depletion block, therewas no significant variation in the productivity of groundnut dueto varied nutrient management practices (Table 73).

In another study, application of 100% recommendedN and K in groundnut gave 221 kg/ha of pod yield, 1058 kg/ha of



Table 71. Influence of sowing time on productivity and income of different crops at Rajkot

Crop / Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Gross income Mean yieldCropping system Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (3 yrs) (kg/ha)

Pearlmillet On set of monsoon (normal) 696 5630 11547 169315 days after on set monsoon 926 6593 14463 165830 days after on set monsoon 1029 7556 17472 1178CD (5%) NS NS

Sesame On set of monsoon (normal) 333 1189 11108 45115 days after on set monsoon 100 884 3475 38330 days after on set monsoon 196 1074 6644 271CD (5%) 143 513

Blackgram On set of monsoon (normal) 593 815 18185 83115 days after on set monsoon 355 667 10992 78630 days after on set monsoon 156 280 4811 168CD (5%) 248 89

Bunch groundnut On set of monsoon (normal) 537 2630 18120 109615 days after on set monsoon 619 2011 18343 100430 days after on set monsoon 275 1000 8413 794

Castor On set of monsoon (normal) 1789 6333 31992 255815 days after on set monsoon 1418 5036 25372 186730 days after on set monsoon 1204 5259 21789 1375CD (5%) 218 545 5039

Cotton On set of monsoon (normal) 848 4407 20600 114515 days after on set monsoon 308 2481 7704 54230 days after on set monsoon 148 1074 3676 116CD (5%) 148 608 3258

Pigeonpea On set of monsoon (normal) 2500 4259 1547 77915 days after on set monsoon 3600 2370 1284 32330 days after on set monsoon 106 2111 2548 118CD (5%) 256 1053 1899

Spreading groundnut On set of monsoon (normal) 715 1547 23344 125615 days after on set monsoon 304 1284 13663 94730 days after on set monsoon 136 2548 5898 461

Table 72. Influence of rain water management practices on productivity and monetary returns of groundnut at Rajkot



Control (45 cm spacing) 433 2073 13650 14925 1275 1.09 828

30 cm distance between rows having 2 rows 394 1737 14000 13208 -792 0.94 821on broad bed of 60 cm and furrow of 45 cm

30 cm distance between rows having 3 rows 439 2047 14000 14995 995 1.07 854on broad bed of 90 cm and furrow of 45 cm

30 cm distance between rows having 4 rows 344 1663 14000 11898 -2102 0.85 833on broad bed of 120 cm and furrow of 60 cm

CD (5%) NS 210




Table 73. Effect of nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of groundnut at Anantapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net Mean yieldcultivation income income (22 yrs)


Control 237 710 6700 5686 -1014 472

100% RDF (20-40-40 NPK kg/ha) 235 939 8000 6108 -1892 576

50% RDF (10-20-20 NPK, kg/ha) 247 990 7347 6426 -921 557

Groundnut GNS @ 4t/ha 226 677 7700 5422 -2278 558

FYM @ 4 t/ha 219 826 7900 5594 -2306 585

50% RDF (10-20-20 NPK, kg/ha) 193 731 8347 4936 -3411 540+ Groundnut GNS @ 4t/ha

Groundnut GNS @ 4t/ha + FYM @ 4 t/ha 171 917 8547 4912 -3635 543

100% RDF (20-40-40 NPK kg/ha) 226 1029 8417 6126 -2291 551+ ZnSO4 @ 50 kg/ha

FYM @ 5t/ha 205 919 8200 5528 -2672 541

100% RDF (20-40-40 NPK kg/ha) 175 782 9000 4714 -4286 470+ Groundnut GNS @ 4t/ha

CD (5%) 365 144

Table 74. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of groundnut at Anantapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Control 170 1064 6700 5140 -1560

100% RDF (N & K) 221 1058 7210 6094 -1116

100% RDF (N & K) + Boran @ 10 kg/ha 192 1009 7760 5474 -2286

100% RDF (N & K) + ZnSo4 @ 25 kg/ha 173 977 7835 5068 -2767

100% RDF (N & K) + Zn + B 189 992 8385 5386 -2999

100% Rec. NPK 179 941 8000 5104 -2896

CD (5%) NS NS

ha and net income of Rs. 4453/ha. Application of 50%recommended N through urea was the second best and 15 kg Nthrough compost + 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizer was thethird best among all the treatment (Table 75).

At Rajkot in groundnut, application of 25 kg N throughcompost gave highest pod yield (944 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.9670/ha) under permanent strip, followed by application of 15 kgN through green leaf + 20 kg N through urea (778 kg/ha) andnet income (Rs. 5777/ha). In groundnut under rotation strip,application of 25 kg N through compost gave highest pod yield of951 kg/ha and net income of Rs. 11891/ha. It was followed byapplication of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through urea(898 kg/ha). Under sole block, application of 25 kg N throughcompost gave highest pod yield of 1031 kg/ha and net income ofRs.14155/ha, while 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through

urea recorded a pod yield of 720 kg/ha along with a net income ofRs. 7972/ha (Table 76).

In another study, 100% recommended fertilizer throughurea in soybean registered highest seed yield of 1182 kg/ha,followed by 50% recommended fertilizer + vermi-compost @ 1t/ha (1111 kg/ha) and FYM @ 6 t/ha (1043 kg/ha). In groundnut,100% recommended fertilizer through urea gave highest pod yieldof 694 kg/ha and gross income of Rs. 18533/ha, followed by 50%recommended fertilizer + vermi-compost @ 1 t/ha (626 kg/ha)with gross income of Rs. 14567/ha. FYM @ 6 t/ha registered agrain yield of 416 kg/ha, while vermi-compost @ 2 t/ha gave aminimum of 278 kg/ha. 100% recommended fertilizer throughurea gave highest yield of 389 kg/ha in greengram, while 50%recommended fertilizer + vermi-compost @ 1 t/ha gave 333 kg/ha (Table 77).



Table 75. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet in sole and strip cropping systemsat Rajkot



Permanent stripControl 348 2654 8785 6591 -2194 0.75 903100 % rec. N (inorganic) (80:40 NP kg/ha) 794 4907 10039 13316 3277 1.33 161250% rec. N (inorganic) 712 3704 9412 10896 1484 1.16 127625 kg N (compost) 565 3086 11610 8867 -2744 0.76 137415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 435 3457 10589 8448 -2141 0.80 128315 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 624 3673 10697 10190 -508 0.95 136515 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 420 3457 9560 8336 -1225 0.87 110515 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 522 3519 9669 9194 -476 0.95 115815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) manure 380 2901 10936 7202 -3735 0.66 1137CD (5%) 180 942Rotation stripControl 374 3148 8785 7527 -1258 0.86 1183100% rec. N (inorganic) 942 5401 10039 15167 5128 1.51 176650% of rec. N (inorganic) 724 4938 9412 12837 3425 1.36 137925 kg N (compost) 641 3395 11610 9900 -1710 0.85 141515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 505 4815 10589 11010 421 1.04 138715 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 663 5093 10697 12612 1915 1.18 145115 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 477 4506 9560 10337 777 1.08 131515 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 523 4753 9669 11052 1383 1.14 148815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) manure 396 3935 10936 8873 -2064 0.81 1293CD (5%) 181 1127Sole-blockControl 352 3148 8785 7362 -1423 0.84 1105100% rec. N (inorganic) 852 5401 10039 14492 4453 1.44 170250% of rec. N (inorganic) 749 4938 9412 13025 3613 1.38 137725 kg N (compost) 602 3395 11610 9608 -2003 0.83 145815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 560 4815 10589 11423 834 1.08 141415 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 743 5093 10697 13212 2515 1.24 150515 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 473 4506 9560 10307 747 1.08 131715 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 588 4753 9669 11540 1871 1.19 124515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) manure 456 3935 10936 9323 -1614 0.85 1476CD (5%) 143 634

In blackgram, 50% recommended fertilizer + vermicompost @ 1 t/ha was found superior (1620 kg/ha), while 100%recommended fertilizer recorded the yield of 1500 kg/ha. Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha gave grain yield of 972 kg/ha. 100%recommended fertilizer recorded highest grain yield of (765 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 10687/ha, followed by 50%recommended fertilizer + vermi-compost @ 1 t/ha (444 kg/ha).Similar significant results were observed with different nutrient

management practices in respect of pearlmillet, sorghum andmaize. At Anantapur, use of 400 g of N, 250 g of K and 50 g ofzinc/plant recorded highest fruit yield of custard apple (2607 kg/ha), followed by 250 g of K and 50 g of zinc/plant (2407 kg/ha)and control (1946 kg/ha).

3.3.1.5 Tillage and Nutrient management

At Rajkot, conventional tillage gave a maximum pod yield




Table 76. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of groundnut in sole and strip cropping systemsat Rajkot

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Gross Net BC Mean yield income income ratio (7 yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Permanent stripControl 327 2469 10661 -2734 0.80 903100% rec. N (inorganic) (80:40 NP kg/ha) 752 3086 19332 5938 1.44 106950% of rec. N (inorganic) 549 2717 15042 1648 1.12 97125 kg N (compost) 944 3272 23064 9670 1.72 118415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 639 3210 17603 4209 1.31 97415 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 651 2963 17319 3925 1.29 108615 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 552 2778 15216 1822 1.14 87115 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 778 2778 19171 5777 1.43 104415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) manure 517 2654 14356 962 1.07 930CD (5%) 196 NSRotation stripControl 496 3395 15470 2076 1.15 941100% rec. N (inorganic) 748 4074 21238 7844 1.59 130450% rec. N (inorganic) 607 3519 17661 4267 1.32 109125 kg N (compost) 951 4321 25285 11891 1.89 130615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 711 3704 19851 6457 1.48 105215 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 898 4136 23987 10593 1.79 121915 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 554 3704 17103 3709 1.28 108415 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 700 3889 20028 6634 1.50 112515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 607 3765 4759 1.36 1058CD (5%) 243 NSSole blockControl 519 3272 15627 2233 1.17 1000100% rec. N (inorganic) 699 3827 19887 6493 1.48 131450% rec. N (inorganic) 645 4136 19560 6166 1.46 105625 kg N (compost) 1031 4753 27549 14155 2.06 128515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 686 4012 20029 6635 1.50 111315 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 686 4012 20029 6635 1.50 111315 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 720 4383 21366 7972 1.60 110915 kg N (green leaf) manure + 10 kg N (inorganic) 609 3827 18312 4918 1.37 100215 kg N (green leaf) manure + 20 kg N (inorganic) 707 4259 20891 7497 1.56 107715 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 625 3889 18716 5322 1.40 1081CD (5%) 251 NS

(847 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 10235/ha, followed by deeptillage up to 30 cm (807 kg/ha) with a net income of Rs. 8188/ha.Among nutrient management practices, 100% organic applicationregistered highest pod yield of 806 kg/ha and net income of Rs.6410/ha. There was no significant difference with the interactionof tillage and nutrients in respect of yield and monetary advantage(Table 78).

3.3.1.6 Energy Management

At Anantapur, intercultivation with tractor drawn implement3 times at 25, 50 and 65 DAS at 30 x 10 cm spacing in groundnutrecorded pod yield (380 kg/ha) and gross income of Rs. 7352/ha.The farmers’ method of cultivation gave a pod yield of 301 kg/haand a gross income of Rs. 7262/ha. There was no significant



Table 78. Influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of groundnut in sesame-groundnut system at Rajkot



TillageConventional tillage 847 1931 13650 23885 10235 1.75 824Low tillage + Interculture 741 1835 13150 21260 8110 1.62 759Low tillage + Interculture + Herbicide 785 1749 12725 22035 9310 1.73 788Deep tillage up to 30 cm 807 1752 14350 22538 8188 1.57 811CD (5%) NS NSFertilizer100% organic source 806 1844 16335 22745 6410 1.39 809100% inorganic source 790 1826 13650 22340 8690 1.64 78350% organic + 50% inorganic 790 1780 14993 22225 7232 1.48 795CD (5%) NS NS

Table 77. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns of different crops at Rajkot

Crop/ Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldCropping cultivation income income ratio (4 yrs)system Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Soybean FYM 6 t/ha 1043 2361 8655 12791 4136 1.48 93750% RDF + 1 t/havermi-compost 1111 2361 8807 13471 4664 1.53 811Vermi-compost @ 2 t/ha 972 2272 8900 11992 3092 1.35 802100% RDF 1182 2430 7884 14250 6366 1.81 854

Groundnut FYM 6 t/ha 416 1806 14375 10892 -3483 0.76 136850% RDF + 1 t/havermi-compost 626 1806 14647 14567 -80 0.99 1251Vermi compost @ 2 t/ha 278 1528 14740 7921 -6819 0.54 1205100% RDF 694 3194 13635 18533 4898 1.36 1111

Greengram FYM 6 t/ha 265 972 7111 9670 -2559 0.74 65350% RDF + 1 t/havermi-compost 333 1042 8846 9822 -976 0.90 668Vermi-compost @ 2 t/ha 237 556 6203 9915 -3712 0.63 590100% RDF 389 1182 10316 8924 1392 1.16 631

Narrow (8.3 x 28") cage wheels tractor for interculture at Anantapur

difference in the use of implements on different dates of sowingfor weeding in the study.

3.3.1.7 Integrated Farming Systems

In the integrated farming system module at Anantapur, thetamarind had an increase in plant height from 296.5 cm in 2005to 300.5 cm in 2006 under horti-pastoral system. Among differentspecies under natural vegetation, neem had a maximum plantheight of 350 cm, while 260 cm was attained by wild koranda.The stem girth was maximum for neem (55 cm) followed byOpuntia. A maximum biomass of 478 g/m2 was attained underhorti-pastoral system after second year of study. Groundnut wasfound to be profitable enterprise (14000 kg/ha) (Table 79).




Table 79. Suitability of agriculture, natural vegetation and horti-pastoral system at Anantapur

Treatment Plant Stem Biomass Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Netheight girth production cultivation Income Income(cm) (cm) (g/m2) Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Agriculture (Groundnut) 21 436 800 1000 10000 14000 4000Natural vegetationOpuntia 273 45 334Wild koranda 260 27Wild Ber 265 24Neem 350 55Horti-pastoral system 286 33 478 15290 15100 -190

Table 80. Influence of improved varieties on productivity and profitability of crops at Indore

Crop / Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Gross income Net income BCCropping system Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Soybean JS 93-05 1641 2055 23387 15387 1.92JS 95-60 1563 1383 21930 13930 1.74

Pigeonpea ICP 8863 2125 4578 40375 33875 5.20JA 4 1844 2953 35031 28531 4.40CD (5%) 379 695

Chickpea JG 16 1666 2291 36661 30161 4.64JG 315 1484 1849 32651 26151 4.02JG 322 1250 1042 27496 20996 3.23CD (5%) 342 691

Niger 10 BNS 10 427 1066 8542 4742 1.25JNS 116 406 896 8125 4325 1.14JNS 10 405 880 8090 4290 1.13CD (5%) 54 152

3.3.2 Soybean based production system

3.3.2.1 Crop Improvement

At Indore, the improved variety of JS – 93 – 05 in soybeanrecorded the highest grain yield (1641 kg/ha) and net income ofRs.15387/ha in rainfed vertisols. In pigeonpea ICP – 8863 recordedgrain yield (2125 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.33875/ha), followedby JA – 4 (1844 kg/ha). The improved variety of JG-16 gave highestgrain yield (1666 kg/ha) with net income (Rs.30161/ha), followedby JG-315 with 1484 kg/ha. In niger, BNS-10 was found to besuperior with a maximum grain yield (427 kg/ha) and net incomeof Rs.4742/ha (Table 80).

At Rewa, the improved variety TM – 99 – 50 in greengramregistered maximum grain yield (1740 kg/ha) and net income(Rs.50963/ha) followed by MI-181-1 (1698 kg/ha).

In black gram, IVU-486 gave highest grain yield (1427 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.37002/ha closely, followed by TU-10with 1240 kg/ha. In chickpea, JG-130 superior for grain yield (2522kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 42694/ha. In lentil, JL-2 rankedfirst in grain yield (1399 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.22492/ha(Table 81).


Among sole crops, soybean recorded highest net income(Rs.34073/ha) followed by sole pigeonpea (Rs. 23814/ha). Inintercropping systems, soybean + pigeonpea system recordedhighest soybean equivalent yield of 3997 kg/ha and net income ofRs. 45962/ha, followed by Rs.18173/ha when sown during onsetof monsoon. Among planting of sole and intercropping systems,10 days after onset of monsoon, sole pigeonpea recorded highestsoybean grain equivalent yield and highest net income. But solepigeonpea and soybean + pigeonpea intercropping gave highestsoybean grain equivalent yield and net income when systems wereplanted 20 days after onset of monsoon (Table 82).

At Indore, highest monetary returns were recorded by solepigeonpea with JA-4 (Rs.23900/ha), followed by groundnut (Jyothi)(Rs.12760/ha) and soybean (JS-335) (Rs.10900/ha) (Table 83).


Among different in situ moisture conservation practicestested at Indore, ridge and furrow (45 cm) gave highest grain yield(1675 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.15381/ha. This was on parwith broad bed furrow (45 cm) and ridge – furrow system (60



Table 82. Influence of different cropping systems on yield and monetary returns on different dates of sowing at Indore

Treatment Grain Yield (kg/ha) Net income BC Mean yieldI II Soybean eqt. (Rs/ha) ratio (4yrs) (kg/ha)

Onset of monsoon (D1)Sole soybean 2882 - 3116 34073 4.26 2205Sole sunflower 510 - 605 167 0.02 1299Sole pigeonpea 1562 - 2357 23814 2.98 1991Sole sesame 46 - 102 -6620 -0.83 102Soybean + pigeonpea 2135 1094 3997 45962 5.75 2734Sunflower + pigeonpea 158 1163 1939 18173 2.27 1942Sesame + pigeonpea 24 1007 1569 13180 1.65 1314Sunflower + soybean 240 642 989 5349 0.67 144310 days after onset monsoon (D2)Sole soybean 1684 1814 16484 2.06 1711Sole sunflower 556 658 889 0.11 1359Sole pigeonpea 1354 2042 19569 2.45 1720Sole sesame 56 125 -6307 -0.79 125Soybean + pigeonpea 1406 378 2103 20389 2.55 2078Sunflower + pigeonpea 382 399 1052 6197 0.77 1664Sesame + pigeonpea 33 660 1067 6410 0.80 1067Sunflower + soybean 86 502 656 858 0.11 128020 days after onset monsoonSole soybean 533 594 21 0.00 1073Sole sunflower 230 273 -4319 -0.54 1048Sole pigeonpea 694 1048 6149 0.77 1164Sole sesame 30 66 -7115 -0.89 66Soybean + pigeonpea 851 269 1340 10096 1.26 1484Sunflower + pigeonpea 278 285 758 2233 0.28 1118Sesame + pigeonpea 79 384 752 2154 0.27 752Sunflower + soybean 61 734 884 3935 0.49 871

Table 81. Influence of improved varieties on productivity and profitability of various crops at Rewa

Crop/ Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldCropping cultivation income income ratio (4 yrs)system Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Greengram (2 yrs) TM 99-50 1740 1380 20000 70963 50963 3.55 1270MI 181-1 1698 1540 20000 69456 49456 3.47 1184TJM 15 1469 1340 20000 60090 40090 3.00 1200

Blackgram (2 yrs) IVU 486 1427 1340 15000 52002 37002 3.47 1370 TU 10 1239 1204 15000 48067 33067 3.20 1198PDU 1 (C) 1208 1150 15000 46837 31837 3.12 995

Chickpea JG 130 2522 4145 15000 57694 42694 3.85 2000(4 yrs) SHAKI 2367 4300 15000 54367 39367 3.62 1816

JG 322 2367 4110 15000 54266 39266 3.62 1979CD (5%) 550

Lentil JL 2 1399 1526 12000 34492 22492 2.87 2005(6 yrs) LH 90-103 1356 1874 12000 33668 21668 2.81 1965

RWL 3 1344 1656 12000 33249 21249 2.77 1936CD (5%) 231




Table 83. Suitability of different crops for yield and monetary returns at Indore

Treatment Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yield(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (4 yrs)(kg/ha)

Soybean (JS-335) 1400 8000 18900 10900 1.36 1288Cotton (Vikram) 1400 12000 22400 10400 0.86 1113Groundnut (Jyothi) 1320 11000 23760 12760 1.16 1285Pigeonpea (JA-4) 1600 6500 30400 23900 3.67 1250Maize (Navjot) 1800 6500 10800 4300 0.66 1925Sorghum (SPV-938) 1400 6500 8400 1900 0.29 1750

Table 84. Influence of rain water management practices on productivity and profitability of soybean at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yield cultivation income income ratio (5 yrs)


Control flat bed (45 cm) 1300 1120 7775 18232 10457 2.36 937Broad bed & furrow 45cm 1646 1370 8175 23044 14869 2.82 1263Ridge and furrow system (45 cm) 1675 1576 8175 23556 15381 2.88 1322Ridge & furrow (60 cm) 1605 1440 8175 22531 14356 2.78 1304Back furrow after 7.5 m spacing 1210 1177 8175 17039 8864 2.01 1019Back furrow after 15 m spacing 1280 1436 8175 18139 9964 2.22 990Back furrow after 30 m spacing 1309 1284 8175 18437 10262 2.26 984Back furrow after 45 m spacing 1461 1749 8175 20771 12596 2.54 1027

In-situ moisture conservation practices with ridges and furrows (45cm), broad bed furrow (45cm)and ridges and furrows (60cm) at Indore

cm) for grain and fodder yield, gross income, net income and BCratio (Table 84).

In soybean-safflower cropping sequence, weed biomass @5 t/ha gave highest grain yield in soybean and net income(Rs.28503/ha). This practice also gave a safflower grain yield (1059kg/ha) with net income (Rs.32239/ha). Use of glyricidia leavesmulching @ 2 t/ha registered soybean grain yield of 2396 kg/hawith net income of Rs.25779/ha while in safflower mulching withglyricidia leaves recorded a net income of Rs.13729/ha (Table 85).

Deep sowing of 10-15 cm with rotavator gave highest grainyield of chickpea (2070 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.39532/hafollowed by normal sowing at 5-7 cm depth (1810 kg/ha).

In soybean, sowing across the slope + vegetative barrier(Cympopogan martini) registered highest grain yield (1367 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.15267/ha followed by sowing across theslope and mechanical bund (1273 kg/ha) with net income of

Rs.11527/ha. On an average these practices enhanced theadditional net income of Rs.6041/ha and Rs.2301/ha comparedto sowing along the slope (Table 86).


Long term studies on nutrient management

In a permanent manurial study on soybean at Indore,20 kg N + 13 kg P/ha + FYM @ 6 t/ha gave maximum grainyield (3247 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.37475/ha) followed byapplication of 20 kg N + 13 kg P/ha + crop residue @ 5 t/ha(3102 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.33588/ha. In rabi season,safflower was grown under residual moisture condition. 20 kg N+ 13 kg P/ha + FYM @ 6 t/ha as applied to soybean in kharifgave highest safflower yield (1481 kg/ha) and net income(Rs.14500/ha). This was followed by 20 kg N + 13 kg P/ha +crop residue @ 5 t/ha with a yield of 1163 kg/ha and net incomeof Rs.10203/ha (Table 87).



Table 87. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and monetary returns in soybean-safflower at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Net income BC Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) ratio (15 yrs) (kg/ha)

SoybeanControl 1464 2703 13852 1.73 126120 kg N + 13 kg P/ha 2448 4497 27969 3.50 162030 kg N + 20 kg P/ha 2720 3877 31163 3.90 178140 kg N + 26 kg P/ha 2772 3478 31509 3.94 188660 kg N + 35 kg P/ha 3050 4821 35831 4.48 1994FYM @ 6t/ha+T2 3247 4855 37475 4.68 2095Residues @ 5 t/ha+T2 3102 4132 33588 4.20 1790FYM 6t/ha 3061 4462 34970 4.37 1863Residues 5t/ha 2431 3819 34369 3.05 1629CD (5%) 1150 1693SafflowerControl 550 1869 1922 0.3520 kg N + 13 kg P/ha 972 2211 7625 1.3930 kg N + 20 kg P/ha 810 2199 5437 0.9940 kg N + 26 kg P/ha 868 2083 6219 1.1360 kg N + 35 kg P/ha 1134 3264 9812 1.78FYM @ 6t/ha+T2 1481 3484 14500 2.64Residues @ 5 t/ha + T2 1163 2078 10203 1.86FYM @ 6t/ha 949 2292 7312 1.33Residues @ 5t/ha 943 2529 7234 1.32CD (5%) 178 532

Table 86. Influence of rainwater management practices on productivity and monetary returns of soybean at Indore

Treatment Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yield(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (5 yrs) (kg/ha)

Sowing along the slope 1072 8000 17226 9226 1.15 1276Sowing across the slope 1206 8000 18400 10400 1.30 1363Sowing across the slope 1273 8000 19527 11527 1.44 1446+ mechanical bundSowing across the slope 1367 8000 23267 15267 1.91 1723+ vegetative barrier(Cympopogan martini)

Table 85. Influence of mulches on productivity and profitability in soybean and safflower system at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Net income BC ratio Grain Fodder (Rs/ha)

I II I II I II I IINo mulching 2379 694 4670 1944 26586 5042 3.19 2.29Glyricidia leaves mulching @ 2t/ha 2396 1007 4601 2465 25779 13729 2.76 2.50Straw mulching @ 4 t /ha 2335 1146 4757 2240 25057 22969 2.69 3.03Weed biomass @ 5 t/ha 2587 1059 4844 2066 28503 32239 3.06 3.84Soil mulching 2196 1128 4948 2344 23683 42181 2.65 4.38Polyphone mulching 2326 1137 4288 2509 23654 50255 2.29 4.15CD (5%) 150 200




Table 88. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and profitability under sole maize block at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Fodder Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldYield cultivation income income ratio (9 yrs) (kg/ha)

Grain Soybean eqt. (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Grain Soybean eqt.Control 366 212 603 4336 2862 -1474 -0.34 1268 658100% RDF 655 379 1054 6533 5114 -1419 -0.22 2006 1031(80:60:20 kg NPK/ha)50% RDF 507 292 781 5435 3940 -1494 -0.27 1856 956(40:30:10 kg NPK/ha)40 kg N (compost) 450 262 781 5936 3541 -2395 -0.40 1733 84720 kg N (compost) + 439 254 712 5366 3427 -1939 -0.36 1633 86120 kg N (urea) as top dress20 kg N (compost) + 418 241 664 5526 3260 -2266 -0.41 1517 79520 kg N- (urea) as top dress+ azotobactor -@ 2kg/ha20 kg N (green leaf) + 444 250 524 5260 3373 -1886 -0.36 1603 82520 kg N (urea) as top dress20 kg N (green leaf) + 439 251 621 5420 3382 -2038 -0.38 1658 85320 kg N (urea) as top dressAzotobactor @ 2 kg/ha20 kg N (compost) + 434 252 717 5829 3398 -2432 -0.42 1623 83620 kg N (green leaf)20 kg N (compost) + 466 264 605 5944 3565 -2379 -0.40 1725 88010 kg N (green leaf) +10 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 433 244 513 5544 3288 -2257 -0.41 1612 82820 kg N (green leaf) +10 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 422 246 741 5473 3322 -2151 -0.39 1571 80410 kg N (green leaf) +20 kg N (urea) as top dress +Azotobactor @ 2 kg/haCD (5%) 77 175

In soybean and chickpea sequence, highest soybean yield(2592 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.28694/ha) were recorded withan application of 50% recommended fertilizer through inorganicsource and remaining through organic source. Similar trend ofresult was observed in respect of safflower, which gave grain yieldof 1530 kg/ha and net returns of Rs.13428/ha during rabi season.

Among nutrient management practices, highest soybeanequivalent yield (379 kg/ha) was attained with an application of80 kg N + 60 kg P + 20 kg K/ha under sole maize block. Undersole soybean block, 80 kg N + 60 kg P + 20 kg K/ha gavemaximum soybean equivalent yield of 2062 kg/ha and net incomeof Rs.19837/ha, BC ratio of 2.48 followed by application of 40 kgN + 30 kg P + 10 kg K/ha (1873 kg/ha) with net income ofRs.18390/ha. Under maize + soybean strip, 80 kg N + 60 kg P+ 20 kg K/ha gave highest soybean equivalent yield (1461 kg/ha), net income of Rs.11723/ha and BC ratio of 1.47. This wasfollowed by 40 kg N + 30 kg P + 10 kg K/ha with a yield of 1321kg/ha, gross income of Rs.17831/ha, net income of Rs.10929/haand a maximum BC ratio of 1.58 (Table 88, 89 and 90).

In another study, chickpea was planted on residual moisturein sole soybean and maize blocks. Use of 80 kg N + 60 kg P +20 kg K/ha in kharif season for maize gave residual effect onyield of chickpea (1470 kg/ha) which derived net income ofRs.26340/ha. Maximum chickpea yield of 1966 kg/ha and netincome of Rs.37252/ha were recorded in soybean block with samelevel of fertilizer applied to soybean in kharif season. The influenceof residual effects on yield and monetary returns in chickpea werepronounced under soybean block compared to maize block insemi arid vertisols (Table 91).

At Indore, application of Jabua rock phosphate @ 60 kg P/ha + 3 kg PSB mixed with 50 kg FYM/ha gave significantly highestseed yield of soybean 2269 kg/ha and net income of Rs.23945/ha,followed by application of 60 kg P/ha through single superphosphate with a seed yield of 2211 kg/ha and net income ofRs.23146/ha (Table 92).

In another study, application of 100% recommended N, Pand K i.e., 40 kg N + 60 kg P + 20 kg K/ha together with sulphur@ 40 kg/ha through gypsum gave maximum grain yield (2463kg/ha) and net income of Rs.26243/ha in soybean (Table 93).



Table 90. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and monetary returns under maize + soybean intercropping at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Soybean Cost of Gross Net BC Mean soybeaneqt. yield cultivation income income ratio eqt. yield

I II (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (9 yrs)(kg/ha)Control 146 801 927 5803 12509 6706 1.16 1151100% RDF (80:60:20 kg N PK/ha) 299 1229 1461 8000 19723 11723 1.47 176850% RDF (40:30:10 kg N PK/ha) 219 1133 1321 6902 17831 10929 1.58 161540 kg N (compost) 198 983 1148 7403 15493 8090 1.09 147620 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 194 345 1186 6833 16015 9182 1.34 1444as top dress20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 176 1026 1192 6993 16097 9104 1.30 1478as top dress + azotobactor @ 2kg/ha20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N 183 983 1144 6727 15441 8714 1.30 1414(urea) as top dress20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) 184 1015 1186 6887 16011 9124 1.32 1466as top dress Azotobactor @ 2 kg/ha20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N 190 1090 1260 7296 17006 9710 1.33 1492(green leaf)20 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N 210 313 1211 7411 16345 8934 1.21 1468(green leaf) + 10 kg N (urea)as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N 194 919 1070 7012 14441 7429 1.06 1389(green leaf) + 10 kg N (urea)as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N 199 983 1164 6940 15718 8778 1.26 1411(green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) as topdress + Azotobactor @ 2 kg/haCD (5%) 32 178

Table 89. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and monetary returns under sole soybean block at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (9 yrs) (kg/ha)

Grain Soybean eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Grain Soybean eqt.Control 1197 1267 5803 17103 11300 1.95 1317 1449100% RDF (80:60:20 kg N PK/ha) 1977 2062 8000 27837 19837 2.48 1996 215650% RDF (40:30:10 kg NPK/ha) 1784 1873 6902 25292 18390 2.66 1846 200640 kg N (compost) 1699 1794 7403 24222 16819 2.27 1737 189640 kg N (compost) 1699 1794 7403 24222 16819 2.27 1737 189620 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 1421 1500 6833 20254 13421 1.96 1620 1772as top dress20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) 1560 1638 6993 22109 15116 2.16 1656 1811as top dress + azotobactor @ 2kg/ha20 kg N (green leaf) + 1645 1748 6727 23597 16870 2.51 1728 189320 kg N (urea) as top dress20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) 1410 1490 6887 20116 13229 1.92 1574 1722as top dress Azotobactor @ 2 kg/ha20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 1709 1807 7296 24392 17096 2.34 1704 186220 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1720 1815 7411 24497 17086 2.31 1747 1895+ 10 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 1709 1797 7012 24263 17251 2.46 1777 1926 + 10 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1442 1506 6940 20337 13397 1.93 1619 1756+ 20 kg N (urea) as top dress +Azotobactor @ 2 kg/haCD (5%) 296 NS




Table 91. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and monetary returns of maize at Indore


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Control 900 889 6000 19800 13800 2.30100% RDF (80:60:20 kg NPK/ha) 1470 1561 6000 32340 26340 4.3950% RDF (40:30:10kg NPK/ha) 1396 1704 6000 30712 24712 4.1240 kg N (compost) 1288 1527 6000 28336 22336 3.7220 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N as top dress 1322 1584 6000 29084 23084 3.8520 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) as 1185 1356 6000 26070 20070 3.35top dress + Azotobactor @ 2 kg/ha20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) as top dress 1288 1447 6000 28336 22336 3.7220 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea) as top dress 1208 1550 6000 26576 20576 3.43+ Azotobactor @ 2 kg/ha20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 1197 1413 6000 26334 20334 3.3920 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) + 1276 1368 6000 28072 22072 3.6810 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 20kg N (green leaf) + 1254 1459 6000 27588 21588 3.6010 kg N (urea) as top dress10 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) + 1128 1413 6000 24816 18816 3.1410 kg N (urea) + azotobactor @ 2 kg/haCD (5%) 252 231

Table 92. Effect of phosphorus application on yield and monetary returns in soybean at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Net BC Mean yieldincome ratio (6 yrs)

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Control 1412 2692 13143 1.74 1286SSP-P60 2211 2708 23146 2.78 1742Jabua rock phosphate (JRP) - P60 2187 2740 23195 2.91 1680JRP-P60 + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment 1968 2404 20005 2.50 1633JRP-P60 + 3 kg PSM/kg mixed with 50 kg FYM/ha 2072 2067 21059 2.58 1648JRP-P60 + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment + 2269 2628 23945 2.53 16123 kg PSM blended with 50 kg FYM/haJRP-P60 + 5 t/ha FYM 2025 2324 24032 2.94 1822JRP-P60 + 5t/ha FYM + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment 1944 2212 18077 1.90 1717JRP-P60 + 5t/ha FYM + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment 1944 2212 18077 1.90 1717JRP-P60 + 5 t/ha FYM + 10 g PSM/kg seed treatment + 1979 2468 18529 1.92 17653 kg PSM blended with 50 kg FYM/haCD (5%) 260 464

Table 93. Effect of sulphur on productivity and profitability of soybean at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost ofcultivation Gross income Netincome BCGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Control 1500 1425 7535 21105 13570 1.80RDF (40:60:20 NPK kg/ha) 1913 2088 8323 27071 18748 2.25RDF + S @ 40 kg/ha (gypsum) 2463 2788 8673 34916 26243 3.03RDF + S @ 40 kg/ha (dust) 2300 2000 8398 32250 23852 2.84RDF + S @ 100 ml/ha (super sulphate) 2200 1925 8523 30855 22332 2.62

In rice block at Rewa, 100% N through compost gave amaximum grain yield (3258 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.8755/ha, followed by 50% N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% Nthrough compost (3153 kg/ha) + azotobactor. In blackgram

block, 100% N through compost recorded highest rice equivalentyield (850 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.22082/ha), followed by50% N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% N through compost +azotobactor was the 2nd best with a rice equivalent yield of 666 kg/



Table 95. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of blackgram in blackgram-chickpea block atRewa

Treatment Grain Rice eqt. Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldyield yield cultivation income income ratio (8 yrs)

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Control 440 3376 5900 15550 9650 2.63 884100% N (urea) 640 4907 6905 22578 15673 3.27 1278100% N(compost) 850 6514 7855 29937 22082 3.81 169150% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 640 4907 7182 22581 15399 3.14 131150% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 548 4199 6932 19350 12418 2.79 109425% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 584 4475 6952 20612 13660 2.96 116250% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) + 481 3687 7052 16991 9939 2.41 1005Azotobactor25% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) + 573 4396 7072 20233 13161 2.86 1156Azotobactor50% N (fert) + 50% N (compost) + 666 5103 7302 23486 16184 3.22 1335Azotobactor

Table 94. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and profitability of rice in rice-wheat block at Rewa



Control 1839 5149 6700 10850 4150 1.62 1078100% N fertilizer 2832 7080 8114 16284 8170 2.01 1546100% N (compost) 3258 7819 9815 18570 8755 1.89 182050% N (fert) + 50% N (compost) 2842 7105 9040 16341 7301 1.81 163550% N (fertilizer) + 25% N (compost) 2707 6903 8320 15633 7313 1.88 149725% N (fertilizer) + 50% N (compost) 2010 5427 8705 11758 3053 1.35 126750% N (fertilizer) + 25% N (compost) 1915 5266 8440 11250 2810 1.33 1230+ Azotobactor25% N (fert) + 50% N (compost) + 2596 6750 8825 15757 6932 1.78 1465Azotobactor50% N (fert) + 50% N (compost) + 3153 7725 9160 18051 8891 1.97 1705Azotobactor

ha and net income of Rs.16184/ha. Under rice + blackgram strip,a maximum gross income of Rs.23806/ha, net income ofRs.14971/ha and BC ratio of 2.69 were attained with an applicationof 100% N through compost. Application of 50% N throughinorganic fertilizer + 50% N through compost + azotobactor wasthe 2nd best with a gross income of Rs.21177/ha and net incomeof Rs.12886/ha (Tables 94, 95 & 96).

Application of 100% N through compost recorded maximumchickpea equivalent yield of 2215 kg/ha and net income ofRs.27956/ha, followed by 50% N through inorganic fertilizer +50% N through compost + azotobactor under wheat block. Inchickpea block, 100% N through compost gave maximum chickpeaequivalent yield of 471 kg/ha and net income of Rs.4252/ha. Itwas closely followed by 25% N through urea + 50% N throughcompost + azotobactor.

In wheat + chickpea strip, 100% N through compost gavemaximum wheat yield of 2214 kg/ha, chickpea yield of 489 kg/ha

and net income of Rs.16294/ha. 25% N through urea + 50% Nthrough compost + azotobactor was the next best treatment,followed by 50% N through urea + 50% N through compost +azotobactor (Table 97 and 98).

In another study, application of NPK + secondary andmicronutrients recorded highest grain yield of 1154 kg/ha andnet income of Rs.1272/ha in rice. However, 50% N through FYM+ bio-fertilizer for N + rock phosphate to substituteP requirement of crop + phosphorus solubilising bacteria gavemaximum net returns of Rs.1566/ha.

In chickpea, 100% NPK + secondary and micronutrientsgave maximum grain yield of 1109 kg/ha and net income ofRs.13883/ha. However, recommended N through 1/3rd FYM + 1/3rd vermi compost + non-edible oil cake gave a maximum netreturns of Rs.15104/ha and BC ratio of 3.18 (Table 99).

Application of 100% recommended NPK + ZnSO4

@ 25kg/ha gave maximum grain yield in soybean (1911 kg/ha) and




Table 96. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of rice equivalent yield in rice / blackgram-wheat/chickpea at Rewa

Treatment Grain Yield Rice Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yield (kg/ha) eqt. yield cultivation income income ratio (8 yrs)

I II (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Control 870 209 2488 6300 12525 6225 1.99 919

100% N (urea) 1470 331 4005 7509 20158 12649 2.68 1422

100% N (compost) 1607 414 4782 8835 23806 14971 2.69 1711

50% N (urea) + 50% 1452 330 3987 8111 20059 11948 2.47 1462N (compost)

50% N (urea) + 25% 1351 275 3460 7626 17554 9928 2.30 1233N (compost)

25% N (urea) + 50% 1006 284 3186 7828 15935 8107 2.03 1214N (compost)

50% N (urea) + 25% 928 244 2804 7746 14099 6353 1.82 1072N (compost) + Azotobactor



Table 97. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of wheat in wheat/chickpea block at Rewa



Wheat blockControl 1413 (875) 3100 7764 24569 16805 3.16 1000

100% N (urea) 1784 (1104) 3800 8989 29008 20019 3.22 1337

100% N compost 2215 (1371) 4075 8989 36945 27956 4.11 1598

50% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 1865 (1154) 3823 8989 31891 22902 3.54 1410

50% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 1809 (1120) 3799 8989 31115 22126 3.46 1374

25% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 1910 (1182) 3763 8989 32356 23367 3.59 1457

50% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) + Azotobactor 1865 (1154) 3325 9029 30895 21866 3.42 1394



ChickpeaControl 327 736 5510 7603 2093 1.37 912

100% N (urea) 358 770 6520 8288 1768 1.27 1116

100% N (compost) 471 881 6520 10772 4252 1.65 1453

50% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 363 744 6520 8367 1847 1.28 1243

50% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 353 776 6520 8189 1669 1.25 1177

25% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 373 783 6520 8616 2096 1.32 1306

50% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) + Azotobactor 384 787 6550 8851 2301 1.35 1268




* Figures in the parentheses are chickpea eqt. Yield



Table 99. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and profitability of rice at Rewa



50% Rec. NPK + 50% N (FYM) 1100 2454 6000 7336 1336 1.22 15381/3 recom. (FYM + vermi compost + 1008 2227 5400 6716 1316 1.24 1405non edible oil cake)T2 + Intercultivation 981 2200 5600 6546 946 1.16 1340T2 + agronomic practices for weed and pest control 827 1781 5800 5496 -304 0.94 124050% N as FYM/other organic sources + 1054 2472 5500 7066 1566 1.28 1474bio-fertilizer for N + rock phosphate tosubstitute P req of crop + PSBT2 + bio-fertilizer containing N & P carriers 1017 2335 5800 6802 1002 1.17 1440100% NPK + secondary & micro nutrients 1154 2826 6500 7772 1272 1.19 1720Control 800 1675 4500 5302 802 1.17 1133ChickpeaT1 50% Rec. NPK + 50% N (FYM) 981 1602 7200 19784 12584 2.75 1230T2 1/3 Rec.(FYM+vermi compost+non edible oil cake) 1091 1717 6900 22004 15104 3.18 1303T2 + Intercultivation 936 1444 7000 18919 11919 2.70 1190T2 + agronomic practices for weed&pest control 909 1635 7200 18397 11197 2.55 118550% N as FYM/other organic sources + 736 1774 6900 14905 8005 2.16 1098bio fert for N + rock phosphate to substituteP req of crop + PSBT2 + bio-fertilizer containing N & P carriers 600 1617 7000 12175 5175 1.74 1012100% NPK + secondary & micro nutrients 1109 1763 8500 22383 13883 2.63 1372Control 563 1400 6600 11408 4908 1.72 894CD (5%) 67 1161

Table 98. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and profitability of wheat and chickpea at Rewa


I II Chickpea eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Wheat + chickpeaControl 1202 330 37 6637 14293 7656 2.15 882100% N (urea) 1655 344 684 7754 18297 10543 2.35 1189100% N compost 2214 489 930 7754 24048 16294 3.10 155850% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 1893 344 757 7754 20149 12395 2.59 133950% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 1881 344 754) 7754 20149 12395 2.59 127125% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 1964 370 793 7754 20884 13130 2.69 139250% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 1916 384 785 7789 20702 12913 2.65 1307+ Azotobactor25% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 2036 423 841 7789 21981 14192 2.82 1450+ Azotobactor50% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 2000 410 824 7789 21450 13661 2.75 1436+ Azotobactor

net income of Rs.19379/ha. It was closely followed by applicationof 25% above recommended NPK + ZnSO

4 @ 25 kg/ha (Table 100).

In mustard, application of 60 kg N/ha together with 45 kg/ha of sulphur significantly registered highest seed yield (560 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.7038/ha followed by 40 kg N/ha + 45

kg/ha of sulphur and 20 kg N/ha + 45 kg/ha of sulphur (400 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.3934/ha and Rs.3679/ha (Table 101).

3.3.2.5 Tillage and Nutrient Management

At Indore, conventional tillage + hand weeding +recommended fertilizer gave highest grain yield (2745 kg/ha) and




Table 100. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and monetary returns of soybean at RewaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratioControl 1390 4766 5400 19500 14100 3.61Rec. NPK (20:40:0) 1741 6282 6400 24518 18118 3.8325% below rec. NPK 1514 5677 6150 21385 15235 3.4725% above rec. NPK 1608 6258 6650 22781 16131 3.42Rec. NPK + ZnSo

4 25 kg/ha 1911 7286 7650 27029 19379 3.53

25% below rec. NPK+ ZnSo4 1608 5891 7400 22671 15271 3.0625% above rec. NPK+ZnSo4 @ 25 kg/ha 1854 6765 7900 26131 18231 3.30

Table 101. Influence of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of mustard at RewaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yield

Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (3 yrs) (kg/ha)N0 S0 210 815 3500 4445 945 1.27 454N0 S15 260 935 3660 5481 1831 1.50 520N0 S30 298 950 3800 6245 2445 1.64 592N0 S45 390 1210 4000 8163 4163 2.04 838N20 S0 210 825 3700 4448 748 1.20 496N20 S15 288 1115 4050 6095 2045 1.50 618N20 S30 320 1327 4400 6798 2398 1.54 718N20 S45 400 1595 4800 8479 3679 1.77 889N40 S0 290 1185 4050 6156 2106 1.52 659N40 S15 340 1315 4200 7195 2995 1.71 725N40 S30 380 1575 4350 8073 3723 1.85 761N40 S45 400 1612 4550 8484 3934 1.86 933N60 S0 306 1190 4100 6477 2377 1.58 707N60 S15 350 1365 4450 7410 2960 1.66 758N60 S15 360 1345 4600 7604 3004 1.65 775N60 S45 560 2125 4800 11838 7038 2.47 1018CD (5%) 41

net income of Rs.30648/ha followed by conventional tillage + off seasontillage with recommended fertilizer and hand weeding with grain yieldof 2334 kg/ha and net income of Rs.24452/ha. Low tillage + 4 t/hacompost and use of herbicide gave a soybean yield of 2322 kg/ha with anet income of Rs.24790/ha (Table 102).

At Rewa, low tillage + weedicide + interculture + 50% fertilizerN through organic source + 50% N through inorganic source gavehighest grain yield and net income of 1745 kg/ha and Rs.17113/harespectively. Conventional tillage and interculture system registered netincome of Rs.15430/ha (Table 103).


At Indore, sowing of soybean and chickpea with CRIDA plantergave highest grain yield of 2299 and 2258 kg/ha respectively. Whilesowing with Tiphan was the 2nd best with a yield (2043 kg/ha) in soybeanand Tiphan in chickpea gave 1896 kg/ha (Table 104).

3.3.2.7 Alternate land use

In agri-horti at Indore, significantly highest soybean equivalentyield of 1078 kg/ha and gross income of Rs.14558/ha was attained withdrumstick + soybean + pigeonpea system. Ber + soybean + pigeonpeawas the 2nd best recording soybean equivalent yield of 1032 kg/ha andgross income of Rs. 13935/ha (Table 105). Agro-horti system in Indore



Table 104. Influence of seeding devices on yield and monetary returns of soybean and chickpea at Indore

Cropping Treatment Grain yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BCsystem (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Soybean Sowing with duphan 1979 8000 23472 15472 1.93Sowing with Tiphan 2043 8000 24564 16564 2.07Sowing with CRIDA planter 2299 8000 27159 19159 2.39

Chickpea Sowing with duphan 1599 6000 35188 29188 4.86Sowing with Tiphan 1896 6000 41715 35715 5.95Sowing with CRIDA planter 2258 6000 49687 43687 7.28

Table 105. Influence of different agri-horti systems on productivity and profitability at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Soybean Cost of Gross Mean yieldeqt. yield cultivation income (8 yrs)

I II (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Ber-Sole soybean 764 794 8000 10718 989Ber-Sole pigeonpea 417 616 6500 8310 1297Ber-soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 713 199 1032 13935 1094Ber-sole cowpea 92 149 6500 2017 231Aonla-Sole soybean 926 964 13009 1159Aonla-sole pigeonpea 157 231 3120 1287Aonla-soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 741 116 936 12639 1204Aonla-sole cowpea 21 34 453 202Drumstick -sole soybean 954 994 13417 1172Drumstick-sole pigeonpea 222 322 4347 1274Drumstick-soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 644 278 1078 14558 1219Drumstick -sole cowpea 38 62 835 231

Table 103. Influence of tillage and nutrient management on productivity and income in soybean at Rewa



Conventional tillage + inter culture 1566 4906 6400 21830 15430 3.41 1631Low tillage + inter culture 1370 4738 5800 19235 13435 3.31 1385Low tillage + weedicide + inter culture 1745 5095 7100 24213 17113 3.41 1827CD (5%) 47100% of organic source (8t FYM/ha) 1535 4830 6183 21408 15225 3.45 153650% of organic + 50% of inorganic 1706 5109 6433 23710 17277 3.67 1798100% organic 1439 4800 6683 20160 13476 3.01 1562CD (5%) 72

Table 102. Influence of tillage and nutrient management on productivity and monetary returns of soybean at Indore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Net income BC Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) ratio (6 yrs) (kg/ha)

Conventional tillage + Recommended 2745 2660 30648 3.83 1493fertilizer – Off season tillage + hand weedingConventional tillage + Recommended 2334 2406 24452 3.06 1628fertilizer + Offseason tillage + hand weedingLow tillage + 4 t/ha straw + hand weeding 1963 1419 17411 2.18 1507Low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + herbicide 2023 2144 21596 2.70 1276Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + HW 2183 1954 22107 2.76 1511Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + herbicide 2322 1633 24790 3.10 1319Low tillage + 2 t/ha gliricidia green leaves + herbicide 1652 1307 16081 2.01 1171Low tillage + 2 t/ha gliricidia green leaves + herbicide 2135 1790 21357 2.67 1476CD (5%) 534 764




3.4 Cotton Based Production System


At Kovilpatti, the improved variety of Gossypium hirsutumof KH-138 in cotton gave highest yield (953 kg/ha) followed byCPD-758 (850 kg/ha). Among hybrids, JKCDH-717 hybridproduced highest yield (858 kg/ha), followed by AKDH-5 andSwadeshi-651. In Gossypium arboreum cotton, GAM-93 recordedhighest yield (651 kg/ha), followed by ARBHA-35 (599 kg/ha) andKWA-23 (566 kg/ha). In Desi hybrid cotton genotypes, KR-32 andGGCH-12 recorded highest yields of 869 and 866 kg/ha respectively.At Parbhani, the improved genotypes K-2 (1830 kg/ha), BDN-2009(1669 kg/ha) and PT-25-06 (1636 kg/ha) of pigeonpea were stablein rainfed vertisols. In rabi sorghum, the improved genotypes ofParbhani mothi (1100 kg/ha) and Parbhani Jyothi (882 kg/ha)showed better performance compared to all other 24 genotypesevaluated in vertisols. At Akola the improved variety of castor AKC-1 recorded the highest yield of 1330 kg/ha among the cultivarsevaluated in rainfed vertisols. (Table 106).


At Akola, intercropping of cotton (Rajat) and pigeonpea (AKT-8811) recorded highest net income of Rs.20373/ha followed bycotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (C-11) which gave net income ofRs.19670/ha and cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (ICP 8863) withRs.19165/ha. Among different systems there was no significantdifference in kapas yield of cotton. However, highest intercrop

Improved variety of castor AKC-1 for stable yield at Akola

Table 106. Influence of improved varieties on productivity ofcrops at different centers

Center Crop Varieties Yield (kg/ha)

Kovilpatti Cotton JKCDH 717 858AKDH 5 806Swadeshi 651 802CD (5%) 125

Cotton GAM 93 651ARBHA 35 599KWA 23 566CD (5%) 65

Cotton KR 32 869GGCH 12 866DLSa 17 688CD (5%) 65

Parbhani Pigeonpea K-2 1830BDN-2009 1669PT – 25-06 1636CD (5%) 112

Sorghum Parbhani moti 1100Parbhani Jyoti 882RSG 06013 800CD (5%) 147

pigeonpea yield (1054 kg/ha) was recorded with cotton (Rajat) +pigeonpea (AKT 8811) (Table 107).

At Parbhani, sorghum and pigeonpea intercropping system(4:2) under different dates of sowing on average recorded highestsorghum grain equivalent yield (2799 kg/ha) followed bypearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) which gave a yield of 2694 kg/ha.Among sole crops, pigeonpea recorded highest grain equivalentyield (5641 kg/ha) followed by castor (3842 kg/ha) and cotton(3724 kg/ha). Among different dates of sowing of varied croppingsystems, 26th met week recorded highest productivity. Delay insowing recorded lower productivity than earlier dates. Thepercentage of reduction in productivity of 28th, 30th and 23rd metweek was 16, 41 and 54% respectively. The crops of sole castor,sole pigeonpea, pearlmillet + pigeonpea performed better evenunder delayed sowing (i.e 30th and 32nd met week compared toearly sowing). Delayed sowing of greengram and kharif sorghumin 30th and 32nd met week resulted in non-production of grainyields. Pearlmillet + pigeonpea cropping system was stable evenunder delayed sowings. Sole pigeonpea recorded highest gross andnet monetary returns than other crops and cropping systems. Itwas at par with soybean + pigeonpea, sorghum + pigeonpeaand pearlmillet + pigeonpea. Sorghum and pigeonpea sown in26th met week recorded highest gross returns of Rs.51281/ha. Itwas at par with green gram followed by rabi sorghum and soybean+ pigeonpea (Table 108).

In another study, sole pigeonpea recorded highest sorghumgrain equivalent yield (5641 kg/ha) followed by soybean-pigeonpeasystem (5481 kg/ha) and sorghum + pigeonpea system (5343kg/ha) and greengram-rabi sorghum (5001 kg/ha).


Among different rainwater management practices in Akola,opening of furrows between crop rows recorded highest grain yield(7157 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.38773/ha) in sorghum followedby combination of opening of furrows, mulch and thinningoperation (7060 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 37899/ha. In



Table 108. Influence of cropping systems on productivity and income under different dates of sowing at Parbhani

Treatment Sorghum grain Gross income Net income BC ratioyield (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

25th JuneSole cotton 1888 31830 21081 2.96Sole pigeonpea 2296 39400 31146 4.76Sole castor 2346 26970 21072 4.57Sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) 3526 51281 44523 6.83Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) 1467 42444 35716 6.25Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 1518 46963 37387 4.89Cotton + soybean (1:1) 1444 41423 29923 3.61Greengram – rabi sorghum 1197 50745 40874 5.1510th JulySole cotton 1407 23762 12965 2.20Sole pigeonpea 2007 34523 26260 5.47Cole castor 2000 23002 17098 3.89Sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) 3207 42022 34523 5.60Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) 1674 28590 21970 4.19Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 1345 35975 26375 3.74Cotton + soybean (1:1) 1160 34315 22857 2.99Greengram – rabi sorghum 680 35926 26061 3.3625th JulySole cotton 1118 18931 8257 1.77Sole pigeonpea 1925 33050 24783 3.99Sole castor 1985 22857 16953 3.87Sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) 21133 13627 2.81Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) 1370 27633 21386 4.06Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 1000 26652 17054 2.77Cotton + soybean (1:1) 889 24955 13457 2.17Greengram – rabi sorghum 16768 6916 1.7010th AugustSole cotton 837 14146 3397 1.32Sole pigeonpea 1503 25847 17581 3.12Sole castor 1615 18600 12696 3.15Sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) 12750 5244 1.70Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) 1414 23597 16797 3.47Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 283 20850 11249 2.17Cotton + soybean (1:1) 555 14504 3000 1.26Greengram – rabi sorghum 15587 5736 1.57

Table 107. Influence of cotton based intercropping system on productivity and net returns at Akola

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (8 yrs)(kg/ha)

I II (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) I IICotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (C-11) 587 952 13972 33643 19670 2.41 446 1033Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (ICP 8863) 460 1042 13718 32884 19165 2.40 378 1045Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (AKT 8811) 516 1054 13829 34202 20373 2.47 408 1069Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (222492 – 97) 614 727 14026 28859 14831 2.06 459 809Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (222498-03) 589 743 13976 28850 14873 2.06 449 832CD (5%) NS




Ridges and furrows for high yields of sorghum at Akola

soybean, opening of furrows recorded additional grain yield (1063kg/ha) and net income of Rs.2414/ha compared to control, whichgave an yield of 2832 kg/ha and net income of Rs.25769/ha.Similar trend of results was observed in cotton. At Parbhani, amongdifferent cropping systems sorghum + pigeonpea was mostprofitable (Rs.8972/ha) followed by soybean + pigeonpea(Rs.9333/ha). Conservation furrow at 2.7 m vertical interval gaveadditional sorghum grain equivalent yield (1369 kg/ha) and netincome (Rs.7384/ha) compared to control (3416 kg/ha and netincome of Rs.6985/ha). In pigeonpea + sorghum/soybean, theresults of stress management techniques showed that there is nosignificant variation among treatments in respect of yield andincome. However, in situ rainwater technology of opening of furrowafter 4 rows showed marginal advantage of 710 kg/ha (Table 109and 110).


Long term manurial experiments

The long term studies in cotton + greengram system(initiated during 1987) at Akola showed that use of 25 kg N with25 kg P through inorganic fertilizer and 25 kg N through FYMrecorded highest seed yield of cotton (1745 kg/ha). It was followedby use of 25 kg N through FYM (1430 kg/ha), which was on parwith 25 kg P/ha through fertilizer and 50 kg N through leucaenalopping. In respect of greengram, 25 kg N and 25 kg P/ha throughinorganic fertilizer and 25 kg N through FYM recorded highestgrain yield (450 kg/ha). Among different practices, 25 kg N + 25

Table 109. Influence of rain water management practices on productivity and profitability of crops at Akola

Crop/ Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCCropping cultivation income income ratiosystem Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Sorghum Furrow opening 7157 16107 10652 49385 38733 4.64(CSH-9) Crop residue mulch 6838 15528 10652 47327 36675 4.44

Thinning 3848 16011 10652 47857 37202 4.49Furrow opening + mulch + thinning 7060 15721 10652 48551 37899 4.56Control 6665 15625 10652 46618 35964 4.38CD (5%) NS NS

Soybean Furrow opening 3038 4003 9517 37700 28183 3.96(JS-335) Crop residue mulch 2857 3895 9517 35515 25999 3.73

Thinning 2980 3964 9517 37001 27484 3.89Furrow opening + mulch + thinning 2934 3817 9517 36383 26867 3.82Control 2832 4026 9517 35286 25769 3.71CD (5%) NS NS

Cotton Furrow opening 2116 3309 14930 43443 28517 2.90Crop residue mulch 2003 3364 14704 41242 26538 2.80Thinning 1970 3255 14639 40545 25906 2.77Furrow opening + mulch + thinning 1901 3147 14500 39119 24619 2.69Control 2066 3255 14830 42431 27600 2.86CD (5%) NS NS

kg P/ha through inorganic fertilizers and 25 kg organic N/hathrough FYM recorded highest net income of Rs.39228/ha. Thehighest BC ratio of 4.12 was recorded with 25 kg organic N throughFYM. The soil data indicated that application of organic manurealone and in combination with organic fertilizers improved organiccarbon, available N, P and K content of soil compared to initialsoil status (Table 111).

In permanent manurial trial at Kovilpatti (initiated during1982), the results indicated that application of 50% recommendeddose of N as organics, 20 kg as FYM and remaining 50% of RDF Nthrough urea (20 kg N/ha) along with recommended P gave highestpearlmillet grain yield (1220 kg/ha). Use of on farm residue to



Crop residue for higher yields in cotton + greengram at Akola Incorporation of sunhemp for higher yields of rabi crops at Akola

Table 111. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability in cotton + greengram system

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldcultivation income income ratio (20 yrs) (kg/ha)


Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (C-11) 587 952 13972 33643 19670 2.41 446 1033Cotton (Rajat) + pigeonpea (C-11) 587 952 13972 33643 19670 2.41 446 1033Control 919 275 9577 28705 19128 3.00 407 30350 kg N + 25 kg P fertilizer 1055 361 10783 34565 23782 3.21 563 41025 kg N + 12.5 kg P fertilizer 1156 366 9502 36849 27348 3.88 515 37725 kg N (Leucaena) 1052 313 11060 32814 21754 2.97 510 37225 kg N (FYM) 1430 450 11060 45584 34525 4.12 578 39325 kg N + 25 kg P fertilizer +25 kg N (Leucaena) 1189 403 12946 39198 26252 3.03 592 399

Table 110. Influence of rain water management practices on productivity and monetary returns of cropping systems at Parbhani

Cropping systems Sorghum grain eqt. Cost of cultivation Gross income Net incomeyield (kg//ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Sorghum + pigeonpea 5490 10670 29642 18972Soybean + pigeonpea 3857 11495 20828 9333Cotton + soybean 3506 12985 18933 5948CD (5%) 509 2751 2751Opening of furrow after 4 rows 4254 11770 22970 11200Broad bed and furrow 4364 11852 23570 11718Conservation furrow (2.7 m) 4785 11777 25833 14056Conservation furrow (5.4 m) 4602 11720 24851 13131Control 3416 11464 18449 6985CD (5%) 444 2397 2397Sorghum + pigeonpea 3728 10690 20128 9439Soybean + pigeonpea 3300 -11515 17821 6306CD (5%) NS NS NSStress management techniquesIn situ rainwater conservation(opening of furrow after 4 rows) 3883 11103 20966 9864Kaoline spray @ 6% 3609 11353 19486 8133Soil mulching 3429 11103 18288 7186Control 3178 10852 17157 6306CD (5%) NS NS NS




meet 20 kg N registered highest BC ratio of 1.84. Among nutrientmanagement practices, 20 kg N/ha (on farm residue) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) + 10 kg P/ha recorded highest net income of Rs.3462/ha, followed by Rec. NPK (40:20:0 kg/ha) with net income of Rs.3345/ha (Table 112).

In sole block of sorghum and pigeonpea system at Akola,15 kg N/ha through compost + 25 kg N/ha through urea gavehighest sorghum yield of 4916 kg/ha together with a pigeonpeagrain yield of 1573 kg/ha. Application of 15 kg N/ha through

compost + 10 kg N/ha through green leaf manure was the secondbest with a grain yield of 3731 and 1476 kg/ha and fodder yield of6962 and 7684 kg/ha of sorghum and pigeonpea respectively. Incase of strip cropping of sorghum + pigeonpea, 15 kg N/hathrough compost + 25 kg N/ha through urea recorded highestgrain yield of 1526 kg/ha of sorghum and 918 kg/ha of pigeonpea.However, there was no significant difference among 9 treatmentsof different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizer testedfor sorghum and pigeonpea under semi-arid vertisols in the season(Table 113).

Table 112. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet at Kovilpatti


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Control 936 1637 3500 5967 2467 1.70 788Rec. NPK (40:20:0 kg/ha) 1212 2084 4363 7708 3345 1.77 88650% of T2 (20 kg N/ha + 10 kg P/ha) 1083 1895 3931 6904 2973 1.76 86520 kg N/ha (on-farm residue) 1067 1868 3700 6803 3103 1.84 84620 kg N/ha (FYM) 1135 1987 4125 7236 3111 1.75 91720 kg N/ha (on-farm residue) + 1194 2053 4132 7594 3462 1.84 98420 kg N/ha (urea) + 10 kg P/ha20 kg N(FYM) + 20 kg N/ha(urea) + 10 kg P/ha 1220 2098 4825 7759 2934 1.61 105040 kg N/ha (urea) + 20 kg P/ha + 1190 2046 4919 7568 2649 1.54 96925 kg ZnSO4/haFarmers method FYM @ 5 t/ha 1046 1830 4750 6668 1918 1.40 885CD (5%) 97 NS

Table 113. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of different cropping systems at Akola

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha) Mean yieldI II I II (10 yrs) (kg/ha)

Sole crops of sorghum and PigeonpeaControl 2361 1018 5550 5462 1473 701100% rec. N 3453 1277 7203 7702 2269 111650% rec. N 2934 1138 6288 6712 1972 93925 kg (compost) 2629 1022 6837 3434 1805 80515 kg N (compost + 10 kg N (inorganic) 3545 1370 6434 7638 2100 120315 kg N (compost) + 25 kg N (inorganic) 4916 1573 6851 7962 2319 137215 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 3184 1212 6342 6712 1958 106415 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 3203 1249 6960 6833 2230 111715 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 3731 1476 6962 7684 2092 1210Sorghum strip (sorghum + pigeonpea)Control 666 632 1833 2649 874 498100% rec. N 953 732 3472 3360 1454 62350% rec. N 703 648 2685 3065 1215 56025 N 9compost) 666 621 2315 3008 1016 51915 N 9compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1166 742 2638 3379 1307 68915 kg N (compost) + 25 kg N (inorganic) 1526 918 3148 3675 1496 84715 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 880 675 2870 3147 1154 57915 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 899 713 2592 3334 1230 65615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (greenleaf) 1241 862 2685 3544 1219 6396CD (5%) NS NS



Table 114. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on cotton productivity and profitability at Akola



Control 827 1298 11281 16982 5701 1.50Rec. NPK 906 1631 12646 18709 6063 1.48Rec.NPK + 25% RDF 1106 1841 15754 22764 7010 1.44T2 + 25 kg ZnSo4/ha 1161 2227 19863 24033 4170 1.21T2 + 5 kg Borax/ha 1199 2280 19441 24830 5389 1.28T2 + 25 kg ZnSo4+ 5 kg borax/ha 1211 2459 23464 25147 1682 1.07

In another study, application of 100% recommended NPK+ 25 kg/ha of zinc sulphate + 5 kg/ha of borax in cotton gavehighest kapas yield (1211 kg/ha), net income of Rs. 1682/ha andBC ratio of 1.07. However, 125% recommended NPK gave maximumnet returns of Rs. 7010/ha with a BC ratio 1.44 (Table 114).

At Kovilpatti, 20 kg N through FYM + 20 kg N through urea+ 10 kg P/ha gave highest grain yield in pearlmillet (1220 kg/ha). However, application of 20 kg N/ha through on-farm residue+ 20 kg N/ha through urea + 10 kg P/ha was superior for attaininga maximum net returns of Rs. 3462/ha and BC ratio of 1.84. Incotton + blackgram, N through urea @ 20 kg/ha + N throughFYM @ 20 kg/ha + single super phosphate @ 20 kg/ha gavehighest cotton kapas yield (647 kg/ha) and blackgram yield (186kg/ha) with net returns of Rs. 10385/ha and BC ratio of 2.44(Table 115).

In pearlmillet at Kovilpatti, 40 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/hagave highest grain yield (1424 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 5915/ha. In sorghum + cotton system, recommended N through

urea + recommended P through enriched FYM gave highestcotton kapas yield (668 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 7041/ha(Table 116).

In sorghum + cowpea system, highest sorghum equivalentyield of 2153 kg/ha with a BC ratio of 1.99 was recorded undersorghum block with an application of 15 kg N through compost+ 20 kg N through inorganic source. In case of cowpea block, amaximum sorghum equivalent yield of 1290 kg/ha with a BC ratioof 1.29 was attained with 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N/hathrough urea application. Under sorghum + cowpea strip, 15 kgN through compost + 20 kg N through inorganic source wassuperior with a maximum sorghum equivalent yield of 2542 kg/ha with a BC ratio of 1.75. Application of 15 kg N through greenleaf + 20 kg N through urea was the second best treatment witha sorghum equivalent yield of 2083, 1260, and 2472 kg/ha undersorghum block, cowpea block and sorghum + cowpea striprespectively (Table 117).

At Parbhani, FYM @ 2.5 t/ha together with 50%

Table 115. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and economics of cotton + blackgram intercropping at Kovilpatti


I II (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Control 425 104 5519 11100 5581 2.01 36520 kg N/ha (urea) 551 125 5727 14145 8418 2.47 42440 kg N/ha (urea) 583 135 5935 15035 9100 2.53 43520 kg N/ha (urea) + SSP 10 kg P/ha 594 126 5816 15030 9214 2.58 43240 kg N/ha (urea) + SSP 20 kg P/ha 629 180 6313 17080 10767 2.71 48920 kg N/ha (FYM) 524 124 6619 13580 6961 2.05 40840 kg N/ha (FYM) 542 138 7719 14290 6571 1.85 42920 kg N/ha (FYM) + SSP 10 kg P/ha 555 141 6808 14625 7817 2.15 44740 kg N/ha (FYM) + SSP 20 kg P/ha 617 177 8097 16765 8668 2.07 48510 kg N/ha (urea) + 10 kg N/ha (FYM) 561 146 6173 14870 8697 2.41 44120 kg N/ha (urea) + FYM at 20 kg N/ha (FYM) 590 151 6827 15575 8748 2.28 47510 kg N/ha (urea) +10 kg N/ha (FYM) 601 156 6262 15920 9658 2.54 482+ SSP 10 kg P/ha20 kg N/ha (urea) + 20 kg N/ha (FYM) 647 186 7205 17590 10385 2.44 494+ SSP 20 kg P/haCD (5%) 55 35




Table 116. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of crops and cropping systems atKovilpatti



Pearlmillet (ICMV 221)40 kg N/ha (FYM) 788 2206 5280 5910 630 1.1240 kg N/ha (green leaf) 773 2164 4640 5798 1158 1.2520 kg N/ha (FYM) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 818 2291 4640 6135 1495 1.3220 kg N (green leaf)+ 20 kg N/ha (urea) 848 2376 4528 6360 1832 1.4040 kg N/ha (urea) 955 2673 4417 7163 2746 1.6240-20-20 kg NPK/ha 1424 3988 4765 10680 5915 2.2440-20-40 kg NPK/ha 1348 3776 5112 10110 4998 1.98Control 606 1697 4000 4545 545 1.14Sorghum + cottonControl 458 3431 5319 9160 3841 1.72Rec. NPK (40:20:20) kg/ha 602 4513 6303 12040 5737 1.91Rec. N (urea) 580 4350 5736 11600 5864 2.02Rec. N (green leaf) 563 4219 5959 11260 5301 1.8950% rec. N (urea) + 50% N (FYM) 557 4175 6021 11140 5119 1.8550% rec.N (urea) + 50% N (green leaf) 553 4144 5847 11060 5213 1.89Rec. P alone 523 3925 5538 10460 4922 1.89Rec. P (SSP) + Rec. N (urea) 556 4169 5955 11120 5165 1.87Rec.P (EFYM) +Rec. N (urea) 668 5013 6319 13360 7041 2.11CD (5%) 79 3431Sorghum + cottonControl 746 1940 4000 5595 1595 1.40Rec. NPK (40:20:20) kg/ha 945 2457 4984 7088 2104 1.42Rec. N (urea) 922 2397 4417 6915 2498 1.57Rec. N (green leaf) 870 2262 4640 6525 1885 1.4150% rec. N (urea) + 50% N (FYM) 873 2270 4702 6548 1846 1.3950% rec. N (urea) + 50% N (green leaf) 824 2142 4528 6180 1652 1.36Rec. P alone 858 2231 4219 6435 2216 1.53Rec. P SSP+ Rec. N (urea) 956 2486 4636 7170 2534 1.55Rec. P+EFYM +Rec. N (urea) 973 2530 5000 7298 2298 1.46

CD (5%) 68 176

recommended fertilizer gave highest sorghum equivalent yield(3708 kg/ha) with net income of Rs.13060/ha followed byapplication of 100% recommended fertilizer (3095 kg/ha) andnet income of Rs. 10068/ha in greengram - rabi sorghumsequence. In another study, 100% recommended fertilizer togetherwith opening of furrow after every four rows + 100 % RDF insoybean + pigeonpea system gave highest net income of Rs.28727/ha with soybean equivalent yield of 2630 kg/ha. However, amaximum soybean equivalent yield of 2717 kg/ha together withgross income of Rs. 33299/ha, net income of Rs. 23251/ha andBC ratio of 2.31 were attained with 100% recommended fertilizerwith flat bed treatment. In another study, highest sorghumequivalent yield of 6228 kg/ha was attained with an application of

100% recommended NPK through inorganic source followed by100% NPK through glyricidia (4370 kg/ha). In soybean andpigeonpea, 100% inorganic fertilizer recorded the highest soybeanequivalent yield and monetary returns. 100% recommended Nthrough FYM was the second best with a gross income of Rs. 29010/ha, net income of Rs. 20010/ha and BC ratio of 1.20 in the season.In cotton+blackgram system, the highest cotton yield of 1806kg/ha and blackgram yield of 194 kg/ha were attained togetherwith gross income of Rs. 36140/ha, net income of Rs.25290/haand BC ratio of 1.33. In greengram – rabi sorghum system highestsorghum equivalent yield of 3945 kg/ha, gross income of Rs.23470/ha, net income of Rs. 14520/ha were attained with 100 % RDF(inorganic) (Table 118).



Table 117. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of sole and intercropping system of sorghum andcowpea at Kovilpatti

Treatment Yield Sorghum BC ratio Mean yield(kg/ha) eqt.Yield (kg/ha) (8 yrs) (kg/ha)

Sole sorghumControl 673 719 0.81 978100% rec. N (inorganic) 1987 2039 1.92 206150% rec. N (inorganic) 1657 1703 1.54 175225% N (compost) 1568 1614 1.49 183615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1843 1889 1.83 200515 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2107 2153 1.99 219015 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1805 1851 1.80 195515 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2037 2083 1.96 211315 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1650 1696 1.48 1893CD (5%) 313Sole cowpeaControl 198 608 0.66 1035100% rec. N inorganic fertilizer 393 1210 1.21 173950% rec. N (inorganic) 347 1069 1.07 152625% N (compost) 353 1085 1.09 163915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 408 1254 1.25 172315 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 419 1290 1.29 190415 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 384 1182 1.18 177415 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 409 1260 1.26 181615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 359 1103 1.10 1748CD (5%) 63 193Sorghum + cowpeaControl 692 + 63 933 0.65 1168100% rec. N (inorganic) 2005+132 2457 1.66 239050% rec. N (inorganic) 1539+109 1922 1.42 200025% N (compost) 1547+113 1940 1.29 210415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1880+125 2310 1.55 230415 kg N compost + 20 kg N inorganic fertilizer 210+129 2542 1.75 251615 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1817+123 2240 1.54 220315 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2228+129 2472 1.71 244515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1568+111 1958 1.34 2142CD (5%) 328 + 21 334

3.4.5 Tillage and Nutrient Management

At Kovilpatti, conventional tillage + interculture togetherwith 50% of fertilizer through organic and the remaining throughinorganic source recorded highest sunflower yield (532 kg/ha) andgross income (Rs. 8512/ha). This was followed by lowtillage+interculture+weedicide+100% organic fertilizer (495kg/ha) and gross income (Rs.7920/ha) (Table 119).

At Akola, there was no significant difference among tillagetreatments for seed and stalk yield of cotton. However, applicationof 50% N through inorganic + 50 % N through FYM was superiorwith a significantly higher seed cotton yield (909 kg/ha) followed by100% Recommended dose fertilizer (836 kg/ha) with maximumnet income of Rs.13323/ha (Table 120).

In soybean + pigeonpea at Parbhani, conventional tillagegave significantly highest soybean equivalent yield (1664 kg/ha)and net income (Rs.7985/ha), followed by reduced tillage andinterculture (1635 kg/ha) with net income of Rs.9246/ha(Table 121).

At Parbhani, conventional tillage registered highest grainequivalent yield (5003 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 17842/ha insorghum, followed by minimum tillage (4023 kg/ha) andmechanical tillage (3716 kg/ha). In case of soybean, mechanicaltillage was superior (3305 kg/ha), followed by conventional (3025kg/ha) and minimum tillage (2969 kg/ha). The tillage treatmentsshowed higher influence on net income in sorghum compared tosoybean (Table 122).




Table 118. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of different cropping systems atParbhani

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Gross Net BCincome income ratio

I II Eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Green gram - Rabi sorghum (sorghum eqt.)Glyricida @ 6t/ha 104 1099 2100 12361 4750 0.61FYM @ 5t/ha 106 1274 2314 13768 3968 0.41Vermi @ compost 1 t/ha 83 940 1712 10545 2245 0.27Plant weed residues 79 775 1500 8928 1578 0.47Discarded grain @ 3t/ha 83 1158 2091 12440 2689 0.28Neem cake @ 1t/ha 94 963 1865 11094 1244 0.14Bio – fertilizers 78 798 1697 9107 1697 0.23FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDF 350 1400 3708 22062 13060 1.45100% RDF 163 1613 3095 18417 10068 1.18Control 72 7 757 1433 8524 1143 0.16CD (5%) 27 — 434 1072 1123 0.23Soybean+pigeonpea (soybean eqt.)Opening of furrow after every 4 rows 777 814 1970 24144 15995 1.96Opening of furrow after every 4 rows +vermi-compost @ 3 t/ha 1043 1153 2659 32589 21289 1.88Opening of furrow after every 4 rows + FYM @ 5t/ha 981 1253 2234 33525 23285 2.25Opening of furrow after every 4 rows + 100% RDF 1290 1340 2630 38789 28727 2.85Opening of furrow after every 4 rows +50% RDF + vermi-compost @ 1.5 t/ha 1086 1173 2259 33434 22753 2.12Opening of furrow after every 4 rows +50% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha 1092 1099 2191 32215 21944 2.13Flat bed + FYM @ 5t/ha 1025 981 2006 29394 19579 1.99Flat bed + vermin-compost @ 3t/ha 1074 1019 2093 30669 19618 1.78Flat bed + 100% RDF 1092 1160 2717 33299 23251 2.31Absolute control 593 630 1474 18066 10166 1.29CD (5%) 97 153 260 3381 3367 0.31Sorghum + pigeonpea (sorghum eqt)FYM 2231 981 5406 32170 25020 2.49100% RDF Glyricidia 1900 750 4370 26000 20418 2.64100% RDF (inorganic) 2694 1088 6228 37060 29940 3.21Integration of organic & inorganic sources (FYM) 1579 639 3696 21990 15350 1.31Integration of organic & inorganic sources (Glyricidia) 1444 574 3321 19630 13900 1.37Control (with rotation) 1185 426 2621 16000 10600 1.11Control (without rotation) 963 500 2576 15330 10340 1.06Soybean + pigeonpea (equivalent)FYM 764 1148 4884 29010 20010 1.20Glyricidia 592 949 4190 24930 17430 0.82100% RDF (inorganic) 870 1296 5530 32910 24090 1.73Integration of organic & inorganic sources (FYM) 639 847 3759 22360 13910 0.64Integration of organic & inorganic sources (Glyricidia) 597 745 3379 20110 12390 0.60Control (with rotation) 500 704 3059 18200 11300 0.64Control (without rotation) 468 745 2578 15240 8440 0.23



Table 120. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on cotton productivity and profitability at Akola


Seed Stalk (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Ploughing + inter culture operations + 824 2426 19174 28496 9327 1.53 921hand weeding50% of Conventional tillage + hand weeding 845 2281 18936 28050 9114 1.54 90250% of conventional tillage + herbicides 866 2322 18565 28723 10158 1.59 920CD (5%) NS NS100% Rec. dose (inorganic) 836 2360 15007 28330 13323 1.88 90050% (inorganic) + 50% N (FYM/ glyricidia) 909 2386 18969 29828 10857 1.59 949100% Recommended dose (organic) FYM/ glyricidia 791 2284 22700 27119 4414 1.19 894CD (5%) 93 NS

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Gross Net BCincome income ratio

I II Eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Cotton + blackgram (sorghum eqt)FYM 1537 296 5817 34610 24410 1.39Glyricidia 1426 130 4678 27840 19190 1.21100% RDF (inorganic) 1806 194 6073 36140 25290 1.33Integration of organic & inorganic sources (FYM) 1491 181 5114 30430 20740 1.14Integration of organic & inorganic sources (Glyricidia) 1435 120 4659 27720 19010 1.18Control (with rotation) 917 83 3007 17900 10810 0.52Control (without rotation) 782 79 2604 15500 8410 0.19Greengram – rabi sorghum (sorghum eqt)FYM 342 972 3192 18990 10440 0.22Glyricidia 296 1028 2802 16670 9670 0.38100% RDF (inorganic) 428 1269 3945 23470 14520 0.63Integration of organic & inorganic sources (FYM) 282 880 2676 15920 7660 -0.07Integration of organic & inorganic sources (Glyricidia) 185 797 2066 12290 4810 -0.35Control (with rotation) 213 676 2088 12420 6020 -0.06Control (without rotation) 130 505 1400 8320 1910 -0.70

Table 119. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of sunflower at Kovilpatti

Treatment Grain Cost of Gross Mean yield yield cultivation income (9 yrs)

(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Conventional tillage + Interculture + 100% organic fertilizer 487 11112 7792 687Conventional tillage + Interculture + 50% organic + 532 9750 8512 74350% inorganic fertilizerConventional tillage + Interculture + 100% inorganic fertilizer 468 8385 7488 657Low tillage + interculture + 100 % organic fertilizer 427 10550 6832 575Low tillage + interculture + 50% organic + 50% inorganic fertilizer 440 9187 7040 592Low tillage + interculture + 100% inorganic fertilizer 385 7823 6160 546Low tillage + interculture + weedicide + 100% organic fertilizer 495 10800 7920 624Low tillage + interculture + weedicide + 50% organic + 486 9437 7776 63950% inorganic fertilizerLow tillage + interculture + weedicide + 100% inorganic fertilizer 494 8073 7904 625CD (5%) 43 9457 7492




Table 121. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of soybean and pigeonpea intercroppingat Parbhani

Treatment Grain Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross NetI II Soybean cultivation income income

Eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Conventional tillage 1005 445 1664 12393 20378 7985Reduced tillage + interculture 1025 411 1635 10762 20026 9264Reduced tillage + Herbicide 824 339 1327 10663 16255 5592CD (5%) 143 40 156 — 1911 1911FYM @ 5 t/ha 857 446 1518) 11450 18590 7140Vermi-compost @ 3t/ha 926 325 1408 11750 17249 549950% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha 997 413 1607 11101 19688 858750% RDF + vermin-compost @ 1.5 t/ha 820 323 1299) 11351 15911 4560100% RDF 1157 486 1877 10712 22996 12284CD (5%) 194 80 263 3216 3216

Table 122. Effect of tillage practices on productivity and monetary returns of sorghum and soybean at Parbhani

Treatment Grain yield Sorghum eqt. Cost of Gross Net BC(kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) cultivation income income Ratio

(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Sorghum with conventional tillage 4247 5003 9210 27052 17842 1.93Sorghum with mechanical tillage 3222 3716 10385 20067 9682 0.93Sorghum with minimum tillage 3321 4023 7835 21726 13891 1.77Soybean with conventional tillage 1333 3025 10715 16333 5618 0.52Soybean with mechanical tillage 1457 3305 11890 17846 5956 0.50Soybean with minimum tillage 1309 2969 9340 16031 6691 0.72CD (5%) 195 301 1629 1629 0.17


Among agri-horti combinations at Kovilpatti intercroppingof greengram in sapota registered highest net income (Rs.6626/ha) followed by maize grown with Sapota (3835 kg/ha). Amongintercrops sorghum and maize gave grain yields of 1677 and 1578kg/ha respectively (Table 123).

3.5. Nutritious Cereal Based Production System

3.5.1. Sorghum based production system


In Solapur, the hybrid castor CK-06-IHT-27 and CK-06-IHT-15 recorded bean yields of 1817 and 1813 kg/ha. The improved

variety HG-1, HG-16 and HG-8 of horsegram gave grain yield of729, 639 and 632 kg/ha respectively in rainfed vertisols. Inclusterbean, GG-6 recorded highest grain yield (1552 kg/ha)followed by G-1 (1326 kg/ha).

Among varieties of sunflower, SB-275 and RCR-9 recordeda seed yield of 2345 and 2248 kg/ha respectively at Bijapur. Inanother study, the hybrid of BSFH-4 recorded a seed yield of 1458kg/ha followed by Sunbred-00997 with a grain yield of 1399 kg/ha. In another experiment, KBSH-44 gave a seed yield of 2254kg/ha followed by JKSFH-238 (1758 kg/ha). In foxtail millet, FMLT-1 was superior with a grain yield of 1645 kg/ha, followed by FMLT-3 with 1390 kg/ha and FMLT-2 with 1330 kg/ha. In barnyardmillet, BMLT-8 registered a grain yield of 1110 kg/ha, followed by

Table 123. Effect of intercrop on production and productivity in agri-horti system at Kovilpatti

Treatment Grainyield Sorghum eqt. Gross income Net income BC ratio Mean yield(kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (3 yrs) (kg/ha)

Sapota + sorghum 1677 1677 10898 3398 1.45 1818Sapota + maize 1578 1821 11835 3835 1.48 1891Sapota + pearlmillet 1391 1177 7651 1401 1.22 1364Sapota + cotton 520 1601 10407 1907 1.22 1937Sapota + greengram 456 2173 14126 6626 1.88 2359Sapota + sunflower 575 1316 10356 3356 1.48 2447Sapota + senna 797 1471 9564 3314 1.53 1558



Table 124. Influence of pearlmillet based intercropping system on productivity and profitability at Solapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC MeanI II Pearlmillet cultivation income income ratio yield (3yrs)

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (1:1) 1897 636 4511 11741 27067 15327 2.31 4157Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) 2160 769 5200 11405 31198 19794 2.74 4718Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:2) 1858 463 3952 11741 23712 11971 2.02 3723Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:3) 1803 597 4304 11741 25826 14086 2.20 3837Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (6:3) 1972 702 4779 11405 28675 17270 2.51 4217Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (3:6) 1048 622 3513 12289 21077 8788 1.72 3780Sole pearlmillet 2536 3287 9609 19724 10115 2.05 2914Sole pigeonpea 1020 3280 11846 19680 7834 1.66 2964CD (5%) 299 91 442 508

Mulberry variety S-1635 under dryland situation at Bijapur

BMLT-7 (908 kg/ha) and BMLT-9 (898 kg/ha). In proso millet,PMLT-2 was superior with a grain yield of 814 kg/ha, followed byPMLT-4 and PMLT-6 with a yield of 740 kg/ha. The improvedvarieties of cowpea of T-1, T-5 and T-11 registered a grain yield of614, 577 and 576 kg/ha respectively. In linseed, NS-157 gavehighest grain yield of 6900 kg/ha, followed by PKDL-52 (6747 kg/ha) and JLT-118 (6583 kg/ha). In mustard, the improved varietyof GPM-25 gave highest seed yield of 1347 kg/ha, followed byVaruna (1083 kg/ha), GM-2 (1055 kg/ha) and JM-1 (1013 kg/ha). The improved variety of horsegram GPM-100935 gave highestgrain yield of 846 kg/ha, followed by GPM-23 (822 kg/ha) andGPM-1 (807 kg/ha). In mulberry (S-1635) recorded highestgreen leaf yield of 22378 kg/ha followed by V-1 with a yield of20000 kg/ha.


At Solapur, pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) gave highestpearlmillet equivalent yield of 4511 kg/ha and net income ofRs.19794/ha followed by pearlmillet + pigeonpea (6:3) with ayield of 4779 kg/ha and net income of Rs.17270/ha. In anotherstudy, sunflower + pigeonpea (2:1) gave highest sunflowerequivalent yield (1854 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.19196/ha)followed by sunflower + pigeonpea (6:3) with a yield of 2872 kg/ha and net income of Rs.18641/ha (Tables 124 and 125).

At Bijapur, pigeonpea + greengram (2:4) after chilli – cottonin previous year was found efficient and recorded a net income ofRs. 36054/ha which is on par with pigeonpea + green gram (2:4)grown after fallow – rabi sorghum (Rs.35979/ha).

At Bijapur, intercropping of castor (60 x 15 cm) + sunflower(60 x 20 cm) in 2:4 ratio with net income of Rs.8934/ha followedby castor (120 x 20 cm) + sunflower (120 x 10 cm) in 1:1 ratiorecorded a net income of Rs.8371/ha. A minimum gross income ofRs.7259/ha and net income of Rs.194/ha were attained from solecotton (60 x 30 cm) with a kapas yield of 519 kg/ha (Table 126).

Sunflower+pigeonpea (2:1) intercropping system at Solapur

Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) intercropping system at Solapur




Table 125. Influence of sunflower based intercropping systems on productivity and profitability at Solapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC MeanI II Sunflower cultivation income income ratio yield (3yrs)

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Sunflower + pigeonpea (1:1) 543 986 1671 12720 28405 15685 2.23 1329Sunflower + pigeonpea (2:1) 837 967 1854 12326 31521 19196 2.56 1528Sunflower + pigeonpea (2:2) 560 983 1688 12720 28704 15984 2.26 1356Sunflower + pigeonpea (3:3) 566 984 1694 12720 28799 16079 2.26 1342Sunflower + pigeonpea (6:3) 710 963 2872 12326 30967 18641 2.51 1460Sunflower + pigeonpea (3:6) 462 955 1587 13378 26975 13597 2.02 1309Sole sunflower 822 848 12866 1542 1.12 943Sole pigeonpea 1283 1523 13542 25895 12353 1.91 1145CD (5%) 531 144 156 161

Castor + sunflower (2:4) intercropping system at Bijapur

Table 126. Influence of plant geometry on productivity and profitability of cotton based intercropping system at Bijapur

Treatment Grain yield Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yield (kg/ha) cultivation income income ratio (5 yrs) (kg/ha)


Cotton (120 x 15 cm) + 228 694 10985 14308 3323 1.30 287 597sunflower (120 x 10 cm) (1:1)Cotton (60 x 10 cm) + 268 784 9645 16293 6648 1.69 242 666sunflower (60 x 20 cm) (2:4)Castor (120 x 20 cm) + 602 716 10905 19276 8371 1.77 559 604sunflower (120 x 10 cm) (1:1)Castor (60 x 15 cm) + 401 833 9612 18546 8934 1.93 407 738sunflower (60 x 20 cm) (2:4)Castor (120 x 20 cm) + 877 281 9050 15327 6277 1.69 787 219cotton (120 x 15 cm) (1:1)Castor (60 x 15 cm) + 722 364 8378 14487 6109 1.73 678 278cotton (60 x 30cm) (2:4)Sole cotton (60 x 30cm) 519 7065 7259 194 1.03 442Sole castor (60 x 45cm) 944 7035 12278 5243 1.75 800Sole sunflower (60x20cm) 969 8170 15506 7336 1.90 775CD (5%) 1280 0.13

In another study, chilli + onion (2:4) recorded highest netincome of Rs. 46503/ha with a grain yield of 765 kg/ha of chilliand 4815 kg/ha of onion followed by chilli + onion (2:8) whichgave a net income of Rs.41801/ha together with chilli yield of 676kg/ha and onion yield of 5926 kg/ha (Table 127).

The studies on greengram and blackgram intercropping withvaried row and plant spacings indicated that greengram (45 x 8cm) + blackgram registered highest greengram equivalent yield(1234 kg/ha), followed by greengram (75 x 5 cm) + blackgramsystem (1203 kg/ha). In respect of monetary advantage greengram(60 x 6 cm) + blackgram recorded the highest net income (Rs.

24116), followed by greengram (45 x 8 cm) + blackgram (Rs.

21723) (Table 128).



Table 129. Influence of drought management practices on productivity of pearlmillet at Solapur

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (2 yrs) (kg/ha)

Mechanical bund + vertical plastic mulch 1152 1268Mechanical bund 1065 1150Farmers practice 1001 1047

Table 127. Influence of plant geometry on productivity and profitability of chilli based intercropping systems at Bijapur

Cropping system Grain yield Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yield (kg/ha) cultivation income income ratio (5 yrs) (kg/ha)

I II (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) I IIChilli (60 cm) + cotton in the same row 486 265 20072 29773 9701 1.48 438 190Chilli 120x10cm + cotton 60cm (1:1) 553 299 11045 33543 22498 3.04 558 230Chilli + cotton 45/135 paired row planting 574 454 11061 37301 26240 3.37 641 297Chilli + onion (2:4) 765 4815 12604 59107 46503 4.69 976 4000Chilli + onion (2:8) 676 5926 12421 54222 41801 4.37 809 5117Cotton + onion (2:4) 370 4352 10951 19253 8302 1.76 275 3292Cotton + onion (2:8) 287 5278 11428 20844 9416 1.82 210 4008


In Solapur, mechanical bund + vertical plastic mulchrecorded highest grain yield of pearlmillet (1152 kg/ha). Thispractice gave additional grain yield of 150 kg/ha over farmerspractice (1001 kg/ha) (Table 129).

At Bijapur, use of pebble mulch of 50% surface applicationgave highest grain yield of greengram (510 kg/ha), followed bygravel sand mulch of 10 cm depth (470 kg/ha). These practiceson an average enhanced the productivity of greengram by 260and 220 kg/ha respectively, compared to farmers practice (250kg/ha).


Long term nutrient management trials

At Solapur, 25 kg N/ha through crop residue + 25 kg N/hathrough Leucaena gave highest grain yield (1554 kg/ha) and netincome (Rs. 11957/ha) in rabi sorghum followed by 25 kg N/hathrough FYM + 25 kg N/ha through urea with a yield of 1320 kg/ha and net income of Rs.8716/ha. 25 kg N/ha through crop residue+ 25 kg N/ha through urea recorded the highest consumptiveuse of moisture (289 mm). 25 kg N/ha through crop residue and25 Kg N/ha through Leucaena loppings recorded highest moistureuse efficiency for both grain and fodder (6.24 and 17.64 kg/ha/

mm of water respectively). The soil properties after 20th year ofthe experiment indicated the improvement of pH, EC, OC and CaCO

3 over control. The highest organic carbon content was observed

with 25 kg N/ha through crop residue + 25 kg N/ha through urea(0.77%). The lowest depletion of N was observed with 25 kg N/hathrough urea compared to control, followed by the use of organicand inorganic combinations (Table 130 and 131).

In another study of rabi sorghum and chickpea in sole andintercropping system under different blocks, 25 kg N/ha (compostand crop residue) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) was superior for attaininghighest grain yield of 1813 kg/ha and gross income of Rs.15181/ha under sole sorghum block. 15 kg N/ha (compost and cropresidue) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) was superior for attaining amaximum grain yield of 1441 kg/ha and gross income of Rs.18320/ha under sole chickpea block. In case of sorghum + chickpeastrip, a maximum sorghum grain equivalent yield of 2731 kg/haand 1652 kg/ha of chickpea with gross income of Rs.21720/hawere attained with an application of 15 kg N/ha (compost andcrop residue) + 20 kg N/ha (urea). After ninth year ofexperimentation, the organic content of soil at sowing was in arange of 0.48 to 0.64 % and it was increased at 60 DAS (0.52 to0.76 %) and again it was decreased at harvest stage (0.49 to 0.67%). The residual effect of different treatments under sole chickpea

Table 128. Effect of crop geometry on yield and net returns of greengram intercropping system at Bijapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCGreen- Black- Green cultivation income income ratiogram gram gram eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

37.5 x 10 cm green gram + blackgram 413 1185 887 5905 17752 14800 4.9045 x 8 cm greengram + blackgram 788 1461 1234 5905 24675 21723 7.2660 x 6 cm greengram + blackgram 977 1565 138 7305 27769 24116 6.5475 x 5 cm greengram + blackgram 862 1342 1203 7305 24057 20405 5.5490 x 4 cm greengram + blackgram 375 728 606 7305 12121 8469 2.28




Table 130. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and monetary returns from rabi sorghum at Solapur


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Control 557 1888 9075 8669 -406 0.95 52225 kg N/ha (urea) 1013 3243 9938 15502 5564 1.55 86050 kg N/ha (urea) 1120 3264 10225 16656 6431 1.62 96925 kg N/ha (crop residue) 1170 3366 10225 17334 7109 1.69 90925 kg N/ha (FYM) 1238 3490 11200 18234 7034 1.62 88825 kg N/ha (crop residue) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) 1269 3510 10513 18590 8077 1.76 111725 kg N/ha (FYM) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) 1320 4229 11488 20204 8716 1.75 102825 kg N/ha (crop residue) + 25 kg N/ha (Leucaena) 1554 4393 10950 22906 11957 2.09 118625 kg N/ha (Leucaena) 1184 3777 10375 18098 7723 1.74 84325 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) 1085 3818 10663 17120 6457 1.60 837CD (5%) 179 124

Table 131. Effect of nutrient management practices on chemical properties of the soil at sowing of rabi sorghum(at 20th year) at Solapur

Treatment pH (1:2.5) EC (dSm-1) O.C (%) CaCO3 (%)

Control 7.7 0.23 0.58 3.4025 kg N/ha (urea) 7.8 0.25 0.62 3.5250 kg N/ha (urea) 8.0 0.27 0.60 3.1625 kg N/ha (crop residue) 7.7 0.23 0.65 3.4225 kg N/ha (FYM) 8.0 0.25 0.70 3.7625 kg N/ha (crop residue) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) 7.8 0.24 0.77 3.6425 kg N/ha (FYM) + 25kg N/ha (urea) 7.8 0.27 0.61 3.7625 kg N/ha (crop residue) + 25 kg N/ha (Leucaena) 7.9 0.24 0.67 3.2825 kg N/ha (Leucaena) 8.0 0.24 0.69 3.5225 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 25 kg N/ha (urea) 7.8 0.25 0.68 3.88

showed that the highest organic carbon content was observed with50 kg N/ha with Leucaena + 10 kg N/ha through urea (0.69%).Under strip cropping of sorghum + chickpea, the organic carboncontent was higher with organic manures compared to treatmentswith inorganic fertilizer. The biological properties of soil viz. Psolublizing bacteria, azotobacter and actinomycites were higherin organic treatments compared to fertilizers in sole rabi sorghum,

chickpea and sorghum + chickpea system. To sum up, in theninth year of experimentation, application of 15 kg N/ha throughcompost and crop residue (1:3) + 20 kg N/ha through urea toonly rabi sorghum in the sorghum + chickpea strip cropping(4:6) in an inceptisol was found to be beneficial for achievinghigher yield, better soil health and sustainability under drylandconditions (Table 132).

15 kg N (compost & crop residue) + 20 kg N (urea) for stripcropping of rabi sorghum + chickpea at Bijapur

15 kg N compost + 20 kg N (fertilizer)in chickpea sole block at Bijapur



Table 132. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on sorghum equivalent yield and monetary returns from sorghumand chickpea in sole and strip cropping system at Solapur

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha) GrossSorghum Chickpea Sorghum Sorghum Chickpea income

eqt. (Rs/ha)

Sorghum-chickpea

Control 1245 1188 3507 4248 2533 23146

50 kg N/ha (urea) 1761 1310 4256 4810 3044 30378

25 kg N/ha (urea) 1500 1304 3983 5411 2769 18569

25 kg N/ha(Compost & crop residue) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1813 1300 4289 4930 2903 30608



15 kg N/ha(Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1678 1249 4057 5291 2537 28780


15 kg N/ha(Compost & crop residue) 1642 1367 4245 5812 2780 31123

+ 10 kg N/ha (Leucaena)

CD (5%) 216 123 561 321Sorghum + chickpea (strip)Control 876 549 1621 1761 1174 12744

50 kg N/ha (urea) 1344 629 2542 2583 1558 19822

25 kg N/ha (urea) 1047 677 2336 1996 16848






15 kg N/ha(Compost & crop residue) 1099 631 2302 2192 1308 16319

+ 10 kg N/ha (Leucaena)

CD (5%) 119 92 450 113

In a permanent manurial trial on sorghum and safflower atBijapur, 50% N (FYM) + 50% recommended fertilizer (inorganic)gave highest sorghum grain yield (1296 kg/ha) and fodder yield(4458 kg/ha compared to control yield of 338 and 1748 kg/harespectively. 100% RDF and 100% RDF + ZnSO

4 @ 15 kg/ha

were at par and were the 2nd and 3rd best treatments with a grainyield of 1094 and 1039 kg/ha and fodder yield of 2836 and 2157kg/ha respectively. The soil moisture was higher in organic manuretreated plots compared to only fertilizer and control during all thestages of crop growth.

In a study on nutrient management for rabi sorghum andchickpea under sole blocks and intercropping strip at Bijapur,significantly higher grain yield of 1998 kg/ha and fodder yield of3792 kg/ha of rabi sorghum were attained with an application of15 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (urea) under sorghum block. 15kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) was the 2nd best for grainyield (1851 kg/ha) and fodder yield (3274 kg/ha). A maximum

fodder yield of 3996 kg/ha together with a grain yield of 1471 kg/ha were attained with 50% recommended N (urea).

Under chickpea sole block at Bijapur, 15 kg N (compost) +20 kg N (urea) was superior with a maximum grain yield of 1092kg/ha. 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (urea) and 25 kg N (compost)were the 2nd best with a grain yield of 926 kg/ha (Table 133).

Under sorghum-chickpea rotation at Bijapur, 15 kg N(compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) was superior and gave a maximumgrain yield of 1131 kg/ha and fodder yield of 3021 kg/ha. This wasfollowed by 955 kg/ha of grain and 2964 kg/ha of fodder attainedby 15 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) (Table 134).

Under sorghum + chickpea intercropping strip at Bijapur,a maximum and significantly higher grain yield of 1676 kg/hawas attained by 15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea), followedby 1657 kg/ha with an application of 15 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kgN/ha (urea).




Table 133. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of rabi sorghum and chickpea in sole blocks atBijapur

Treatment Sorghum sole block Mean Chickpea sole blockGrain yield Fodder yield yield Grain yield Mean yield

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (8 yrs)(kg/ha)Control 867 2027 943 565 506100% Rec N (urea) 1228 2943 1381 751 87650% Rec. N (urea) 1471 3996 1259 916 79125 kg N (compost) 1764 3850 1420 926 83915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1598 3372 1370 926 91115 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1345 3411 1477 1092 99315 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1851 3274 1499 780 80715 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1998 3792 1577 906 89515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (sunhemp) 1520 3041 1341 711 826CD (5%) 268 703 690 123 75.0

Table 134. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of chickpea under sorghum-chickpea rotation atBijapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (8 yrs) (kg/ha)Grain Fodder

Control 624 1793 484100% Rec N (urea) 799 2788 78750% Rec. N (urea) 838 2748 68725 kg N/ha (compost) 819 2651 74215 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 760 2963 116915 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1131 3021 90415 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 780 2670 78715 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 955 2964 121315 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (sunhemp) 780 2690 753CD (5%) 216 332 477

Effect of tillage and fertiliser N on pearlmillet at Solapur

Conventional tillage+ 100 % N (inorganic)

Conventional tillage+ 50 % N (inorganic)


At Solapur, conventional tillage + 100% N (inorganic) wassuperior with a significantly higher grain yield of 1933 kg/ha, fodderyield of 3136 kg/ha, gross income of Rs.13950/ha, net income ofRs.6559/ha and BC ratio of 1.9. Conventional tillage + 50% N(organic) was the 2nd best with a grain yield of 1876 kg/ha, fodderyield of 3050 kg/ha, gross income of Rs.13544/ha, net income ofRs.6297/ha and BC ratio of 1.9. Low tillage of 2 harrowings +one hoeing + one hand weeding together with 100% N (inorganic)gave a maximum BC ratio of 2.35 and was the 3rd best with a grainyield of 1700 kg/ha, fodder yield of 2374 kg/ha, gross income ofRs.11980/ha and net income of Rs.6890/ha (Table 135).

At Bellary, a maximum fodder yield (22000 kg/ha) wasattained by conventional tillage i.e., one ploughing + 2 harrowings+ 2 hoeings + hand weeding together with 50% N (FYM) +50% N (urea) (Table 136).

At Bijapur, conventional tillage gave highest mean grain yieldof rabi sorghum (1602 kg/ha) and fodder yield (3970 kg/ha)compared to low tillage with a yield of 1501 kg/ha. Among fertilizer

treatments, farmers practice was superior with a maximum yieldof 2235 kg/ha and fodder yield of 4928 kg/ha under conventionaltillage compared to grain yield of 1985 kg/ha and fodder yield of4566 kg/ha under low tillage + interculture (Table 137).



Table 136. Effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity of rabi sorghum at Bellary

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yieldGrain Fodder (2 yrs) (kg/ha)

Rabi sorghumLow tillage (sowing with seed drill and light harrowing after sowing – SSDH) 1793 5337 1815Medium tillage (1 harrowing + SSDH + 1 hoeing) 1957 5407 2028Conventional tillage (Plough once in 3 years + 1 harrowing 2125 5268 2159+ ridges & furrows + harrowing + SSDH + 3 hoeings)Organics (50 kg N/ha (50% CR + 50 % GLL) 1623 5268 1786Organics + fertilizers (25 kg N/ha (urea) + 25 kg N/ha organics 2161 5129 2171+ 12.5 kg P/ha through fertilizer (SSP)Fertilizers (RDF) (50 kg N + 25 P kg /ha) 2091 5616 2044Rabi sorghumConventional tillage (1 ploughing + 2 harrowings + 2 hoeings + hand weeding) 126002 harrowings + 1 hoeing + 1 hand weeding) 100001 harrowing + 1 hoeing + weedicide 8900150 % N (50% N (FYM) + 50% N (urea) 10900100% N (50% N (FYM) + 50% N (urea) 1120050% N (50% N (FYM) + 50% N (urea) 9400

Table 135. Influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet at Solapur


Conventional tillage + 100% N (organic) 1381 2561 7727 10206 2479 1.30Conventional tillage + 50% N (organic) 1876 3050 7277 13544 6297 1.90Conventional tillage + 100% N (inorganic) 1933 3136 7391 13950 6559 1.90Low till (2 harrowings + 1 hoeing + 1387 1752 5427 9636 4209 1.801 hand weeding) + 100% N (organic)Low till (2 harrowings + 1 hoeing + 1476 1683 5259 10118 4859 1.901 hand weeding) + 50% N (organic)Low till (2 harrowings + 1 hoeing + 1700 2374 5091 11980 6890 2.351 hand weeding) + 100% N (inorganic)Low tillage (1 harrowing + 1 hoeing + 1548 949 4977 10215 5238 2.00weedicide) + 100% N (organic)Low tillage (1harrowing + 1 hoeing + 1481 1410 4812 9944 5131 2.10weedicide) + 50% N (organic)Low tillage (1harrowing + 1 hoeing + 1292 1539 4647 8906 4259 1.92weedicide) +100% N (inorganic)

Site-specific nutrient management strategies

At Solapur, application of 75 kg N + 31 kg P + ZnSO4 @

15 kg/ha gave highest grain yield of rabi sorghum(1583 kg/ha) and fodder yield (5555 kg/ha), followed byapplication of 75 kg N + 31 kg P (1531 kg/ha) (Table 138).

In a nutrient management study for sunflower at Bijapur, amaximum and significantly higher seed yield of 1626 kg/ha wasattained with an application of 100% RDF + FYM @5 t/ha. This was followed by 100% RDF of 35 kg N + 50 kg P + 35kg K/ha with a yield of 1452 kg/ha (Table 139).

At Bellary, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) fertilizerunder sorghum block recorded highest grain yield of 792 kg/haand fodder yield of 1630 kg/ha. It was followed by 15 kg N throughgreen leaf + 20 kg N/ha (urea) (772 kg/ha). Under chickpea block,highest grain yield of 711 kg/ha and fodder yield of 674 kg/ha ofchickpea were attained with an application of 15 kg N throughcompost+10 kg N (green leaf). It was followed by 50%recommended N (urea) which gave a grain yield of 678 kg/ha.Under sorghum + chickpea strip, highest sorghum grain yield of1235 kg/ha and fodder yield of 7996 kg/ha were attained with anapplication of 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) fertilizer(Table 140 and 141).




Table 137. Effect of tillage and nutrient management on productivity of rabi sorghum at Bijapur

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)

Conventional Tillage 1602 3970Sunhemp incorporation @ 5t/ha 1485 4310Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDF 2192 4821100% RDF 1868 3672Farmer’s practice 2235 4928Low tillage (LT1) 1501 4268Sunhemp incorporation @ 5t/ha 1559 4151Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDF 1809 4544100% RDF 1671 4108Farmer’s practice 1985 4566Low tillage (LT2) 1511 3565Sunhemp incorporation @ 5t/ha 1602 3831Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDF 1894 4523100% RDF 1846 4427Farmers’ practice 1873 4661

Table 138. Influence of site-specific nutrient management practices on productivity of rabi sorghum at Solapur

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)

Control 503 2645Recommended fertilizer (50:25:0) 1306 3571Zn alone @ 10 kg ZnSO4/ha 631 3372Recommended fertilizer + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg/ha 1271 4166As per soil test (75:31) 1531 5423Zn alone @ 15 kg/ha 773 2910As per soil test + Zn @ 15 kg/ha 1583 5555RDF + foliar spray of 0.5 % Zn SO4 1327 3637

Table 139. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of crops at Bijapur

Crop Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (8 yrs) (kg/ha)

Sorghum (cereal + legume) Control 750 651100% Rec N (urea) 1209 127850% Rec. N (urea) 1335 109925 kg N/ha (compost) 1183 104115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1306 119915 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1676 144315 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1501 157215 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1657 135815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (sunhemp) 1296 1090CD (5%) 202 319

Sunflower Control 963RDF (35:50:35 kg NPK/ha) 145275% RDF 1288125% RDF 1290150% RDF 1385RDF + RD FYM (5 t/ha) 1626CD (5%) 159



Table 140. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of sorghum and chickpea under different blocks atBellary

Crop Treatment Grain yield Fodder yield Mean yield(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (8yrs)(kg/ha)

Sorghum (cereal block) Control 474 900 1035100% RDN (urea) 699 980 161550% RDN (urea) 772 1230 140125 kg N (compost) 694 1140 133315 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 686 1240 121015 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 662 1310 145015 kg N (greenleaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 704 1470 149515 kg N (greenleaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 772 1550 163115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 792 1630 1453

Chickpea (pulse block) Control 438 486 420100% RDN (urea) 624 582 63450% RDN (urea) 678 654 55025 kg N/ha (compost) 645 438 59415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 532 546 56415 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 608 538 62115 kg N (greenleaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 675 563 63815 kg N (greenleaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 671 617 70015 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 711 674 669

Table 141. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of sorghum and chickpea under intercroppingblock at Bellary

Crop Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield Mean yieldI II Sorghum (kg/ha) (8 yrs)(kg/ha)

eqt. I II I IISorghum + Control 221 205 782 5450 182 465 261chickpea 100% RDN (urea) 292 294 1084 7260 235 640 321

50% RDN (urea) 336 295 1124 6810 232 571 30625 kg N/ha (compost) 330 247 1001 6350 214 588 30715 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 335 270 1062 6350 230 603 32715 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 358 273 1098 6810 235 647 31415 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 321 301 1130 6350 271 626 34415 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 365 310 1202 7260 277 674 36015 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 376 317 1235 7720 276 644 346


At Bijapur, there was no significant difference in grain yield

of rabi sorghum and sunflower due to various seeding devices,

viz., automatic tractor drawn seed drill, ridger-ferti-seed drill and

bullock drawn seed drill.

3.5.1.7 Weed Management

At Solapur, the weed free check gave a maximum grain yield

of 1261 kg/ha and fodder yield of 5664 kg/ha, while a minimum

yield of 774 kg/ha of grain and 4415 kg/ha of fodder was attained

by weedy check. Fluchloralin @1kg a.i/ha+1 hoeing after 45 DAS

was the 2nd best with a grain yield of 1123 kg/ ha, fodder yield of

5361 kg/ha, gross income of Rs.23104/ha, net income of Rs.15367/

ha and BC ratio of 2.99 (Table 142).

3.5.1.8 Crop Management

At Solapur, 45 x 20 cm spacing in rabi sorghum gave highestgrain yield (2163 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.16861/ha). Amongvarieties, Phule Yasoda gave a maximum grain yield of 2124 kg/ha and fodder yield of 5890 kg/ha, while it was the 3rd best forgross income (Rs.26072/ha), net income (Rs.15055/ha) and BCratio (2.37). However, M-35-1 was superior with a maximumgross income of Rs.27755/ha, net income of Rs.16738/ha and BCratio of 2.52 from a grain yield of 1908/ha and fodder yield of5145 kg/ha (Table 143).




Table 142. Effect of weed management practices on productivity and monetary returns in pigeonpea at Solapur

Treatment Grain Fodder Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldyield yield cultivation income income ratio (5 yrs)

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)

Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (pre-plant incorporation) 980 4924 7457 20350 12894 2.73 702Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i./ha+one hoeing after 45DAS 1123 5361 7737 23104 15367 2.99 809Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (pre-emergence) 906 4779 7378 18983 11605 2.57 656Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha+one hoeing after 45DAS 1018 5017 7659 21069 13410 2.75 7453 hoeings at 15 days interval 1053 4942 7794 21609 13816 2.93 787Competitive crop effect (Blackgram) 989 4777 6951 20396 13445 2.77 621Weedy check 774 4415 6614 16466 9852 2.49 505Weed free check 1261 5664 8692 25680 16988 2.95 903CD (5%) 139 544

Table 143. Influence of crop geometry and varieties on productivity and monetary returns of rabi sorghum at Solapur

Treatment Grain yield Fodder yield Cost ofcultivation Gross income Net income BC(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i./ha 980 4924 7457 20350 12894 2.7330 cm x 10 cm 1866 6039 11466 26197 14731 2.2837.5 cm x 10 cm 2003 5514 11167 26886 15719 2.4145 cm x 15 cm 2066 5407 10868 27413 16545 2.5245 cm x 20 cm 2163 4634 10569 27430 16861 2.60VarietiesM-35-1 1908 5145 11018 27755 16738 2.52Phule Yashoda 2124 5890 11018 26072 15055 2.37Phule Maulee 2041 5160 11018 27118 16100 2.46

Table 144. Effect of fertilizers and irrigation on yield of Jatrophaat Solapur

Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha)

N levels (kg/ha)Control 14025 18850 18975 190P levels (kg/ha)Control 15212.5 174 25.0 19037.5 191K levels (kg/ha)Control 15212.5 17125.0 19037.5 193Protective irrigationControl 1515 liter/plant 17810 liter/plant 201

3.5.1.9 Crop Diversification

At Solapur, application of 75 kg N + 37.5 kg P + 37.5kg K/ha together with an irrigation of 10 lt/plant gave maximumseed yield of Jatropha (199 kg/ha). Application of 50 kg N + 25 kgP + 25 kg K/ha and irrigation of 5 lt/plant was also equally efficientwith a yield of 187 kg/ha (Table 144).

At Bellary, the improved germplasm of Jatropha,JJ-cutting gave maximum canopy spread of 82 cm each in North-South and East-West direction and a maximum of 11 branches,while JU-seedling recorded maximum plant height of 71.8 cmand collar diameter of 4.9 cm. A minimum plant height of 15.5cm, collar diameter of 1.9 cm, canopy spread of 17 cm in North-South and 17.5 cm in East-West direction and 2 branches by JR-cutting in the study (Table 145).

3.5.1.10 Alternate Land Use

In aonla based agri-horti system at Solapur, aonla +pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) recorded highest aonla equivalentyield (1455 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.13880/ha). This wasfollowed by aonla + pigeonpea (1435 kg/ha) and net income(Rs.13199/ha), while a minimum aonla equivalent yield of 710kg/ha and net income of Rs.1705/ha were recorded with aonla +sunflower system. The sole aonla gave a maximum fruit yield of134 kg/ha (Table 146).



Agri-horticultural system of pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) intercropping in association with drumstick alleys at

Table 146. Influence of aonla based agri-horti system on productivity and monetary returns at Solapur

Cropping system Fruit Yield of crop (kg/ha) Aonla Cost of Gross Net BCyield eqt. yield cultivation income income ratio

(kg/ha) Grain Fodder (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Aonla + Drumstick 107 811 + - 972 7232 14577 7346 2.02Aonla + pearlmillet 93 1390 2152 814 7385 12205 4820 1.65Aonla + pigeonpea 100 988 4293 1435 8321 21518 13199 2.59Aonla + sunflower 106 516 1376 710 8941 10646 1705 1.19Aonla + pearlmillet + 96 1189 + 518 1533 (2470) 1455 7951 21829 13880 2.75pigeonpea (2:1)Aonla + sunflower + 97 356 + 620 978 (2336) 1333 8630 20001 11372 2.32pigeonpea (2:1)Aonla (sole) 134 3443 2005 -1437 0.58CD (5%) 17

Table 145. Performance of Jatropha germplasm for different traits at Bellary

Germplasm Height Collar diameter Canopy spread (cm) No of (cm) (cm) North-South East-West branches

JJ-seedling 44.6 2.8 36.6 41.0 3JJ-seedling 47.0 3.0 41.2 39.2 3JL-seedling 51.6 3.1 51.0 48.6 2JR-cutting 15.5 1.9 17.0 17.5 2JJ-cutting 61.2 4.2 82.0 82.0 11L-cutting 23.7 2.3 27.7 27.7 2JU-seedling 71.8 4.9 74.9 74.9 6

3.5.2 Pearlmillet based production system


At Agra, G-45 variety of clusterbean recorded a maximumgrain yield of 1147 kg/ha, followed by G-49 and G-42 (999 and925 kg/ha) respectively. At Hisar, the improved variety of MB-1 inmothbean recorded highest grain yield (1025 kg/ha), followed byMB-3 (852 kg/ha) and MB-2 (803 kg/ha). In pearlmillet, thehybrid DSH-5 gave highest grain yield (1667 kg/ha) followed byDSH-4 (1604 kg/ha).

3.5.2.2 Cropping SystemsAmong different crops tested at Agra, clusterbean recorded

highest net income (Rs. 5696/ha) with a grain yield of 742 kg/ha

followed by greengram deriving the net income of Rs. 2310/ha.During rabi, mustard recorded the highest net income (Rs. 18712/ha), followed by chickpea (Rs.12957 kg/ha) while pearlmilletrecorded lowest net income of Rs. 6117/ha. Intercropping ofclusterbean and pearlmillet (6:1) recorded highest net income(Rs. 8440/ha), followed by clusterbean + pearlmillet (5:1) witha net income of Rs. 7958/ha (Table 147).

At SK Nagar, sole crop of blackgram at 45 cm recorded highestcotton equivalent yield (2984 kg/ha), followed by cotton +blackgram (1:1) with 2063 kg/ha. In respect of monetaryadvantage, sole blackgram recorded highest gross income followedby cotton + blackgram (1:1) (Rs. 46411/ha) (Table 148).




Table 147. Influence of different intercropping systems on productivity and profitability at Agra

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCI II Clusterbean cultivation income income ratio

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Clusterbean + pearlmillet (4:1) 718 162 60 7092 14455 7363 2.04Clusterbean + pearlmillet (5:1) 755 156 58 7092 15050 7958 2.12Clusterbean + pearlmillet (6:1) 787 146 54) 7092 15532 8440 2.19Clusterbean + sesame (4:1) 690 45 63 7092 13545 6453 1.91Clusterbean + sesame (5:1) 730 42 58 7092 14190 7098 2.00Clusterbean + sesame (6:1) 765 38 53 7092 14774 7682 2.08Clusterbean pure 834 7092 15012 7920 2.12Pearlmillet pure 742 7092 6911 -181 0.97Sesame pure 226 7092 5650 -1442 0.80CD (5%) NS

Table 148. Influence of cotton based intercropping system on productivity and profitability at SK Nagar

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Gross income Net incomeI II Cotton eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Cotton + greengram (1:1) 1011 310 1478 33258 1.46Cotton + blackgram (1:1) 962 700 2063 46411 1.36Cotton + pigeonpea (1:1) 881 329 1272 28626 1.35Cotton + soybean (1:1) 526 1713 1695 38129 1.13Cotton sole (120 cm) 965 1001 22518 1.00Green gram sole (45 cm) 760 1076 24214 1.00Blackgram sole (45 cm) 1956 2984 67143 1.00Pigeonpea sole (90 cm) 755 833 18761 1.00Soybean sole (45 cm) 2936 1932 43462 1.00

At Hisar, mothbean in paired rows of 30 and 60 cm togetherwith 1 row of greengram gave highest mothbean equivalent yield(1329 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 18185/ha), followed by mothbeanpaired row (30:60 cm) + one row of greengram (1308 kg/ha) withnet income of Rs. 17662/ha. The sole mothbean with 30 cm rowspacing was the 3rd best for yield (1267 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.16996/ha) (Table 149).


At Agra, there was no significant difference between variousrainwater management practices in respect of pearlmillet yield.However, drought at maturity and tillering stage reducedpearlmillet yield. At SK Nagar, FYM @ 5 t/ha and two life savingirrigations recorded highest bean yield of castor (800 kg/ha),followed by one life saving irrigation + FYM @ 5 t/ha (748 kg/ha).These treatments on an average enhanced the productivity by 252and 200 kg/ha compared to control (548 kg/ha)(Table 150).

Among in situ moisture conservation practices, formationof ridges and furrows in castor gave highest bean yield (1398 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.20522/ha) at SK Nagar. Application ofFYM @ 10 t/ha recorded highest bean yield of castor (1363 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.17056/ha) in respect of genotypes. HybridGCH-5 gave highest bean yield (1310 kg/ha) and net income(Rs.19043/ha) closely followed by GCH-4 for yield (1285 kg/ha)and net income (Rs.18553/ha) (Table 151).

Use of crop residue mulch gave additional bean yield ofcastor (226 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.6000/ha) compared tosoil mulch (983 kg/ha). Among anti-transpirants kaolin @ 5%gave a highest bean yield of 1282 kg/ha and net income of Rs.16491/ha followed by Cetyle alcohol @ 0.75% with bean yield of1120 kg/ha and with a net income of Rs.14328 /ha. In anotherstudy, using Kaolin @ 6% in castor recorded highest bean yield(1238 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.15240/ha), followed by kaolin@ 4% with a yield of 1131 kg/ha along with net income ofRs.13983/ha (Table 152).

At Hisar, use of polythene and crop residue mulches gavean additional grain yield in pearlmillet by 552 and 457 kg/hacompared to control (1473 kg/ha). At SK Nagar, pearlmillet +sunhemp (2:1) in paired rows of 30 and 60 cm and greenmanuring of sunhemp at 30 DAS recorded highest grain yield(706 kg/ha) followed by pearlmillet + sunhemp (4:2) with greenmanuring of sunhemp at 30 DAS (652 kg/ha). Similarly, formationof deep conservation furrows in between two rows of paired sowingof greengram (30-60-30-60 cm) recorded highest bean yield ofcastor (410 kg/ha) followed by castor grown as a relay crop afterevery two rows of greengram (260 kg/ha) at SK Nagar.

At Hisar, the practice of removing 3rd row of pearlmillet on30 DAS for fodder without making furrow recorded maximumpearlmillet equivalent yield (3294 kg/ha) and net income of Rs.6611/ha. A minimum gross income of Rs. 20132/ha, net income



Table 151. Influence of rain water management practices on productivity and profitability of castor at SK Nagar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yield cultivation income income ratio ( 9 yrs)


Land treatmentFlat bed 1272 1029 6110 24425 18315 3.00 1173Ridges and furrow 1398 1080 6310 26832 20522 3.25 1284Trench method of sowing 1170 881 6410 22450 16040 2.50 1089NutrientsNo FYM 1197 917 6110 22992 16862 2.76 1087FYM @ 10 t/ha 1363 1076 9110 26166 17056 1.87 1276HybridsGAUCH-1 1244 946 6110 23873 17763 2.91 1125GCH-4 1285 993 6110 24663 18553 3.04 1222GCH-5 1310 1051 6110 25153 19043 3.12 1027

Table 149. Influence of different intercropping systems on productivity and income at Hisar

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BCI II Moth bean cultivation income income ratio

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)Sole mothbean (30 cm) 1243 1267 13412 30408 16996 2.26

Sole mothbean (45 cm) 1199 1222 13310 29328 16018 2.20

Sole mothbean paired row (30:60 cm) 1184 1206 13342 28944 15602 2.16

Mothbean paired row (30:60 cm) + 488 592 1308 13730 31392 17662 2.28one row of greengram

Mothbean paired row (30:60 cm) + 577 992 1329 13711 31896 18185 2.32one row of clusterbean

Mothbean paired row (30:60 cm) + 533 1066 949 13516 22776 9260 2.68one row of pearlmillet

Mothbean paired row (30:60 cm) + 622 533 894 13572 21456 7884 2.58one row of castor

Sole greengram (45 cm) - 873 1216 13470 29184 15714 2.16

Sole cluster bean (45 cm) - 1613 1225 13412 29400 15988 2.19

Sole pearlmillet (45 cm) - 1939 731 14840 17544 2704 1.18

Sole castor sole (90 cm) - 888 478 13648 11472 -2176 0.84

CD (5%) 212 220

Table 150. Influence of rainwater management practices on productivity of castor (GCH-7) at SK Nagar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha)Grain Fodder

Control 548 370FYM @ 5 t/ha 567 373One life saving irrigation 692 473One life saving irrigation with FYM @ 5 t/ha 748 506Two life saving irrigations 712 491Two life saving irrigations with FYM @ 5 t/ha 800 545CD (5%) 90 64




Table 152. Influence of mulches and antitranspirants on productivity and profitability of castor at SK Nagar


Grain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)MulchesSoil mulch 983 713 6260 18855 12595 2.01 1221Crop residue mulch 1209 932 6610 23204 16594 2.51 1411AntitranspirantsKaolin @ 5% 1282 971 8110 24601 16491 2.03 1538PMA @ 0.1% 992 753 10110 19036 8926 0.88 1197Cetyle alcohol @ 0.75% 1120 832 7160 21488 14328 2.00 1352Water spray 1081 786 6210 20736 14526 2.34 1298Absolute control 1005 771 6110 19288 13178 2.16 1195CD (5%) 66 26AntitranspirantsPMA 0.05% 875 821 8110 16830 8720 1.08 875PMA 0.1% 855 704 10110 16421 6311 0.62 855PMA 0.15% 798 694 12110 15336 3226 0.27 798Kaolin 2% 1070 918 6910 20560 13650 1.98 1070Kaolin 4% 1131 816 7710 21693 13983 1.81 1131Kaolin 6% 1238 911 8510 23750 15240 1.79 1238Cetyle alcohol 0.5% 1067 781 6810 20468 13658 2.01 1067Cetyle alcohol 0.75% 1118 855 7160 21456 14296 2.00 1118Cetyle alcohol 1.0% 1062 833 7510 20386 12876 1.71 1062Control (water spray) 1051 810 6210 20172 13962 2.25 1051Absolute control 956 726 6110 18346 12236 2.00 957

of Rs. 4625/ha with a BC ratio of 1.29 and pearlmillet yield of2876 kg/ha were attained by growing pearlmillet with a row spacingof 45 cm under early sown condition. Under late sown condition,pearlmillet, Dhaincha for green manuring with different rowspacing and use of soil mulch gave highest pearlmillet equivalentyield of 2469 kg/ha and net income of Rs.1831/ha. However,removing third row of pearlmillet on 30 DAS for fodderwithout making furrow recorded marginally lower grain yield(2451 kg/ha).

In an evaluation of different row ratios of 2:1, 4:2, 6:3 and8:4 for pearlmillet, clusterbean, greengram and cowpea,pearlmillet + greengram (8:4) with a spacing of 30 cm gavehighest pearlmillet equivalent yield (3214 kg/ha), net income ofRs. 8338/ha and BC ratio of 1.59. There was no significantdifference in either yield or monetary returns in differentcombinations of crops and row ratios (Table 153).


Long term studies on nutrient management

At Agra, application of 50% N through urea + 50 % Nthrough FYM recorded maximum pearlmillet grain yield (1382kg/ha), followed by 50% N through urea + 50 % N through farmresidue (1222 kg/ha) and 100% RDF of 60 kg N + 40 kg P/ha(1109 kg/ha). 100 % RDF + Zn SO

4 @ 25 kg/ha gave a yield of

1132/ha. Application of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg Nthrough urea under pearlmillet block gave maximum pearlmilletyield of 915 kg/ha, while other treatments recorded on par grainyield. In pearlmillet + clusterbean strip, a maximum pearlmilletequivalent yield of 1969 kg/ha was attained by 60 kg N/ha (urea)followed by 15 kg N through compost together with 20 kg N throughurea (1907 kg/ha) (Tables 154 and 155).

In another study, pearlmillet responded significantly toapplied major and minor nutrients. In case of pearlmillet block,100% recommended fertilizer (75 kg N + 50 kg P + 50 kg K/ha)+ zinc @ 25 kg/ha + borax @ 5 kg/ha + magnesium @ 500kg/ha gave highest grain yield of 1585 kg/ha, followed by 75 kg N+ 50 kg P + 50 kg K/ha + zinc (1439 kg/ha). Application of25% more RDF on soil test basis produced significantly higheryield (1301 kg/ha) than that recorded in package of practices (1040kg/ha) (Table 156).

At SK Nagar, 50% recommended N through FYM gave highestyield of pearlmillet (894 kg/ha), followed by 100% recommendedN through urea (763 kg/ha), while control gave a minimum grainyield of 333 kg/ha.

At Hisar, in pearlmillet-pearlmillet sequence, use ofrecommended dose of fertilizer gave highest productivity inpearlmillet (1714 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.3243/ha) followed by50% RDF for yield (1529 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 1596/ha).



Table 153. Influence of rain water management technologies on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet under early and late sownconditions at Hisar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldI II Pearlmillet cultivation income income ratio (4 yrs)

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Early sown conditionsPearlmillet (rows 45 cm) 1898 2876 15507 20132 4625 1.29 2251Pearlmillet + Dhaiancha (2:1) 1999 3028 16007 21196 5189 1.32 2358(GM 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearlmillet + Dhaiancha (2:1) 2062 3125 15757 21875 6118 1.38 2415(mulching 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearlmillet + Dhaiancha (4:2) 1980 3000 15957 21000 5043 1.31 2325(GM 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearlmillet + Dhaiancha (4:2) 2024 3066 15707 21462 5755 1.36 2369(mulching 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearlmillet 3rd row removed 30 DAS for 1759 2938 3270 16047 22890 6843 1.42 2455fodder rows (45 cm)Pearlmillet 3rd row removed 30 DAS for 1797 2881 3294 16447 23058 6611 1.40 2485fodder and furrow making rows (45 cm)Pearlmillet (45 cm) + straw mulching 30 DAS 2116 3195 16157 22365 6508 1.38 2487Pearlmillet (45 cm) + soil mulching 30 DAS 2037 3087 16382 21609 5227 1.31 2401CD (5%) 182 210Late sown conditionsPearl millet (45 cm) 1423 2157 14512 15099 587 1.04 1749Pearlmillet + Dhaiancha 2:1 (green manuring 1499 2269 15012 15883 871 1.05 183530 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearl millet + Dhaiancha (2:1) 1546 2343 14762 16401 1639 1.11 1886(mulching 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearl millet + Dhaiancha (4:2) (green 1485 2248 14962 15736 774 1.05 1806manuring 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearl millet + Dhaiancha 4:2 1518 2299 14712 16093 1381 1.09 1848(mulching 30 DAS) paired row (30/60 cm)Pearlmillet 3rd row removed 30 DAS 1319 1989 2451 15052 17157 2105 1.13 1990for fodder (45 cm)Pearlmillet 3rd row removed 30 DAS 1347 1954 2469 15452 17283 1831 1.11 2021for fodder and furrow making (45 cm)Pealmillet (45 cm) + straw mulching 30 DAS 1587 2395 15162 16765 1803 1.10 1951Pearlmillet (45 cm) + soil mulching 30 DAS 1527 2336 15387 16352 965 1.06:1 1882CD 5% 132 174Pealmillet sole (45cm) 1755 - 2400 14870 16800 1930 1.12 2332Clusterbean sole (45 cm) 1111 2811 13390 6287 1.46 2100Greengram sole (45 cm) - 597 2833 13480 19677 6351 1.47 2779Cowpea sole (45cm) - 638 2762 13415 19831 5919 1.44 2512Pearlmillet + clusterbean (2:1) (30cm) - 216 2687 14212 19334 4597 1.32 2552Pearlmillet + greengram (2:1) at 30 cm 1538 144 2784 14238 19488 5250 1.36 2779Pearlmillet + cowpea (2:1) (30 cm) 1512 113 2555 14222 17885 3663 1.25 2633Pearlmillet + cluster bean (4:2) (30 cm) 1645 278 2952 14192 20664 6472 1.45 2774Pearlmillet + greengram bean (4:2) at 30 cm 1617 195 3137 14198 21959 7761 1.54 3084Pearlmillet + cowpea (4:2) (30 cm) 1532 164 2805 14192 19635 5443 1.38 2829




Table 154. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet and clusterbean at Agra

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (4 yrs) (kg/ha)

Pearlmillet (pro-agro-9330)Control 410 1055RDF (60 kg N + 40 kg) 1109 2085Half of the RDF 1025 159450% N of the recommended dose (farm residue) 725 156950% N of the recommended dose (FYM) 1090 169750% N through fertilizer + 50% N through farm residue 1222 214350% N through fertilizer + 50% N (FYM) 1382 2275RDF + zinc as soil application (25 kg ZnSO4/ha) 1132 2147Farmers method (10-15 kg N) 680 1221CD (5%) 358Cluster bean (Sole)Control 720 1076Rec.N through inorganic fert. (60 kg N/ha) 896 116650 % Rec. N (inorganic) 780 112725 kg N (compost) 740 109515 kg N (compost)+ 10 kg N (inorganic) 836 113315 kg N (compost)+ 20 kg N (inorganic) 915 114815 kg N (greenleaf)+ 10 kg N (inorganic) 806 113915 kg N (greenleaf)+ 20 kg N (inorganic) 879 116115 kg (compost) + 10 kg (greenleaf) 800 1106CD (5%) NS

Table 155. Influence of Integrated nutrient management practice on productivity and profitability in pearlmillet + clusterbean stripcropping at Agra

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (4 yrs) (kg/ha)I II Pearlmillet I II Pearlmillet

eqt. eqt.Control 226 378 1234 492 540 1989Rec.N through inorganic fertilizer (60 kg N/ha) 585 519 1969 977 604 259350 % Rec. N (inorganic) 480 400 1547 702 576 225925 kg N (compost) 370 393 1418 652 536 208415 kg N (compost)+ 10 kg N (inorganic) 426 490 1733 675 590 225515 kg N (compost)+ 20 kg N (inorganic) 552 508 1907 769 601 238115 kg N (greenleaf)+ 10 kg N (inorganic) 415 482 1700 657 590 223615 kg N (greenleaf)+ 20 kg N (inorganic) 532 500 1865 797 500 240615 kg (compost) + 10 kg (greenleaf) 394 444 1578 671 444 2182CD (5%) 187

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldI II Pearlmillet cultivation income income ratio (4 yrs)

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha)Pearlmillet + cluster bean (6:3) (30 cm) 1622 308 2995 14184 20965 6781 1.47 2809Pearlmillet + greengram (6:3) (30 cm) 1580 216 3182 14182 22274 8092 1.57 3174Pearlmillet + cowpea (6:3) (30 cm) 1518 195 2920 14180 20440 6260 1.44 2928Pearlmillet + cluster bean (8:4) (30 cm) 1589 350 3058 14172 21406 7234 1.51 2851Pearlmillet + greengram (8:4) (30 cm) 1531 236 3214 14160 22498 8338 1.59 3202Pearlmillet + cowpea (8:4) (30 cm) 1494 216 2975 14192 20825 6633 1.46 2977CD (5%) NS - 453



Effect of low tillage+interculture+herbicide + 50% N (Urea) onpearlmillet at SK Nagar

Table 156. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity of pearlmillet at Agra


Control 746 1992RDF (package of practices) crop based (60 kg N +40 kg P2O5/ha) 1040 2558RDF (75 kg N + 50 kg P + 50 kg K /ha) 1301 3096RDF (75 kg N + 50 kg P+ 50 kg K/ha) + Zn 1439 3309RDF (75 kg N + 50 kg P + 50 kg K/ha) + B 1390 3225RDF (75 kg N + 50 kg P+ 50 kg K/ha) + Mg 1360 3168RDF (75 kg N + 50 kg P+ 50 kg K/ha) + Zn + B + Mg 1585 3550RDF (package of practices) crop based (60 kg N +40 kg P/ha)+ K 1150 2794CD (5%) 248 651

Table 157. Influence of nutrient management practice on pearlmillet yield and income in pearlmillet-pearlmillet sequence at Hisar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC Mean yieldGrain Fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (14 yrs)(kg/ha)

Fertilizer (% RDF)0 1265 3352 12775 13045 270 1.02 139050 1529 4251 14420 16016 1596 1.11 1559100 1714 4988 14990 18233 3243 1.22 1660CD (5%) 156FYM t/ha0 1394 3792 13775 14498 723 1.05 14154 1463 4038 14463 15288 826 1.06 15498 1651 4755 15200 17501 2301 1.15 1644CD (5%) 52Bacterial cultureUninoculated 1354 3656 13600 14048 448 1.03 1420MAC-27 1495 4156 14020 15660 1640 1.12 1545HT-54 1659 4745 14070 17544 3474 1.25 1645CD (5%) 52

Among FYM levels, FYM @ 8 and 4 t/ha enhanced the productivityby 257 and 69 kg/ha compared to no FYM (1394 kg/ha). Inbacterial cultures, HT-54 and MAC-27 recorded additional grainyield by 305 and 141 kg/ha respectively compared to uninnoculated(1354 kg/ha) (Table 157).

Application of 100% recommended N through urea gavehighest grain yield of 1967 kg/ha in sole pearlmillet followed by15 kg N through compost + 10 kg N through inorganic fertilizer+ seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers (1881 kg/ha) and alsorecorded a net income of Rs. 5225/ha (Table 158).

Tillage and Nutrient Management Studies

At Agra, conventional tillage + interculture together with100% N through organic source gave highest grain yield inpearlmillet (1259 kg/ha) and net income (Rs.1685/ha) followedby low tillage + interculture + weedicide together with 100% Nthrough organic source (Table 159).

Low tillage + weedicide and one interculture operation

together with 50% N through urea and remaining through FYMrecorded highest yield of pearlmillet (638 kg/ha) at SK Nagarfollowed by low till + interculture (536 kg/ha). Among nutrient




Table 158. Effect of integrated nutrient management supply system on yield and income of pearlmillet at Hisar



Control 1394 3652 13375 14323 948 1.07 1118100% recommended N (inorganic) 1967 5724 14510 20924 6414 1.44 166450% recommended N (inorganic) 1782 5024 14180 18778 4598 1.32 140625 kg N (compost) 1622 4461 14613 16930 2317 1.16 128315 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (inorganic) 1665 4529 14403 17316 2914 1.20 136215 kg N (compost) +20 kg N (inorganic) 1825 5220 14630 19299 4669 1.32 150215 kg N (greenleaf) +10 kg N (inorganic) 1579 4216 14278 16323 2045 1.14 129215 kg N (greenleaf)+20 kg N (inorganic) 1807 5186 14605 19132 4527 1.13 141715 kg N (compost)+10 kg N (greenleaf) 1548 4149 14500 16022 1522 1.10 127215 kg N (compost)+10 kg N (inorganic) + seed 1881 5342 14620 19845 5225 1.36 1514inoculation with bio-fertilizerCD 5% 227

Table 159. Influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet at Agra



TillageConventional tillage + interculture 1259 2738 9126 11173 2047 1.22 1977Low tillage + interculture 985 2014 8338 8614 276 1.03 1580Low tillage + interculture + weedicides 1002 2110 8488 8823 335 1.04 1881Nutrient100% N (organic) 1239 2612 9591 10913 1322 1.14 174550% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) 1055 2224 8427 9293 866 1.10 1779100% N (inorganic) 951 2026 7935 8398 463 1.06 2059CD (5%) 87 219

management practices, 50% (inorganic) + 50% (FYM) recordedhighest grain yield (619 kg/ha) followed by 100% (inorganic)(Table 160).

At Hisar, conventional tillage + two intercultures + 100%recommended fertilizer through inorganic source, i.e., 40 kg N+ 20 kg P/ha gave highest grain yield (1842 kg/ha) and net incomeof Rs. 3487/ha followed by low tillage + two intercultures + 100%recommended fertilizer of 40 kg N + 20 kg P/ha (Table 161).

Site-specific Nutrient Management Strategies

At Hisar, there was no significant difference between differentseed inoculants in pearlmillet. However, inoculation with MAC-68 gave highest grain yield (1776 kg/ha). In another study,application of 100 kg N/ha gave highest grain yield of 1714 kg/ha

and net income of Rs. 3243/ha in pearlmillet. Among FYM levels,application of 8 t/ha gave highest grain yield of 1651 kg/ha andnet income of Rs. 2301/ha. In bacterial cultures, HT-54 gavesuperior grain yield (1659 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 3474/ha(Table 162).

In another study, use of bio-mix contributed for enhancingthe productivity by 92 kg/ha in control compared to control (1155kg/ha). Among fertilizer management practices, use of 40 kg Nand 20 kg P along with bio-mix recorded highest productivity inpearlmillet (1833 kg/ha) and gross income (Rs.19521/ha),followed by 40 kg N + 20 kg P/ha (1648 kg/ha) (Table 163).

In case of pearlmillet + greengram strip, a maximumpearlmillet yield (1225 kg/ha) and greengram yield (678 kg/ha)



Table 162. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and income of pearlmillet at Hisar



Control (uninoculated) 1603 4504 15090 16852 1762 1.12 1467

Inoculation with MAC 27 1764 5151 15203 18815 3612 1.24 1632

Inoculation with MAC 68 1776 5310 15203 19070 3867 1.25 1689

Inoculation with ALa 27 1714 4902 15203 18126 2923 1.19 1589

Inoculation with HT 27 1739 5008 1503 18433 3231 1.21 1652

Inoculation with MSX 27 1727 4956 15203 18285 3082 1.20 1609

CD (5%) NS

Table 160. Influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity of pearlmillet at SK Nagar


TillageConventional tillage 464 3222 440Low till + Interculture 536 3837 583Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 638 4378 878CD (5%) 79 691100% (organic) (FYM) 604 3888 62450% (organic) (FYM) 428 3128 54750% (inorganic) + 50% (FYM) 619 4467 626100% (inorganic) 534 3846 739CD (5%) 50 444

Table 161. Influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of pearlmillet at Hisar



TillageNo tillage 1017 2949 13150 10806 -2344 0.82 1099Conventional tillage + two interculture 1842 5894 16775 20262 3487 1.21 1779Low tillage + one interculture 1644 4932 14995 17673 2678 1.18 1662Low tillage + two interculture 1776 5506 16212 19314 3102 1.19 1768Low tillage + weedicide + one interculture 1639 4835 15800 17517 1717 1.11 1653CD (5 %) 111NutrientNo fertilizer 1332 3863 14000 14153 153 1.01 1251100% (organic) 1505 4440 15200 16085 885 1.06 155575% (organic) + 25% (inorganic) 1565 4648 15100 16765 1665 1.11 148550% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 1630 4890 15000 17523 2523 1.17 167125% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 1704 5282 14900 18531 3631 1.24 1556100% (organic) + (40 kg N +20 kg /ha) 1767 5124 14800 18774 3974 1.27 1773(inorganic)CD (5%) 156




Table 163. Influence of nutrient management practices on yield and income of pearlmillet at Hisar



Control 1155 2934 13075 11752 -1323 0.90 989

Control + Bio-mix 1247 3305 13763 12860 -903 0.93 1047

N20 P10 1401 3839 14320 14605 285 1.02 1185

N30 P15 1478 4109 14555 15482 927 1.06 1281

N40 P20 1648 4746 15040 17469 2429 1.16 1466

N20 P10 + Biomix 1478 4079 14433 15445 1013 1.07 1243

N30 P15 + Biomix 1617 4592 14693 17059 2367 1.16 1405

N40 P20 + Biomix 1833 5352 15203 19521 4319 1.28 1586

N30 P15 + Azotobacter 1586 4457 14718 16673 1955 1.13 1370

N30

P15 +

Azospirillum 1540 4312 14718 16170 14553 1.10 1340

N30 P15 + PSB 1494 4153 14718 15650 932 1.06 1307

CD 5% 189

Table 164. Influence of integrated nutrient supply in strip cropping system of pearlmillet and greengram at Hisar

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Mean yieldI II Pearlmillet cultivation income income ratio (3 yrs)(kg/ha)

eqt. (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) I II

Control 913 536 3440 14050 27819 13769 1.98 613 467100% recommended N (inorganic) 1225 678 4421 14294 36430 22137 2.55 855 59150% recommended N (inorganic) 1178 617 4087 14523 33677 19154 2.32 774 52425 kg N (compost) 1011 561 3656 14640 29900 15260 2.04 693 49115 kg N (compost)+10 kg N (inorganic) 1196 9579 3926 14883 32385 17502 2.18 768 51115 kg N (compost)+20 kg N (inorganic) 1202 635 4196 14579 34619 20040 2.37 818 503115 kg N (greenleaf)+10 kg N (inorganic) 1079 555 3695 14709 30274 15565 2.06 709 48515 kg N (greenleaf)+20 kg N (inorganic) 1098 623 4054 14964 33257 18293 2.22 758 53115 kg N (compost)+10 kg N (greenleaf) 1036 549 3624 14721 29643 14921 2.01 680 47915 kg N (compost)+10 kg N (inorganic) 1239 653 4317 14721 35592 20871 2.42:1 813 559+ Seed inoculation with bio-fertilizerCD (5%) 109 NS

were recorded with application of 100 % recommended N through

urea. Application of 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) +

seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers was the second best treatment

with a grain yield of 1239 kg/ha of pearlmillet and 653 kg/ha of

greengram, fodder yield of 4317 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 35592/

ha, net income of Rs. 20871/ha (Table 164).

In greengram block, the residual effect of nutrients on

pearlmillet and greengram indicated that 100% recommended N

through urea to pearlmillet during kharif recorded highest grain

yield of greengram (1344 kg/ha) and net income of Rs. 31660/

ha. Application of 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) +

seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers applied to pearlmillet in kharif

was the second best treatment to get grain yield (1325 kg/ha) and

net income (Rs.30971/ha) (Table 165).

Further, application of 20 kg N + 40 kg P/ha recorded

highest greengram yield of 1401 kg/ha and net income of

Rs.33347/ha. It is closely followed by 10 kg N + 20 kg P/ha +

inoculation of seed with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and

rhizobium (1310 kg/ha) (Table 166).

In castor, application of 60 kg N + 20 kg P/ha gave highest

bean yield (437 kg/ha) followed by 40 kg N + 20 kg P/ha and 20

kg N + FYM @ 4 t/ha + azotobacter + phosphorus solubilizing

bacteria. In mothbean, 20 kg N + 40 kg P/ha gave highest grain

yield of 962 kg/ha and net income of Rs. 11254/ha. Application of



Table 165. Influence of residual effect of nitrogen on productivity and profitability of greengram



Control 1209 1354 14725 41590 26865 2.82 1087100% recommended N (inorganic) 1344 1626 14725 46385 31660 3.15 122750% recommended N (inorganic) 1282 1500 14725 44181 29456 3.00 117025 kg N (compost) 1221 1453 14725 42109 27384 2.86 113115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1251 1451 14725 43097 28372 2.93 112815 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 1301 1561 14725 44885 30160 3.05 119215 kg N (greenleaf) +10 kg N (inorganic) 1208 1401 14725 41616 26891 2.83 111515 kg N (greenleaf) +20 kg N (inorganic) 1295 1554 14725 44678 29953 3.03 116915 kg N (compost)+ 10 kg N (greenleaf) 1208 1413 14725 41631 26906 2.83 110915 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (inorganic) 1325 1577 14725 45696 30971 3.10 1204 + Seed inoculation with biofertilizerCD (5%) NS

Table 166. Influence of bio-fertilizers on productivity and profitability of greengram at Hisar



Control 878 966 13750 30203 16453 2.20 878Inoculation of seed with PSB 939 1033 13913 32313 18401 2.32 931Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium 955 1051 13913 32876 18963 2.36 960Inoculation of seed with PSB and Rhizobium 986 1085 13925 33955 20030 2.44 985N

10P

20 + Inoculation of seed with PSB 1140 1254 14488 39273 24786 2.71 1252

N10P20 + Inoculation of seed with rhizobium 1200 1320 14488 41355 26768 2.85 1271N10P20 + Inoculation of seed with PSB and rhizobium 1310 1441 14550 45162 30612 3.10 1312N20 + Inoculation of seed with PSB 1109 1220 14163 38191 24029 2.70 1161P40 + Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium 1124 1236 14738 38722 23984 2.63 1157N20 P40 1401 1541 15025 48352 33347 3.22 1389CD (5%) 137

10 kg N + 40 kg P/ha + rhizobium and 20 kg N + 20 kg P +

phosphorus solubilizing bacteria were equally efficient in

influencing yield and income. In a similar study for chickpea, 20kg N + 40 kg P/ha gave a significantly higher grain yield of 765kg/ha, fodder yield of 1071 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 18207/ha,net income of Rs. 2107/ha and BC ratio of 1.13 Application of 10kg N + 20 kg P/ha + inoculation of seed with phosphorussolubilizing bacteria and rhizobium was the second best with agrain yield of 728 kg/ha and fodder yield of 1019 kg/ha, grossincome of Rs. 17326/ha and net income of Rs. 18399/ha.

In a study on seed inoculation and biofertilizers for pearlmilletand chickpea, there was no significant difference in seed inoculantsfor yield and monetary returns in pearlmillet. However, advanceapplication of 100 % RDF + seed inoculation with biomix gavehighest chickpea yield of 765 kg/ha, gross income of Rs 17901 /ha,net income of Rs 1839/ha and BC ratio of 1.11 (Table 167).

In mustard, maximum yield of 1162 kg/ha and net incomeof Rs. 7998/ha were attained with FYM @ 4 t/ha application.Among seed inoculants, seed treatment with azotobacter +phosphobacterium recorded highest yield (914 kg/ha) and netincome of Rs. 3671/ha.


At SK Nagar, highest kapas yield of cotton (1540 kg/ha) wasattained by deep ploughing with disc plough compared to deepploughing with MB plough (1350 kg/ha). In pearlmillet, use ofridger seeder for seeding recorded maximum grain yield (1830kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 4698/ha) at Hisar, followed by multi-purpose seed drill and Rewari type seed drill. Similar trend ofresults was observed in respect of chickpea in rabi season. Undernormal and receding moisture conditions, use of ridger seeder (2rows) for seeding gave maximum seed yields followed by CRIDAPlanter (Table 168).




Table 167. Influence of bio-fertilizers on productivity and profitability of different crops at Hisar



PearlmilletControl (uninoculated) 1603 4504 15090 16852 1762 1.12 1501Inoculation with MAC 27 1764 5151 15203 18815 3612 1.24 1665Inoculation with MAC 68 1776 5310 15203 19070 3867 1.25 1711Inoculation with Ala 27 1714 4902 15203 18126 2923 1.19 1620Inoculation with HT 54 1739 5008 15203 18433 3231 1.21 1674Inoculation with MSX 9 1727 4956 15203 18285 3082 1.20 1635CD (5%) NSChickpeaRec. fer. (N20 P40) at sowing 629 755 15638 14719 -191 0.94 906Advance application of RDF on withdrawal 654 785 15688 15304 -384 0.98 931of monsoon

Advance application of 75% RDF + 567 692 16225 13290 -2935 0.82 851vermi-compost @ 1t/ha

Advance application of 50% RDF + FYM @ 2t/ha 407 509 15325 9565 -5761 0.62 727

Advance application of 75% RDF + vermicompost 592 716 16325 13865 -2460 0.85 875@ 1 t/ha seed inoculation with biomix

Advance application of 50% RDF + FYM @ 2t/ha 555 677 15963 13009 -2953 0.81 826+ seed inoculation with bio-mix

Advance application of 100% RDF 765 918 16063 17901 1839 1.11 1005+ seed inoculation with bio-mix

Advance application of 75% RDF 543 673 15038 12750 -2288 0.85 814+ seed inoculation with bio-mix

Advance application of 50% RDF 493 616 14588 11586 -3002 0.79 777+ seed inoculation with bio-mix

CD (5%) 169

Table 168. Effect of seeding devices on yield and monetary returns in pearlmillet and chickpea at Hisar



PearlmilletRidger seeder 1830 5510 15000 19698 4698 1.31 1866Multipur- pose seed drill 1400 3945 14775 14731 -44 1.00 1529Rewari type drill 1620 4752 15550 17280 1730 1.11 1630Hand plugh 1680 5064 14800 18090 3290 1.22 1548CD (5%) 278ChickpeaRidger seeder (2 rows) 869 1303 13325 20850 7525 0.56 1017.5Ridger seeder (single row) 730 1022 13325 17368 4043 0.30 730Rewari type seed drill 660 858 13400 15582 2182 0.16 1075CRIDA planter 521 652 13638 12249 -1389 0.10 521Hand plough 452 542 13138 10571 -2567 0.20 897CD (5%) 180



Table 170. Performance of medicinal and aromatic plants at Agra

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Mean yield (3 yrs) (kg/ha)Fresh weight (kg/ha) Dry weight (kg/ha) Fresh weight (kg/ha) Dry net weight (kg/ha)

Palma rosa 10960 5880 11715 6927

Lemon grass 40390 26720 43946 29799

Citronella grass 25260 12130 26817 13491

Vettiveria (Khus) 48220 32420 51355 37191

Table 169. Influence of crop management practices on productivity of mustard at Agra


Sowing during 20-30 September 837 2315 955

Sowing during 1-10 October 1350 3890 1257



CD (5%) 169 237 11875% of the rec. plant population (1.11 lakh/ha) 997 2815 1039

100% of the rec. plant population (1.48 lakh/ha) 1318 3566 1286

125% of the rec. plant population (1.85 lakh/ha) 1310 3445 1250

150 of the rec. plant population (2.22 lakh/ha) 1181 3553 1115

CD (5%) 148 199 90

3.5.2.7 Crop Management

At Agra, sowing of mustard during second and third week ofOctober gave highest seed yield (1596 kg/ha), followed by sowingof crop during first and second week of October. Among levels ofplant population, maintenance of 100% plant population, i.e., 1.48lakh/ha recorded highest grain yield (1318 kg/ha), followed by125% of plant population (1.85 lakh/ha), while 75% of therecommended plant population gave lowest yield (997 kg/ha)(Table169).

3.5.2.8 Alternate Land Use

Among different species of medicinal and aromatic plantstested at Agra, a maximum fresh weight of 48220 kg/ha, dry weightof 32420 kg/ha, plant height of 170.9 cm were attained by vettiveria(Khus). Lemon grass was the second best with a fresh weight of40390 kg/ha, dry weight of 26720 kg/ha and plant height of 151.8cm. Palma rosa had a minimum fresh and dry weight of 10960and 5880 kg/ha respectively (Table 170).

In aonla based agri-horti system evaluated at Agra, aonla +clusterbean gave maximum net income of Rs. 5696/ha and BCratio of 1.74, followed by aonla + greengram with a net incomeof Rs. 2310/ha and BC ratio of 1.31. Among different intercrops,sesame gave a minimum monetary returns compared to othercrops. During rabi, aonla + mustard recorded highest net income(Rs. 8702/ha) followed by aonla + chickpea (Rs. 12957/ha)(Table 171).

At SK Nagar, a maximum fodder yield of 3193 kg/ha andgross income of Rs. 4790/ha were attained with Aonla +Stylosanthus hamata. Aonla + Dicanthium annulatum wasthe second best with a fodder yield of 2543 kg/ha and gross incomeof Rs. 3815/ha. These two systems gave a significantly higher yieldand gross returns compared to Aonla + Cenchurs ciliaris(Table 172).

3.5.2.9 Integrated Farming Systems

At SK Nagar, the results of farming systems with combinationof annual and fruit crops (Karingdo, Aonla) and grasses (Cenchrusciliaris) indicated that maximum gross income of Rs. 19362/hawas attained by castor + cowpea system followed by castor +greengram. Among tree based systems, Aonla + Cenchrus ciliarisgave a gross income of Rs. 16080/ha. Pearlmillet + karingdogave lowest gross income of Rs.11150/ha (Table 173).

3.5.3 Fingermillet based production system


At Bangalore, the improved variety of greengram, TM-7recorded highest grain yield (727 kg/ha). In blackgram, UB-3 (645kg/ha) and K-3 (580 kg/ha) were found stable in rainfed alfisols.Under late kharif, BDU-4 recorded highest seed yield (995 kg/ha)followed by TATAU-1-4 (989 kg/ha). In cowpea, KM-6 gave highestgrain yield (893 kg/ha) followed by CP-39 (856 kg/ha) and IT-38956-1 (846 kg/ha) under late kharif condition. During earlykharif, improved varieties of PKB-4 in cowpea recorded highest




Table 171. Influence of different agri-horti systems on yield and income at Agra


Aonla + greengram 345 524 7350 9660 2310 1.31

Aonla + cluster bean 742 1595 7660 13356 5696 1.74

Aonla + soybean 325 504 7350 8476 1126 1.15

Aonla + sesame 240 384 8250 6000 -2250 0.73

Aonla + searlmillet 750 1875 8160 6900 -1260 0.85

CD (5%) 125 259Aonla + mustard 1480 6448 25160 18712

Aonla + chickpea (grain) 856 800 7531 19688 12957

Aonla + barley (grain) 1825 2010 7864 12775 6117

Aonla + lentil 615 5521 13530 8009

Table 172. Influence of aonla based horti-pastoral system on fodder yield and income at SK Nagar

Treatment Fodder yield (kg/ha) Gross income (Rs/ha)

Aonla + Stylosanthes hamata 3193 4790

Aonla + Cenchrus ciliaris 1961 2942

Aonla + Dichanthium annulatum 2543 3815

CD (5%) 120

Table 173. Effect of integrated farming system on yield and income at SK Nagar

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha) Gross incomeI II I II (Rs/ha)

Pearlmillet + karingdo 750 Failed 4120 680 11150

Castor + cowpea 640 235 885 490 19362

Maize + cowpea 665 184 3880 540 13615

Castor + greengram 680 180 860 540 19205

Sorghum + karingdo - Failed 9790 - 17132

Aonla + Cenchrus ciliaris - - - - 16080

grain yield (12950 kg/ha). The improved varieties of BKADDI ofchilli registered highest yield (2454 kg/ha) while PP-9737-31, GPC-82 and PP-9808-1 of chilli attained yield of 1764, 1759 and 1729kg/ha respectively. In maize, NAH-2049 recorded highest yield(7019 kg/ha) (Table 174).


Among different cropping systems, sole castor with nippingrecorded highest capsule yield (2580 kg/ha) followed by castorwith nipping in combination with chilli (3:1) (2286 kg/ha). Thepractice of nipping in sole castor contributed to the extent 1144 kg/ha. Among different dates of sowing, castor sown in 3rd week of Mayrecorded highest capsule yield (2258 kg/ha) and net income ofRs.20177/ha followed by 3rd week of June (2149 kg/ha) and 3rd week

(1153 kg/ha) and 4th week (703 kg/ha). The practice of nippingacross varied sowing times enhanced the productivity of castor (803kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 11372/ha) compared to no nipping(1134 kg/ha).


Horsegram sown across the slope with khus as live barrierat 15 m interval recorded lowest runoff (63.6 mm), followed byNase as a live barrier at 15 m interval (81.9 mm). Similarly, infingermillet nase live barrier at upstream side recorded highestgrain yield (2050 kg/ha) followed by nase live barrier on lowerside (1705 kg/ha). In horsegram, live barrier of khus and naseon lower side recorded fresh biomass yield of 22467 and 20333kg/ha respectively (Table 175).



Table 174. Influence of improved varieties on productivity of crops at Banglore

Crop/Cropping system Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) BC ratio Mean yield (kg/ha)

Green gram (early & late kharif) (2 yrs) TM-7 727 1.19 774NM-97 679 1.11 665VI-6372 632 1.03 877CD (5%) 96

Blackgram (early kharif) (2 yrs) UB-3 645 1.24 700K-3 580 1.11 933TU-98-14 488 0.94 420CD (5%) 113

Blackgram (late kharif) (2 yrs) BDU – 4 996 2.39 1162TATAU-1-4 989 2.37 1105K-3 948 2.27 978CD (5%) 353

Cowpea (late kharif) (3 yrs) KM –6 893 1.28 899CP –39 856 1.23 1073KBC-2 (c) 739 1.06 846CD (5%) 212

Cowpea (early kharif) (4 yrs) PKB – 4 12950 5.2 11790PKB – 3 12120 4.8 8310US US – 389 12030 4.8 10090

Chilli B.KADDI 2454 5.68DCA-18 2365 5.47B.DABBI 2238 5.18

Chilli (3 yrs) PP 9737-31 1764 4.08 2194GPC –82 1759 4.07 2126PP 9808 – 1 1729 4.00 2262CD (5%) 208

Chilli (Samrudhi) (late kharif) (5 yrs) Cowpea (KBC – 2) 11870 1.05 1593Horsegram (PHG-9) 10720 1.08 14940Sunhemp 10580 1.35 13520CD (5%) 2490

Maize NAH-2049 7019 3.30NAH-1137 6566 3.09NAH-1144 6399 3.01CD (5%) 2005

High yielding Blackgram, BDU-4 for Late Kharif Improved variety of chilli DCA-18




Table 175. Influence of different vegetative barriers on productivity of horsegram and fingermillet

Treatments Horse gram yield Finger millet yield (kg/ha) HI (kg/ha)* Grain Straw

Khus live barrier – upside plot 17333 1572 2772 0.36

Khus live barrier – downside plot 22467 1511 3044 0.33

Nase live barriers – upside plot 20600 2050 2811 0.42

Nase live barriers – down side plot 20333 1705 2636 0.39

No live barrier 15533 1228 1833 0.40

* Fresh biomass yield

High yielding cowpea varieties PKB 3 and PKB 4 for early kharif


The response of crops to long term use of organics andfertilizers under rotation and monocropping showed that the grainyield of fingermillet in FYM @ 10 t/ha + 100% recommendedNPK (1821kg/ha) and FYM @ 10 t/ha + 50% recommendedNPK (2073kg/ha) recorded on par and significantly higher thanonly recommended NPK (1058kg/ha). In groundnut, FYM @ 10t/ha gave higher pod yield (1194 kg/ha) than INM’s (820-873 kg/ha) and only recommended NPK (725 kg/ha). In maize residue(5 t/ha) incorporated plots and maize residue with recommendedNPK recorded higher yield in both finger millet and groundnut.The productivity level of finger millet was 25 to 30 percent higherin groundnut rotation compared to mono cropping. The meanyield of continuous cropping of fingermillet (1978-2006) washigher in FYM @ 10 t/ha + recommended NPK (3226 kg/ha),followed by FYM @ 10 t/ha + 50% recommended NPK (2893 kg/ha), FYM @10 t/ha (2454 kg/ha) compared to recommended NPK(2086 kg/ha) and control (794 kg/ha). In maize residue plots (1984-2006), maize residue with recommended NPK (2598 kg/ha)recorded higher yield than maize residue with 50% recommendedNPK (2032 kg/ha), only maize residue (1201 kg/ha) and only NPK(2047 kg/ha). Higher soil pH, organic carbon, available N, sulphur,Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe were recorded in plots receiving continuous useof organics alone or along with NPK compared to sole NPK(Table 176).

In another study, use of glyricidia equal to 10 t of FYMrecorded highest grain yield of fingermillet (860 kg/ha), followedby recommended dose of NP along with 150% of recommended Kas basal (829 kg/ha). 100% recommended N and K + lime @300 kg/ha + MgCO

3 @ 500 kg/ha + boron @ 10 kg/ha recorded

highest fingermillet yield followed by 100% recommended N andK + boron @ 10 kg/ha (875 kg/ha) (Table 177).


The studies indicated that conventional tillage (3580 kg/ha) and reduced tillage (3530 kg/ha) significantly recorded highergrain yield of fingermillet compared to minimum tillage (3131kg/ha). Among different nutritional management practices, INM(3550 kg/ha) and NPK (6460 kg/ha) were superior to only organics(3230 kg/ha). The pigeonpea seed yield in conventional tillageand reduced tillage were 780 and 550 kg/ha respectively, whichwere on par but superior over minimum tillage (340 kg/ha).


There was no significant difference in yield of fingermilletwhile using power tiller operated reaper and manual harvesting.However, the power tiller gave an advantage in time taken peracre of 1 hr 15 minutes compared to 8 hr for manual harvesting.Similarly, power tiller operated reaper required only one man day/acre compared to manual harvesting which required 9 man days/acre (Table 178).



Table 176. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on yield and economic parameters in different crops

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Gross Net BC Meancultivation income income ratio yield


FYM series (28 yrs)Ground nut – Fingermillet (7 yrs)Control 439 967 15150 8869 -6281 0.58 590

FYM @ 10t/ha 1194 1854 20575 23346 2771 1.13 2190FYM @ 10 t/ha + 50% NPK 873 1406 21437 17120 -4317 0.80 2402

FYM 10t/ha + 100% NPK 820 1528 22300 16288 -6012 0.73 2292

Rec. NPK 725 1276 16875 14326 -2549 0.84 1434

CD (5%) 251 711Fingermillet-fingermilletControl 54 65 12495 665 -11830 0.05 254

FYM @ 10t/ha 1146 1553 17920 14807 -3113 0.82 2474

FYM @ 10 t/ha + 50% NPK 2073 3115 18906 28067 9161 1.48 2994

FYM 10t/ha + 100% NPK 1821 3219 19893 26533 6640 1.33 2953Rec. NPK 1058 1642 14468 14503 35 1.00 1598

CD (5%) 742 1012Maize Residue series (22 yrs)Groundnut-fingermilletControl 393 642 12743 7716 -5027 0.05 440

Maize residue @ 5/ha 525 821 14418 10271 -4147 0.67 855

MR @ 5/ha + 50% NPK 658 1171 15280 13015 -2265 1.06 1592

MR @ 5/ha + 100% NPK 571 1068 16143 11346 -4797 0.94 1786Rec. NPK 489 1032 14468 9834 -4636 0.94 1583

CD (5%) 198 654Fingermillet-fingermilletControl 44 65 12021 590 -11431 0.049 251Maize residue @ 5/ha 732 1057 12418 9718 -2700 0.78 618

MR @ 5/ha + 50% NPK 1138 1886 14143 16079 1936 1.13 1866

MR @ 5/ha + 100% NPK 1098 1740 15143 15195 52 1.00 2272

Rec NPK 951 1479 13467 13048 -421 0.96 1707Finger millet

CD (5%) 364 61750% N through GLM (furrow placement) + 50% NPK 3633 6172 24263 51935 27672 2.14

50% N through GLM (spread) + 50% NPK 2927 3350 23363 35368 12005 1.5150% N through FYM (FP) + 50% NPK 2962 4585 20693 40555 19862 1.95

50% N through FYM (spread) + 50% NPK 2222 1869 18893 24141 5248 1.27

50% N through crop residue (FP) + 50% NPK 2821 3633 17393 35689 18296 1.90

50% N through crop residue (spread) + 50% NPK 3562 5220 24393 43595 19202 1.56

50% N (GLM + FYM + CR) FP + 50% NPK 3354 5820 20093 48435 28342 2.4550% N (GLM + FYM + CR) spread + 50% NPK 3421 4938 19893 45409 26216 2.36

Rec. NPK 3350 5255 14305 46145 26252 2.21

Control 1056 1647 12495 14408 203 1.11

CD (5%) 1233 3217




Table 177. Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on yield of fingermillet


Control 358 560

Rec. dose of N and K 531 1201

Rec. dose of N and K + lime @ 300 kg/ha + MgCO3 @ 500 kg/ha 703 1506

Rec. dose of N and K + Boron @ 10 kg/ha 875 1694

Rec. dose of N and K + lime @ 300 kg/ha + MgCO3@ 500 kg/ha + Boron @ 10 kg/ha 924 1779

Rec. NPK 595 1130

CD (5%) 323 575

Table 178. Performance of power tiller operator on yield and coverage in fingermillet

Particulars TreatmentsParameters Power tiller operated reaper Manual harvesting

Power source 10-12 HP Manual labour

Width of coverage (cm) 120 cm -

Experimental area (acre) 1.25 1.25

Time taken (hr/acre) 1 hr. 15 min Day of 8 hrs.

Time loss during turning (min/acre) 15 min. -

Total time taken (hr/acre) 1 hr. 30 min. Day of 8 hrs.

Labour requirement (man days/acre) 1 Labour 9

Labour saving (%) 88 -

Operational cost (Rs/acre) 450 540

Monitory saving (%) 16 -

Crop yield (kg/acre) 10 1600 1570

Power tiller operated reaper for fingermillet at Banglore

In pigeonpea, use of power tiller operated reaper recorded922 kg/ha as against 940 kg/ha through manual harvesting. Butpower tiller operated reaper required 35 m to harvest pigeonpea of1 acre as against 4 acres through manual harvesting. It saves thetime of harvest by 80% and labour saving by 60% compared tomanual harvesting system. Use of tractor mounted row crop inter -cultivator took one hour 55 minutes for interculture operation infingermillet as against 4 hrs with bullock drawn intercultural hoe.The labour requirement to cover tractor-mounted equipment is 0.3man days as against 2 mandays with intercultural hoe drawn bybullocks.

V



The concept of the Operational Research Project in RainfedAgriculture was initiated at 8 AICRPDA Centers (viz., Arjia, BallowalSaunkhri, Hisar, Indore, Ranchi, Bangalore, Anantapur andSolapur) to understand the strength and weakness in thetraditional system of rainfed agriculture, to assess and refine thetechnologies under farmers management conditions for stability,replicability and economic viability suiting varied resourceconditions of the farming community. It also provides the feedbackon constraints (technical, institutional and financial) in transferof dryland technology to the research stations. At present, all thecenters are focusing the programs on farming system mode forlivelihood improvement besides providing consultancy servicesto the extension agencies on upscaling of rainfed technologies.

4.1 Agro-ecological Settings

Anantapur

This center is located in semi-arid alfisols of Anantapurdistrict in Andhra Pradesh. It receives an annual rainfall of 603.9mm during the year, out of which 503 mm is received duringkharif season. The soils are alfisols having 2 to 3% slope with lowwater holding capacity, neutral in pH, low in available nitrogen,medium to high in available phosphorus and low to medium inavailable potassium. The effective growing season at this center is90 days. The soils are characterized with low soil depth, poorinorganic matter and dominated with hardpan below 30 cm soildepth. The important crops grown in this region are groundnut,sunflower, sorghum and castor. During this year, the centerselected was Narsapuram National Watershed located at a distanceof 25 km from Anantapur. The micro watershed area covers areNagulagudem and Tanda villages of Channavaram village. It ischaracterized by hot summer during the period from March toMay followed by South-West monsoon from June to September.October to November forms the post-monsoon season and coldseason commences from December and continues up to earlyFebruary. The soils in the watershed area are derived from graniteand gneiss parent material (1214 ha), which constitutes 39.5% ofthe total geographical area of the watershed. The major croppingsystem in this micro-watershed area is groundnut + pigeonpeawhich supports 77.4% of the area. Groundnut + pigeonpea mixedwith pulses is taken up in 60% of the area. Under irrigatedconditions, groundnut is followed by rice, groundnut + pigeonpeafollowed by groundnut and sweet orange. Cows and buffaloes,poultry and goat constitutes of 23.8, 12.2 and 8.2% of the livestockpopulation. This watershed has 147 families and literacy rate is88.4%. About 63 farm families are agricultural labourers. Theselected watershed village has 23% marginal farmers, 21% smallfarmers and 12% medium farmers. The constraints identified ingroundnut crop production are poor plant stands due to delay inseeding especially under receding moisture, imbalanced nutrientapplication, high intensity of weed and prolonged dry spells during

the cropping season. Vegetation in this watershed is predominantlycapable of producing timber and other forest produce.

Arjia

The Operation Research Project at this center wasimplemented in Pathliyas village situated 22 km away in Southerndirection of Bhilwara district. The soils of the watershed are alfisolsand inceptisols. Soil texture varies from clayloam to loam. Soildepth is shallow to medium. It has low available water holdingcapacity (90 to120 mm), high temperature, medium rainfall andpresence of expanding type of clay minerals. Changing moisturecondition causes surface cracking and crusting of the soils. Meanannual rainfall of this center is 645 mm of which 93.1% iscontributed by monsoon from June to September and 3.7 and3.2% are contributed from October to January and February toMay respectively. August and July months contribute major rainfallto this region. Maize is the dominant crop in this region followedby groundnut, sesame, blackgram, greengram, cluster bean andsorghum fodder. In rabi season wheat is the major crop followedby mustard, barley and chickpea. Maize-blackgram, maize-groundnut, pulses-sesame are major crop rotations followed inthis region. Major tree species found in this ORP area are: Acaciaarabica, Azadirachta indica, Acacia equistifolia, Prosopisjuliflora, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus setigerus while Aristidaspp. Dicanthium annulatum and Cyamopogon spp are importantgrasses on degraded lands. Animal grazing is commonly followedto meet feed requirements of the livestock. Animal husbandry isthe main allied enterprise and cattle dominate the livestockpopulation.

Ballowal Saunkhri

The center is implementing the project activities at villageTeehra-Janganian, district Nawanshahr (Kukarsua watershed)located 20 km away from the AICRPDA center. The soils in thiswatershed have been classified as mixed, hyperthermic family ofTypic Ustipasamments/Typic Ustorthent. Ground water level is verydeep. The soils are low in available nitrogen and low to mediumin available phosphorus and potassium content. Soils are proneto slight to moderate water erosion, pH of these soils is neutral toalkaline range leading to decreased availability of phosphorus andmicronutrients. The center receives a normal rainfall of 1012mm with coefficient of variation ranging 15.4 to 46.8%. The totalrainfall recorded during kharif season accounts for 91.9%. Maize-wheat is the main cropping system of the village. Prior to theintervention of the project, the farmers were not aware of theimproved cultivars of the crop they were growing except wheat.They generally grow sesame, blackgram, pearlmillet (fodder) inkharif season and raya, taramira and chickpea in rabi season.Some of the common important natural vegetation observed inthis area are Ziziphus melia, Acacia and Dalbergia. The shrubsinclude Lantana camara, Butea monosperma and Dodonia

4. Operational Research Projects




viscose. Cynodon dactylon, Digiteria spp. Elusine Chenopodiumalbum is the important grasses and weeds dominated in this area.

Bangalore

The center is implementing the program atChikkamaranahalli, Nelamangala Taluk of Rural Bangalore center.The soils in this center are dominated with red sandy to sandyloam, shallow in depth, acidic (pH 6.2) with poor fertility, low tomedium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassiumand low in available nitrogen content. The ORP site on an averagereceives an annual rainfall of 828 mm during the year.Fingermillet with akkadi is the predominant cropping system inthis area, followed by groundnut and sunflower. The watershedarea is sparsely vegetated by shrubs like Cassia sp., and Dudonieasp., Trees like acacia, neem, Ficus sp. pongamia, bamboo,tamarind, mango and jack are dominated in this watershed.

Hisar

The Operational research project activities at this center areimplemented in Dariyapur near Siwani in district Bhiwani ofHaryana. The soils in the project area are light textured with lowwater holding capacity, surface crusting and poor fertility with pHrange of 7.62 to 8.2. It receives a normal rainfall of 300 mm duringthe year. The main crops grown in this area are pearlmillet,clusterbean and greengram in kharif and mustard and chickpeain rabi. The natural vegetation of Prosopis cineraria, Acaciaspecies are dominating in this region. The total house-holds inthe project area are 470 of which about 393 families are engagedin agriculture. The total land holding in this site is 2091 ha, outof which 1986 ha is under cultivation. About 105 ha area is underdegraded lands which are unfit for cultivation. The rainfedagriculture constitutes 85% of the total area. This site is dominatedby buffaloes, cows, goats and sheep. The main problems faced bythe farming community in crop production are low and erraticrainfall, poor quality underground water, undulating topography,poor fertility of the soils and very poor financial position of thefarmers.

Indore

The area selected for the project is located in north Indorecovering villages of Hingonia, Pipliyatapha, Baroli and Jaitpura inUjjain district of Madhya Pradesh. It is about 20 km from Indore.The area of the watershed is about 469 ha with hill top and sloppylands (1-2% slope) and few flat lands. Bare hill slides has morethan 50% slope. Flat lands are poorly drained. The soils arecharacterized by swell shrink property during wetting and drying,cracks of about 5-15 cm width during summer. The pH of the soilvaries from 7.3-8.5, organic carbon varies from 0.25-1 % in surfaceand from 0.1-0.75% in sub-surface soils. This site is dominatedwith vertisols having shallow (150 mm moisture holding capacity)medium (200 mm moisture holding capacity) and deep (300 mmmoisture holding capacity) with 150,180 and 220 days durationof moisture availability period respectively. The major crops grownin this village are soybean, sorghum fodder, and hedge crops during

kharif and wheat, chickpea are grown during rabi season.Floriculture and vegetables are dominant in this village. The villageis having 146 farm holdings out of which 52.7% are marginalfarmers, 19.17 % are small farmers, 24.65 % are medium farmersand 3.42% constitute as large farmers. The grass cover on thehillock includes Cenchrus ciliaris, Andropogon sps, Setaria,Dichanthium annulatum, Sehima sps, Sorghum halepans andThemeda quadrivalvis.

Ranchi

The project is under operation in Jahar Nala watershed (1500ha) located at a distance of 40 km from the University headquartersof BAU, Ranchi. This site receives a normal annual rainfall of1395 mm out of which 1225 mm is received from June to Octoberand 92.4 mm from November to March. The drought is a regularfeature of this area and generally experienced once in every threeyears. Majority of the area are sandy loam-loam with acidicreaction and low in fertility status. The status of organic matter(0.25-0.3%), nitrogen (110-150 kg/ha), and phosphorus (8-10kg/ha) is low. The potassium content is medium to high. Thepredominant crops grown in this area during kharif are rice,maize, millets (fingermillet), pigeonpea, blackgram, greengram,horsegram, groundnut, niger and sesame. During rabi, wheat,chickpea, lentil, toria, mustard and linseed crops are grown bothunder irrigation and rainfed environments. Out of 500 farmfamilies, tribal population constitutes 70%. Marginal and smallfarmers constitute 60% of farm families in the watershed. Cattle,sheep are dominating livestock systems in this area. Theconstraints of crop production in this area are broadcasting inuplands and medium lands especially in rice, stray cattle grazing,poor irrigation facility and cultivation of local varieties with sowingand harvesting system.

Solapur

The operational research project activities are implementedon watershed basis in Hanjgi village of Akkalkot taluk of Solapurdistrict. It is situated 35 kms away from Solapur in the scarcityzone of western Maharastra. The average annual rainfall in thiswatershed is 645 mm having temperature variations to a maximumof 41o C to a minimum of 13o C. The total area of the watershed is1622 ha out of which 1527 ha are under cultivable area, 37 hawith irrigation facilities. The watershed has 647 cultivators covering484 ha of operational area. It is dominated by vertisols with variedsoil depth viz., shallow soil depth (30%), medium (45%) and deep(25%). It has an average slope of 10% with natural vegetation oftrees (Acacia sps, tamarind, azardirachta, mango and ber),shrubs (Calotrophis, agave, cassia and vitex) and grasses (Cocks,comb, kenna). The major crops grown in this watershed duringkharif are pigeonpea, greengram, blackgram, pearlmillet,sunflower, groundnut and soybean. Rabi sorghum, chickpea,safflower, sunflower, wheat and vegetables are grown during rabiseason. The watershed has 67 wells, 647 families and has 73%literacy rate. Agriculture is the main occupation by the farmers inthis watershed. Goat rearing is the secondary occupation for the



livelihood of farmers. The watershed has 76 bullocks, 90 localcows and 6 cross bred cows, 45 buffaloes, 1142 goats and 870poultry birds.

4.2 Salient Achievements


At Arjia, the improved varieties of PHEM-2 and Navjotrecorded higher grain yields of 592 and 509 kg/ha in maizecompared to local (1717 kg/ha), net income of Rs. 4553 and 3897/ha respectively compared to local (Rs. 8022/ha). The improvedvariety of TAG-24 in groundnut recorded highest pod yield (1515kg/ha) and BC ratio of 3.05 under on-farm conditions. Amonghorsegram varieties, cultivar AK-1 gave additional grain yield of172 kg/ha compared to local check (238 kg/ha). The improvedvariety of RT-46 of sesame recorded higher grain yield (151 kg/ha)and net returns of Rs. 577/ha, compared to the local (187 kg/ha).

At Ballowal Saunkhri, maize hybrid Prakash recorded higherseed yield (1535 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs.731/ha). The bunchtype of groundnut cultivar SG-9 gave 21.8% higher pod yield overspreading type of cultivars of M-52 and M-48 and net income ofRs. 17359/ha compared to the ML-522 (Rs. 4955/ha). Ingreengram, seed yield of SML-668 recorded highest. The hybridPHB-2168 of pearlmillet recorded highest grain yield (1313 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 7709/ha) and BC ratio (2.21). Wheat cultivarPBW-527 gave higher grain yield by 3.3 and 36.5% over PBW-175and TL-1210 respectively. In raya, seed yield of RLM-619 gave9.14, 61.5 yield compared to the PTR-97 and PC-5 respectively.All most of all varieties recorded negative net income under on-farm conditions.

At Hisar, pearlmillet HHB-67-2 gave highest grain yield (1400kg/ha) and net returns of Rs.4405/ha) and BC ratio of 1.44 followedby HHB-67 (1260 kg/ha) with net income of Rs. 2785/ha. Improvedvariety of RH-93-4 in mustard gave additional grain yield (110kg/ha) and net returns (1870/ha) compared to RH-30 (830 kg/ha). BH-393 of barley gave highest grain yield (2960 kg/ha) andnet income (Rs. 7680/ha) and BC ratio (1.59), followed by BH-87(2690kg/ha).

The improved fingermillet varieties of A-404 and BM-2 gaveadditional grain yield of 950 and 576 kg/ha compared to localNarua (1036 kg/ha) respectively. Improved varieties of Vandanain upland rice gave a highest grain yield (1872 kg/ha) and net

returns (Rs. 3223/ha) followed by Birsa Vikas Dhan-109, whichgave the yield of 1789 kg/ha and net income of Rs. 4627/ha. Theimproved varieties of VRP-6 and VRP-5 recorded a net incomeranging from Rs.25425 to Rs.26380/ha in pea during rabi season.A high yielding variety of K-9107 (wheat), Shivani (mustard) gavehighest net returns of Rs.22380 and Rs.10654/ha respectivelyduring rabi season.

At Bangalore, improved varieties of L-5 (fingermillet),Samrudhi (green chillies), BRG-1 (pigeonpea), IT-38956-1(cowpea) gave highest grain yields in rainfed alfisols at ORP center.At Solapur, improved varieties of rabi sorghum (Mauli) in bothshallow and medium vertisols and Phula Yashoda in deep vertisolswere found suitable (Table 179).


Among cropping systems, strip cropping of maize-blackgram(10-20) and maize+blackgram (2:2) recorded additional grossincome of Rs. 2152/ha and Rs.2821/ha respectively compared tothe maize-blackgram system (Rs. 17493/ha) at Arjia. AtBangalore, fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea (TTB-7) wasprofitable with net income of Rs. 1695/ha and BC ratio of 1.16 inrainfed alfisols, while fingermillet+soybean (4:1) andfingermillet+akkadi recorded the negative net returns of Rs. 895and Rs. 1036/ha under rainfed environment. The intercroppingsystems of Groundnut + pigeonpea and pigeonpea + cowpeagave net returns of Rs. 4164/ha and Rs. 2082/ha respectively inrainfed alifols. At Ballowal Saunkhri, wheat + raya, chickpea +raya, lentil + raya recorded higher net income of Rs. 196, 4067,and 4115/ha respectively compared to respective sole crops inrainfed environment. At Hisar, pearlmillet + greengram (8:4)and pearlmillet + clusterbean (8:4) gave additional net returnsof Rs. 4209 and 1446/ha respectively over greengram (Rs. 2763/ha) and clusterbean (Rs. 1270/ha). At Ranchi, pigeonpea + rice(1:3) gave higher net income of Rs. 2002 and 1798/ha comparedto sole rice (1927/ha) and pigeonpea (2181/ha). Similarly,pigeonpea (BR-65) + groundnut (AK-12-24) in 1:2 recordedadditional net income of Rs. 2356 and 10785/ha compared tosole groundnut and pigeonpea respectively. Pigeonpea + okra(1:2) recorded net income of Rs. 1174/ha in 1:2 ratio. At Solapur,sunflower + pigeonpea (2:1), pigepnpea + clusterbean (1:2),pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) gave stable productivity in rainfedvertisols (Table 180).

Mustard variety Shivaniat Ranchi

Improved variety of pigeonpeaBRG-1 at Bangalore

Fingermillet variety L-5at Bangalore




Table 179. Influence of improved varieties on productivity and profitability of different crops at ORP centers

Center Crop Treatments Yield Gross returns Net returns BC(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Arjia Maize (5 yrs) Navjot 2226 19419 11919 2.59PHEM – 2 2309 20175 12575 2.65Local 1717 15422 8022 2.08

Groundnut (5 yrs) TAG – 24 1515 28104 18904 3.05PM – 1 1335 24803 15603 2.70Local 850 15949 7829 1.96

Horsegram (4 yrs) AK -1 650 8935 4235 1.90AK – 21 558 7709 3009 1.64Local 238 3374 -965 0.78

Sesame RT – 46 437 10668 5968 2.27RT – 125 289 7076 2376 1.51Local 187 4599 19.6 1.00

Ballowal Maize (4 yrs) Local 1020 8910 -3804 0.70Saunkhri Parkash 1535 13445 731 1.06

JH 3459 1302 11541 -1687 0.87Groundnut (4 yrs) SG 99 1668 43322 22314 2.06

M 548 1403 29723 9541 1.47Greengram (4 yrs) SML 668 439 9219 -314 0.97

ML 613 416 8736 -793 0.92Sesame (4 yrs) TC 289 317 8559 2052 1.32

Pb. Til No.1 298 8046 1539 1.24Pearlmillet PHB – 2168 1313 14104 7709 2.21

PCB – 64 1088 12004 5709 1.91Wheat (4 yrs) PBW 175 3014 32401 21437 2.96

PBW 527 3113 33465 22501 3.05Raya (2 yrs) RLM 609 394 7092 566 1.09

PBR 97 261 4698 -1828 0.72Hisar Pearlmillet (12 yrs) HHB-67 1260 12830 2785 1.28

HHB 67-2 1400 14450 4405 1.44Mustard (13 yrs) RH – 30 830 14110 4403 1.45

RH – 9304 940 15980 6273 1.65Barley (2 yrs) BH – 87 2690 18830 5790 1.44

BH - 393 2960 20720 7680 1.59Ranchi Fingermillet Local marua 1036 7000 1000 0.17

A – 404 1986 11325 5325 0.89BM -2 1612 9223 3223 0.54

Upland rice (3 yrs) Vandana 1872 8296 3223 0.66Birsa Vikash dhan -109 1789 9700 4627 0.91Local gora 1509 6651 1578 0.31VRP –5 6572 32380 26380 4.40VRP -6 6233 31425 25425 4.24

Wheat K – 9107 3784 29151 22380 3.73HUW-234 3478 26791 20791 3.47

Mustard Shivani 824 14654 10654 2.66Farmers variety 726 12342 8342 2.09



Table 180. Effect of cropping systems on productivity and profitability at ORP centers

Center Crop Treatments Yield Gross Net BC(kg/ha) returns returns ratio

(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Arjia Maize (Navjot), Maize – blackgram 2029 17493 9993 2.33blackgram (T-9) Maize – black gram strip cropping (10:20) 2319 19645 12670 2.82(maize eqt.) (5 yrs) Maize – blackgram intercropping (2:2) 2342 20314 11644 2.34

Bangalore Fingermillet (MR-1), Fingermillet + pigeonpea (10:2) 1028+230 12055 1695 1.16pigeonpea (TTB-7), Finger millet + soybean (4:1) 1080 8565 -895 0.91soybean (Hardee) Fingermillet + Akkadi (fodder sorghum) 790 7171 -1036 0.87(5 yrs) Farmers practice

Groundnut (TMV-2), Groundnut + pigeonpea 587 + 515 18734 4164 1.29pigeonpea (TTB-7), Groundnut + castor 610 + 290 14720 1350 1.10castor (Kranti) Groundnut + pigeonpea (Farmers practice) 490 + 212 10557 -1993 0.84

Pulse based Pigeonpea (TTB-7) + cowpea (TVX-944-2E) 538 + 188 13282 2082 1.19intercropping

Use of micro nutrients Groundnut + pigeonpea (RDF + ZnSO4+ Borax) 670 + 545 20665 5335 1.34

in groundnut (TMV-2) + Groundnut + pigeonpea (RDF) 590 + 510 18700 4130 1.28pigeonpea (TTB-7)(8:2) Groundnut + pigeonpea (Farmers practice) 413 + 218 10727 -1823 0.85

Ballowal Greengram (SML-668)+ Sole maize (2yrs) 1024 16488 3974 1.32Saunkhri maize (JH 3459)(2 yrs) Maize+greengram 731 + 245 15464 363 1.02

Raya (RLM 619) + Sole wheat 3147 33830 22867 3.09wheat (PBW 175) Wheat + raya 2772+ 313 35435 23063 2.86(3yrs) (wheat eqt.)

Raya + chickpea (PBG 5) Sole chickpea 495 9900 -356 0.97(4yrs) (chickpea eqt.) Chickpea + raya 407 + 244 15040 3711 1.33

Raya + lentil (LL-699) Sole lentil 519 14013 5868 1.72(4 yrs) (lentil eqt.) Lentil + raya 446 + 383 18927 9983 2.12

Hisar Pearlmillet Pearlmillet sole (45 cm) 1220 12180 2135 1.21Pearlmillet + clusterbean (8:4) (30 cm) 940+220 13570 3384 1.33Clusterbean sole 45 cm 650 11740 1270 1.12Pearlmillet + greengram (8:4) (30 cm) 850+260 14050 4209 1.42Greengram sole (45 cm) 580 12200 2763 1.29

Ranchi Pigeonpea + rice Pigeonpea sole 437 6181 2181 0.54(1:3) (4 yrs) Rice sole 1542 5527 1927 0.53

Pigeonpea + rice (1:3) 1622 9979 3979 0.67

Pigeonpea (BR-65) + Pigeonpea sole 533 6619 2619 0.65groundnut (AK-12-24) Groundnut sole 1657 18548 11048 1.47(1:2) (4 yrs) Pigeonpea + groundnut (1:2) 1775 21804 13404 1.56

Pigeonpea (BR-65) + Pigeonpea sole 445 5898 1989 0.50maize (Suwan composite) Maize sole 1778 9451 5651 1.49(1:1) (4 yrs) Pigeonpea + maize 1965 11747 7247 1.61

Pigeonpea (BR-65)+ Pigeonpea sole 364 4635 635 0.16okra (Pusa sawani) Okra sole 417 3660 460 0.14(1:2) (3 yrs) Pigeonpea + okra (1:2) 595 6174 1174 0.23

DOS : Date of sowing





Supplemental irrigation of 40 mm applied at 55 days aftersowing in groundnut+sesame (6:2) gave higher groundnut podequivalent yield (132 kg/ha) and net income (Rs. 1931/ha)compared to without irrigation (1278 kg/ha) (Rs. 13818/ha). Onan average over a period of 3 years, one supplemental irrigationenhanced productivity of groundnut + sesame system by 173 kgof groundnut equivalent yield per ha. Deep tillage with ridgingafter sowing + 100% recommended N through FYM and inorganicfertilizer gave highest net income of Rs. 11287/ha and this systemgave higher net returns of Rs. 3000/ha as compared to shallowtillage with farmers’ practice (8286 kg/ha). At Bangalore, openingof moisture conservation furrows between paired rows ofpigeonpea in groundnut + pigeonpea system (8:2) recorded 587kg of groundnut and pigeonpea grain yield of 515 kg/ha with BCratio of 1.29 as compared to farmers’ practice (0.84). Thistechnology of moisture conservation was accepted by majority ofthe farmers’ community. Fingermillet+ pigeonpea (10:2) withstaggered moisture conservation furrows within the paired rowsof pigeonpea recorded higher fingermillet grain equivalent yield(1100 kg/ha) compared to farmers’ practice (830 kg/ha). At Hisar,

Table 181. Effect of rain water management practices on productivity and monetary returns at ORP centers


(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Arjia Groundnut (JL-24) Control 1278 23583 13818 2.42+ sesame (RT-46) Supplemental irrigation 1410 25914 15749 2.55(groundnut eqt.)

Hisar Pearlmillet (2 yrs) Pearlmillet sole 1130 11760 1080 1.103rd row harvesting for fodder (30 DAS) 970 12590 1910 1.18Pearlmillet (30/60) +daincha mulching (30 DAS) 1100 11740 900 1.08Pearlmillet (30/60) + daincha mixing in soil (30 DAS) 1140 11450 450 1.04

harvesting of every third row as a part of drought managementpractice for fodder after 30 DAS enhanced the profitability (Rs.1910/ha) (Table 181).


At Bangalore, balance use of NPK and bio-fertilizersenhanced the productivity of fingermillet (144 kg/ha) and netreturns (Rs.386/ha) compared to farmers’ practice of using 65 kgN and 45 kg P/ha as a part of farmers’ practice (820 kg/ha). Similarpositive benefits were accrued in fingermillet and fodder sorghumsystem. Use of recommended dose of fertilizers + zinc sulphate(12.5 kg/ha) + borax (10 kg/ha) recorded groundnut pod yieldof 670 kg/ha and pigeonpea grain yield of 540 kg/ha with a BCratio of 1.34 compared to farmers’ practice. At Arjia, use of 60 kgP in maize and 30 kg P in groundnut were optimum to getadditional net returns of Rs. 1662 and 4299/ha respectively. AtBallowal Saunkhri, use of 50% organic N + 50% of inorganic Ngave at par seed yield of maize with that of 100% of inorganic Nsource. Among the levels of P, 40 kg P/ha in maize waseconomically optimum during this year. At Indore, use of 30 kg Nand 60 kg P and 30 kg of sulphur (through gypsum) gave highestgrain yield of soybean (1403 kg/ha), net returns of Rs. 9771/ha

Effect of supplemental irrigation toGroundnut+Sesame (6:2) at Arjia

Finger millet + Pigeonpea (10:2) intercropping systemat Bangalore



Table 182. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of crops at ORP centers


(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Arjia Maize (Navjot) Deep tillage + RAS + 100% rec N (FYM) 2217 20037 11287 2.29

(6 yrs) & inorganic fertilizer

DT + RAS + 50% rec N (FYM) inorganic fertilizer 2070 18589 10464 2.29DT + RAS + farmers practice 1847 16570 9070 2.21Shallow + farmers practice 1680 15036 8286 2.23

Maize (Navjot) 50% N (organic) +50% N (inorganic) 2400 21356 11381 2.14(4 yrs) Control (100% inorganic) 2027 18378 10878 2.45

Maize (Navjot) 75% N (inorganic) 1575 14283 6920 1.94(maize eqt.) (2 yrs) 100% N (inorganic) 2150 19133 11633 2.55

125% N (inorganic) 2308 20770 13133 2.72

Maize (Navjot) Control 1625 14615 7677 2.1130 kg P/ha 1810 16235 8735 2.1660 kg P/ha 1946 17401 9339 2.16

Groundnut (JL-24) Control 842 15649 7099 1.8330 kg P/ha (SSP) 1075 19782 10420 2.1130 kg P/ha (PROM) 1155 21448 11398 2.13

Bangalore Finger millet Farmers method 820 + 1180 8197 -804 0.90+ fodder sorghum Reallocation of inputs + biofertilizers 964 + 1260 8583 386 1.05

Ballowal Maize 100% organic N 2124 17892 5026 1.39Saunkhri (JH 3459) (2 yrs) 50% organic N + 50% inorganic N 2819 23752 11961 2.01

100% inorganic N 2741 23128 12414 2.16Control 887 7846 -4123 0.66

and BC ratio 2.2. This practice gave additional net returns of Rs.5073/ha compared to farmers’ practice of using 50 kg DAP/ha(886 kg/ha). In soybean, 50% RDF + FYM @ 4 t/ha + 3 kg PSBrecorded at par net income (Rs. 7439-7639/ha) in vertisols. Basalapplication of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha along with recommendeddose of fertilizer recorded highest yield of soybean (1275 kg/ha)and net returns (Rs. 7762/ha). These practices on an averageenhanced net income by Rs. 3680/ha compared to farmers’practice of using 50 kg DAP/ha. Use of 50% recommended fertilizerwith foliar application of 0.02 % zinc sulphate twice at 30 and 45DAS recorded a net income of Rs. 9351/ha in rainfed vertisols. AtHisar, use of 20 kg N with azatobactor in pearlmillet recordedadditional income of Rs. 2350/ha compared to control (Rs. 1785/ha). In mustard, this practice gave additional net income of Rs.1630/ha compared to control (Rs. 3380/ha). However, thispractice gave at par grain yield and net income in pearlmillet andmustard. Use of 20 kg N and 20 kg P and 80 kg K/ha were optimumfor upland rice at Ranchi (Table 182).

4.2.5 Energy Management

At Ballowal Saunkhri, use of maize planter enhancedthe yield (128 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs. 1228/ha) in maizecompared to seeding with wooden plough, which gave a yield of1783 kg/ha and net returns of Rs. 2750/ha. Similarly, seed-cum-fertilizer drill in wheat gave higher net returns (Rs. 3200/ha)compared to wooden plough (1816 kg/ha). At Hisar, use of discharrow and blade harrow in chickpea enhanced net returns byRs. 2705/ha and Rs.1605/ha compared to country plough (Rs.3730/ha). At Ranchi, pre-emergence application of Butachlorplough @ 1.5 kg recorded maximum net returns (Rs.4219/ha)followed by weeding with kurpi at 30 DAS (Rs. 3855/ha) andweeding by dryland grubber at 30 DAS (Rs. 3774/ha). Twoploughings with Brisa Ridger Plough gave additional net returnsof Rs. 3446/ha compared to ploughing with country plough (Rs.1225/ha) in upland rice variety of Vandana. Sowing of wheat withDutch hoe improved the productivity by 196 kg/ha compared tofarmers’ practice (Table 183).





(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

20 kg P/ha 1012 8896 -3446 0.7240 kg P/ha 1495 13060 3.46 1.0380 kg P/ha 1228 10740 2735 0.80

Indore Soybean Cultivators practice (50 kg DAP/ha) 886 11198 4698 1.72(JS – 93-05) (3 yrs) 30 kg N + 60 kg P/ha 1234 15564 7864 2.02

30 kg N + 60 kg P + 30 kg sulphur/ha (gypsum) 1403 17671 9771 2.20

Soybean Cultivator practice (50 kg DAP/ha) 870 10979 4479 1.69(JS – 93-05) (3 yrs) 30 kg N + 60 kg P/ha 1202 15139 7439 1.97

50% of RDF + 4 tonnes of FYM @ 4 t/ha 1169 14739 7639 2.0050% of RDF + Rhizobium culture + 3 kg PSM/ha 982 12399 5599 1.82


50% of RDF + 25 kg zinc sulphate (basal) 936 11816 4766 1.67RDF + 25 kg zinc sulphate (basal) 1275 16012 7762 1.94


50 kg DAP/ha + Foliar application of 0.02% 929 11726 4926 1.72in the form of Borax at 30-45 DASRDF + Foliar application of 0.05% of zinc sulphate 1282 16151 9351 2.01RDF + Foliar application of 0.05% of zinc sulphate 1410 17759 9509 2.15& 0.02% of boron at 30-45 DAS

Hisar Pearlmillet (3 yrs) Control 1060 11130 1785 1.1920 kg N/ha + Azotobacter 1300 13730 4135 1.4320 kg N/ha 1250 13070 3485 1.3640 kg N/ha 1420 14970 5145 1.52FYM @ 4t/ha + Azotobacter 1230 13160 2485 1.23

Mustard (9 yrs) Control 770 13090 3380 1.3520 kg N/ha alone 1030 17510 7550 1.7520 kg N/ha Azotobactor 1100 18700 8730 1.8740 kg N/ha 1140 19380 9180 1.90FYM @ 4t/ha + Azotobactor 1050 17850 5980 1.50

Ranchi Upland rice 20 kg N/ha (basal) 1188 4827 1827 0.61(Birsa gora 102) (4 yrs) 20 kg N + 20 kg P/ha (basal) 1424 6153 2653 0.76

20 kg N/ha at 30 DAS (Farmers practice) 992 4065 1065 0.36

Upland rice Control 1349 5841 1041 0.22(Birsa gora 102) (2 yrs) 20 kg K/ha 1569 6671 1598 0.32

40 kg K/ha 1820 7835 2585 0.4980 kg K/ha 1855 8093 2593 0.47

Linseed Farmers practice 340 3400 3371 1.16(T-397) 20 kg N/ha (basal) 431 4311 4281 1.41

DT : Deep tillage RAS : Ridging after sowing



Table 183. Effect of energy management practices on productivity and monetary returns at ORP centers


(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Ballowal Maize (JH-3459) Maize planter 1911 16488 3974 1.31Saunkhri Wooden plough 1783 15464 2750 1.21

Wheat (PBW 175) Seed-cum-fertilizer drill 2112 23175 12471 2.17(3yrs) Wooden plough 1816 20235 9271 1.85

Hisar Chickpea (10 yrs) Country plough 640 14080 3730 1.36Blade harrow 730 16060 5335 1.50Disc harrow 780 17160 6435 1.72

Ranchi Upland rice Weeding by khurpi at 30 DAS 1974 8928 3855 0.75(Birsa gora 102) (4 yrs) Weeding by dryland grubber at 30 DAS 1853 7324 3774 0.83

Pre-emergence application of Butachlor @ 1.5 kg 1793 7069 4219 1.48

Upland rice (2 yrs) Birsa gora – 102 1573 7007 1934 0.38Vandana 1884 8276 3203 0.63Birsa dhan - 108 1586 7008 1935 0.38Birsa vikash dhan - 109 1792 7866 2793 0.55

Millet (A-404) Weeding with grubber 2724 10896 3433 0.46Weeding by dryland weeder 2663 10648 3097 0.41Farmers practice 2556 10220 3682 0.20

Upland rice (Vandana) Two ploughing with Birsa ridger plough 1706 7246 1571 0.271ploughing with M.B. plough + 1 ploughing 1726 7331 1441 0.29with birsa ridger ploughFarmers practice (2 ploughing with country plough) 1620 6885 1225 0.19

Wheat Farmers practice 3049 32012 20462 1.77(K-9107) (3 yrs) Sowing by dutch hoe 3245 34072 22072 1.83

4.2.6 Integrated Weed Management

At Hisar, weeding with wheel hand hoe and Kasola thoughgave at par yield in pearlmillet, a higher net returns of Rs. 1100/ha was observed with wheel hand hoe compared to Kasola. Similartrends of results were noticed in mustard. Spraying of postemergence weedicide Chlorimuran ethyl 25 W.P @ 37 gm/ha(Kloban 25 W.P) at 18-20 DAS gave highest net income in soybean(Rs. 7667/ha), followed by spraying of Whip Super @ 300 ml +15 g Kloban/ha at 18-20 DAS (Rs. 6160/ha). These practices onan average gave a higher net income of Rs. 2725/ha compared tofarmers’ practice of 2 interculture operations only. Spraying ofEthyl easter @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 35-40 DAS in wheat gave higher netreturns of 3993/ha compared to farmers’ practice of no weeding(Rs. 18927/ha). At Ballowal Saunkhri, pre-emergence applicationof pendimethalin @ 1.5 lt/ha increased seed yield of greengramby 28% over one hand hoeing (383 kg/ha) (Table 184).

4.2.7 Alternate Land Use System

The farming system module at Arjia consisting of cereals(maize, sorghum); pulses (blackgram, horsegram); oilseeds(groundnut and sesame); forages (Stylo, cenchrus); perennial tree(ber, jatropha); and medicinal crops along with in situ rainwatermanagement and recycling of rain water through nadi in smallfarmers’ fields enhanced the maize equivalent yield (554 kg/ha)and net income (Rs. 23460/ha) in rainfed environment. AtBangalore, intercropping of fingermillet + pigeonpea (10:2) inmango recorded grain yield of fingermillet (765 kg/ha) andpigeonpea (158 kg/ha) in one year seedlings of mango. Thefarming system module integrating arable crops (viz.,groundnut+pigeonpea) 8:2; (groundnut + castor ) 8:1;(fieldbean-horsegram, pigeonpea+cowpea)1:1; agri-horti system,maize + cowpea (3:1) and fingermilet + pigeonpea (10:2);fingermillet +soybean (4:1); and sole pigeonpea within mango,one dairy animal, planting silver oak on farm boundaries and




Table 184. Effect of weed management practices on productivity and monetary returns at ORP centers


(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Ballowal Greengram (ML 818) One hoeing (20 DAS) 383 8043 -1490 0.84Saunkhri Herbicide + one hoeing (30 DAS) 489 9909 866 0.91

Indore Soybean Cultivator practice (2 inter culture operations 846 10688 4188 1.64(JS 93005) by bullock drawn small blade harrow)

Spraying of post-emergence weedicide 1068 13467 5867 1.80Spraying of post-emergence weedicide 1172 14767 7667 2.05Spraying of whip super @ of 300 ml plus 15 gms. 1068 13460 6160 1.84Kloban/ha at 18-20 DASTotal weed free 1212 15283 7183 1.81

Wheat (Lok-1) Farmers practice (no weeding) 2548 26927 18927 3.36Total weed free hand weeding as and when required 3082 32510 23410 3.57Spraying of ethyl easter @ 1 kg/ha 2975 31420 22920 3.70

Soybean (JS 93005) Cultivator practice (2 inter culture operations by 846 10688 4188 1.64bullock drawn small blade harrow)Spraying of post-emergence weedicide 1068 13467 5867 1.80Spraying of post-emergence weedicide 1172 14767 7667 2.05Spraying of whip super @ of 300 ml plus 15 gms. 1068 13460 6160 1.84Kloban/ha at 18-20 DASTotal weed free 1212 15283 7183 1.81

Wheat (Lok-1) Farmers practice (no weeding) 2548 26927 18927 3.36Total weed free hand weeding as and when required 3082 32510 23410 3.57Spraying of ethyl easter @ 1 kg/ha 2975 31420 22920 3.70

Hisar Pearlmillet (2 yrs) Weeding with Kasola 20 & 30 DAS 1290 13120 2220 1.2Weeding with WHH 20 + 30 DAS 1220 12440 3300 1.36WHH at 20 DAS & Kasola at 30 DAS 1180 12270 2250 1.22

Mustard (2 yrs) Weedy check 740 12580 4055 1.47Weeding with kasola 3 & 5 WAS 1060 18020 7095 1.65Weeding with WHH at 3&5 WAS 970 16490 7325 1.80Kasola at 3 WAS + WHH 5 WAS 1020 17340 7295 1.73

WHH- Wheel Hand Hoe WAS – Weeks after sowing

glyricidia on internal bunds gave the net returns of Rs. 15022/hacompared to the farmers’ practice (Rs. –772/ha). At BallowalSaunkhri, guava/peach agri-horti model and Dhek agro forestrymodels were initiated. The Dhek based agro forestry model withguinea grass recorded 7000 kg/ha while pearlmillet gave 5500 kg/ha. At Hisar, greengram and clusterbean in agri-horticulturalsystem gave 370 and 520 kg/ha as intercrops. While chickpeapaired planting with Chinese cabbage as fodder gave highest netreturns (Rs. 3255/ha) followed by chickpea paired row plantingwith Brassica napus fodder system (Rs. 2895/ha) (Table 185).

4.2.8 Package of Practices

In an assessment of improved and farmers’ practices forgreengram, clusterbean, mothbean and sesame at Hisar, thecomplete package of practices was superior for higher productivityand monetary returns compared to farmers’ practice. The netreturns of crops ranged from Rs. 4345 to Rs. 6963/ha withimproved practice compared to Rs. 1065 to Rs. 2550/ha withfarmers’ practice (Table 186).



Table 185. Effect of trees and crops on productivity and monetary returns at ORP centers


(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Arjia Maize, Blackgram, Traditional cropping system 653 4898 -867.5 0.85Sesame, Groundnut, Improved bio-diverse farming system 1197 8977 1477.5 1.20Castor, sorghum(Fodder), Horsegram(maize eqt.) (4 yrs)

Bangalore Mango Finger millet (GPU-28)/GPU-48) + 765 + 158pigeonpea (TTB-7) (10:2)

Cropping systems, Groundnut (TMV-2)+ Pigeonpea (TTB-7) (8:2) 3060 885 1.41horticulture, forestry Groundnut + castor (Kranthi) (8:1) 2529 523 1.26and livestock Sole crop field bean (HA-4) 1875 600 1.47

Horsegram (PHG-9) II crop 576 126 1.28Pigeonpea + cowpea (KBC-2) (1:1) 2538 858 1.51Fodder crops (South African tall / giant bajra) 1613 493 1.44+ mango (maize + cowpea (3:1), Giant Bajra)Fingermillet GPU-28) + pigeonpea (10:2) + mango 1227 191 1.18Fingermillet + soybean (Hardee) (4:1) + mango 836 -110 0.88Pigeonpea + mango (Alphonso) 1666 756 1.83Dairy 31500 10700 1.51Total 47420 15022Fingermillet + Akkadi 7:1 (sorghum, Cowpeamustard, fieldbean niger) 7528 -772 0.91

Ballowal Dhek based agro- Guinea grass 7000Saunkhri forestry model Pearlmillet 5500

Guava/peach agri Guava - groundnut 357horti model(cropping sequence)

Hisar Chickpea Chickpea paired row 570 12540 1815 1.16Chickpea paired + oat fodder (70 DAS) 520 + 4030 13455 2290 1.20Chickpea paired + Chinese cabbage fodder(70 DAS) 530 + 5160 14240 3255 1.29Chickpea paired row + Brassica napus fodder(70 DAS) 520 + 4880 13880 2895 1.26

Table 186. Effect of package of practices on productivity and monetary returns at Hisar

Crop Treatments Yield Gross returns Net returns BC (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio

Greengram (2 yrs) Farmers’ practice 560 11200 2550 1.29Package of practices 820 16400 6963 1.74

Clusterbean (2 yrs) Farmers’ practice 680 11560 2398 1.26Package of practices 960 16320 5850 1.56

Mothbean (2 yrs) Farmers’ practices 490 9800 1230 1.14Package of practices 770 15400 5963 1.63

Sesame (2 yrs) Farmers’ practice 320 9600 1065 1.13Package of practices 500 15000 4345 1.41

V




requirement. Application of rhyzobium + sodium and molybdatetreatment gave 15% yield increase (430 kg/ha), compared tofarmers’ practice (373 kg/ha). A maximum yield increase of 223%was attained by using the complete package of practices forgreengram with a yield of 394 kg/ha compared to farmers’ practicewith a yield of 122 kg/ha. A minimum yield increase of 7% wasattained with sodium molybdate treatment with a yield of 404 kg/ha compared to control of 377 kg/ha.

In Front Line Demonstrations of greengram at Phulbani, amaximum net income of Rs. 2387/ha and BC ratio of 0.26 wasattained with the improved practices of rhyzobium + sodium andmolybdate application compared to control of Rs. 875/ha with BCratio of 0.10. Application of lime @ 10% of lime requirementwas the second best for net returns of Rs. 2214/ha with a BC ratioof 0.21 compared to control of Rs. 968/ha with BC ratio of 0.11(Table 188).

Based on frontline demonstration of soybean conducted infive farmers’ fields at Rewa, the improved practice gave a yield inthe range of 1500-1800 kg/ha compared to farmers practice with ayield of 1150–1550 kg/ha. The yield increase with improved practiceranged between 11.3 and 26.3% in the season. The FLDs wereconducted in an area of 0.4 ha each with JS-93-05 variety (189).

On-farm trialsRajkotCrop Improvement

Among 3 varieties of blackgram evaluated in 3 farmers’ fieldsat Rajkot, GU-1 was superior with a relatively higher grain yield of

Phulbani

In an assessment of different package of practices forgroundnut in 52 farmers’ fields under Front Line Demonstrationsfor groundnut at Phulbani, the improved practice gave a yieldincrease in the range of 6 to 97%. A maximum yield increase of97% was attained by using total package of practices (1423 kg/ha)tested in ten farmers’ fields in an area of 2.5 ha over farmers’practice (724 kg/ha). Application of 100 % recommended fertilizer,i.e., 20 kg N + 40 kg P + 40 kg K/ha gave a 96% yield increasewith improved practice (1439 kg/ha) compared to farmers’practice (736 kg/ha). The improved variety gave a yield increaseof 43%, while application of 50% recommended fertilizer gave61% yield increase over farmers’ practice (Table 187).

A maximum net returns of Rs. 13598/ha and BC ratio of0.74 were attained with application of lime @ 200 kg/ha comparedto control with a net income of Rs. 9274/ha with a BC ratio of 0.55.The second best net returns of Rs. 11934/ha with a BC ratio 0.71were attained by applying K @ 40 kg/ha, compared to no potashwith a net returns of Rs. 9284/ha with a BC ratio of 0.59. A minimumnet returns of Rs. 7615/ha with a BC ratio 0.47 were attained with50% recommended fertilizer, ie. 10 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/hacompared to no fertilizer with a net returns of Rs. 185/ha with a lowBC ratio 0.01.

Among different improved practices demonstrated forgreengram under FLDs at Phulbani, a maximum grain yield of475 kg/ha with a yield increase of 26% over farmers’ practice (377kg/ha) was attained with an application of lime @ 10% of lime

5. Front Line Demonstrations and On-farm Trials

Table 187. Front Line Demonstrations of groundnut at Phulbani

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) % of Cost of cultivation Net Returns BC Ratioincrease (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Treat- Control over Treat- Control Treat- Control Treat- Controlment control ment ment ment

Varietal influence 1440 1005 43 16926 16206 11874 3894 0.70 0.24(Smruti vs Lachachana)

Seed treatment with Sodium molybate 1392 1310 6 16977 16926 10863 9274 0.64 0.55

Soil application of chlorophyriphos 1430 1298 10 17476 16926 11124 9034 0.64 0.53against termite @ 25 kg/ha

Full fertilizer application @ 20:40:40: 1439 736 96 16926 14655 11854 65 0.70 0.00kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha

50% fertilizer application @ 10:20:20: 1195 742 61 16285 14655 7615 185 0.47 0.01kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha

Full Potash application @ 40 kg K2O/ha 1443 1295 11 16926 16616 11934 9284 0.71 0.59

50% Potash application @ 20 kg K2O/ha 1396 1248 12 16771 16616 11149 8344 0.65 0.50Application of Gypsum @ 250 kg/ha 1402 1184 18 17266 16926 10774 6754 0.62 0.40

Application of Lime 1605 1310 23 18502 16926 13598 9274 0.74 0.55(10% LR i.e. 200 kg/ha)

Improved package of practices 1423 724 97 17266 14115 11194 365 0.65 0.03



Table 189. Front line demonstrations of soybean (JS–93-05) at RewaName of farmer Village /block district Area sown Yield (kg/ha) %

(ha) Improved Farmers’ Increase practice practice

Arvind Kumar Pandey Patona/ Raipur Karchuliyan Dist. Rewa 0.4 1725 1550 11.3Prabhakar Singh Patona/ Raipur Karchuliyan Dist. Rewa 0.4 1800 1425 26.3S/o Prahlad SinghGajendra Singh Raghunathpur/ Rampur Naikin Dist: Sidhi 0.4 1500 1250 20.0S/o Ram Pal SinghRambali Shukla Maihar/ Rampur Naikin Dist: Sidhi 0.4 1525 1150 32.6S/o Ram Avtar ShuklaRekha Singh Barahadi/ Raipur Karchuliyan Dist: Rewa 0.4 1750 1520 15.1W/o Shri Ram Narayan Singh

Table 188. Front Line Demonstrations of greengram at Phulbani

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) % of Cost of cultivation Net Returns BC Ratioincrease (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Treat- Control over Treat- Control Treat- Control Treat- Controlment control ment ment ment

Improved variety (PDM-54) 399 245 63 9211 8771 1562 (-)2156 0.17 (-)0.25Rhizobium treatment 415 365 14 9211 9196 1994 659 0.22 0.07Sodium Molybdate treatment 404 377 7 9208 9196 1700 983 0.19 0.11Rhizobium + Na- Molybdate treatment 430 373 15 9223 9196 2387 875 0.26 0.10Full fertilizer 395 197 101 9211 7240 1454 (-)1921 0.16 (-)0.26Lime @ 10% LR 475 377 26 10611 9211 2214 968 0.21 0.11Improved practice 394 122 223 9211 5085 1427 (-)1791 0.16 (-)0.35

300-347 kg/ha compared to T-9 with 270-310 kg/ha. The localvariety gave a minimum yield in the range of 260-295 kg/ha inthe on-farm trials conducted at Nagalpar village in Rajkot blockand Devada village in Lodhika block.

Among 3 varieties of castor evaluated in 3 farmers’ fields atRajkot, GCH-6 was superior with relatively higher bean yield of1310-1365 kg/ha compared to GCH-5 with 1230-1280 kg/ha. Thelocal variety gave a minimum yield in the range of 1090-1105 kg/ha under on-farm trials conducted at Devada and Makhavadvillages in Lodhika block and Nagalpar village in Rajkot block.

Among 3 varieties of sesame evaluated in 3 farmers’ fieldsat Rajkot, GT-2 was superior with a relatively higher seed yield of690-750 kg/ha compared to GT-1 with 615-680 kg/ha. The localvariety gave minimum yield in the range of 540-635 kg/ha in theon-farm trials conducted at Nagarpipalia, Devgam and Devadavillages under Lodhika block.

Among 3 varieties of groundnut evaluated in 3 farmers’ fieldsat Rajkot, GG-7 was superior with a relatively higher seed yield of1170-1250 kg/ha compared to GG-5 with 1140-1180 kg/ha. Thelocal variety gave minimum yield in the range of 1050-1090 kg/ha in the on-farm trials conducted at Nagalpar village in Rajkotblock, Devada and Devgam villages in Lodhika block.

Among 3 varieties of cotton evaluated in 3 farmers’ fields atRajkot, the BT cotton variety gave a maximum kapas yield in therange of 1250-1310 kg/ha. G.cot.Hy-8 was the second best hybrid

with kapas yield of 1050-1145 kg/ha compared to G.cot.Hy-10 with900-1070 kg/ha in the on-farm trials conducted at Nagarpipalia andDevgam villages in Lodhika block.

Contingency Planning

In a crop contingency study under 8 farmers’ fields withdifferent dates of sowing for groundnut in different villages ofNanalarnka in Rajkot and Devada in Lodhika block, pre-monsoonsowing was found to be superior with a maximum pod yield in therange of 1150 to 1350 kg/ha and fodder yield of 2040 to 2130 kg/ha. Compared to this, sowing at onset of monsoon gave the secondbest pod yield in a range of 1045 to 1175 kg/ha and fodder yield of1825 to 2030 kg/ha. A minimum pod yield in the range of 528 to675 kg/ha and a fodder yield in the range of 1325 to 1380 kg/hawere attained with late sowing. The yields were found to berelatively higher in the villages of Lodhika block compared to Rajkotblock in different farmers’ fields.

Energy Management

Among 3 different methods of seeding and fertilizer forgroundnut tested in farmers’ fields at Rajkot, use of seed cumfertilizer drill for sowing and fertilizer application was superior witha maximum pod yield of 1302 kg/ha and fodder yield of 2243 kg/ha. This was followed by sowing of seed and application of fertilizersseparately with a pod yield of 1199 kg/ha and fodder yield of 2063kg/ha. The farmers’ practice gave a minimum pod yield of 913 kg/ha and a fodder yield of 1955 kg/ha in the on-farm trials.




Integrated Farming Systems

In an evaluation of groundnut based annual crops, naturalvegetation and horti-pastoral species at Anantapur, the horti-pastoral system was superior with a maximum gross income ofRs. 15100/ha, but a negative net returns in the season. However,the annual crops gave second best gross income of Rs. 14,000/haand maximum net income of Rs. 4000/ha with a grain yield of800 kg/ha and a fodder yield of 1000 kg/ha.

AgraCrop Improvement

Out of 4 varieties of pearlmillet evaluated in farmers’ fieldsin the villages of Agra, a maximum grain yield of 1814 kg/ha wasattained by Pro-Agro-9330 variety. This gave a maximum grossincome of Rs. 16507/ha, net income of Rs. 10009/ha and BC ratioof 2.54. MBH-163 was the second best with a yield of 1572 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 14462/ha and net income of Rs. 7960/hawith a BC ratio of 2.22. A cost of cultivation of Rs. 6502/ha wasincurred for the trials conducted in farmers’ fields.

Out of 3 varieties of clusterbean evaluated in farmers’ fieldsin the villages of Agra, a maximum grain yield of 1201 kg/ha wasattained by RGC-1025 variety. This gave a maximum gross incomeof Rs. 21618/ha, net income of Rs. 16519/ha and BC ratio of 4.24.RGH-112 was the second best with a yield of 1077 kg/ha, grossincome of Rs. 19386/ha and net income of Rs. 14228/ha with aBC ratio of 3.89. A cost of cultivation of Rs. 5099/ha was incurredfor the trials conducted in farmers’ fields.

Out of 3 varieties of sesame evaluated in farmers’ fields inthe villages of Agra, a maximum grain yield of 482 kg/ha wasattained by RT-54 variety. This gave a maximum gross income ofRs. 12050/ha, net income of Rs. 6170/ha and BC ratio of 2.05. T-78 was the second best with a yield of 410 kg/ha, gross income ofRs. 10250/ha and net income of Rs. 4370/ha with a BC ratio of1.74. A cost of cultivation of Rs. 5880/ha was incurred in thetrials conducted under farmers’ fields.

Weed Management

In a study with weeding operations for pearlmillet at Agra,

weeding on 30 DAS was superior with a grain yield of 1690 kg/ha,fodder yield of 2014 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 15294/ha, netincome of Rs. 8792/ha and BC ratio of 2.35. Weeding at 40 DASwas at par with weeding at 30 DAS and were superior compared toweedy check.

Rain Water Management

In a study with compartmental bunding, raised bunds andfarmers’ methods for pearlmillet at Agra, compartmental bundingwas superior with a grain yield of 1730 kg/ha, gross income of Rs.15656/ha, net income of Rs. 8664/ha and BC ratio of 2.23. Raisedbunds of 20 cm across the slope was the second best with a grainyield of 1597 kg/ha, gross income of Rs. 14528/ha, net income ofRs. 7518/ha and BC ratio of 2.07.

SK NagarCrop Improvement

Between 2 varieties of moth bean tested in 4 farmers’ fieldsat SK Nagar, GMO-2 gave a seed yield of 260 kg/ha compared tolocal with a yield of 241 kg/ha. Between 2 varieties of greengramtested in 3 farmers’ fields at SK Nagar, GM-4 gave a seed yield of273 kg/ha compared to local with a yield of 245 kg/ha. In a relaycropping of greengram and castor system under 2 farmers’ fieldsat SK Nagar, a maximum greengram yield of 310 kg/ha and castoryield of 102 kg/ha were attained and gave a gross returns of Rs.9960/ha (Table 190).

Phulbani

Crop Improvement

Among 3 varieties of upland rice evaluated in farmers’ fieldsunder on-farm trials, Saria (local variety) was superior with amaximum grain yield of 2501 kg/ha compared to a minimumyield of 2325 kg/ha attained by ZHU-11-26. RR-166-645 was thesecond best with a yield of 2422 kg/ha in the trial (Table 191).

Cropping Systems

In an assessment of yam and yam bean tested in farmers’fields at Phulbani, a maximum net returns of Rs. 48916/ha wasattained from a tuber yield of 148000 kg/ha at Dutipada village.

Table 190. Performance of varieties of crops on productivity and profitability at Agra

Crop Variety Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income BC(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Ratio

Pearlmillet MRB-2210 1423 6502 12991 6489 2.0MBH-163 1572 6502 14462 7960 2.22PRO-agro-9330 1814 6502 16507 10009 2.54Spic-P-111 1253 6502 11546 5044 1.77

Clusterbean RGC-1025 1201 5099 21618 16519 4.24RGH-112 1077 5099 19386 14228 3.89HGS-365 1010 5099 18180 13081 3.57

Sesame RT-54 482 5880 12050 6170 2.05T-78 410 5880 10250 4370 1.74TKG-22 366 5880 9150 3270 1.56



Table 194. Effect of different weeders on productivity and profitability of groundnut at Phulbani

Treatment Eff.field Pod Labour Dry wt. of Cost of Net BCCapacity yield (No./ha) weeds at cultivation returns Ratio(ha/day) (kg/ha) harvest (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Phulbani dryland weeder 0.07 151 14 650 16934 13266 0.78followed by removal of weedsgrown intra row manually

Wheel finger weeder followed 0.10 149 14 560 16862 12938 0.77by removal of weeds grownintra row manuallyLocal Gadi 0.02 132 51 850 18426 7974 0.43Hand weeding 0.02 112 63 1420 18906 3494 0.18CD ( 5%) 153

Table 193. Performance of intercropping systems in farmers’ field at Phulbani

Cropping system Row Name of the farmer Area Yield Mean yieldratio (m2) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)

Pigeonpea + Okra 2:1 Padmanabha Mohapatra 300 900 + 1500Kishore Nayak 300 880 + 1240 890 + 1370

Pigeonpea + Radish 2:2 Padmanabha Mohapatra 250 1080 + 8000Kishore Nayak 300 930 + 6000 1005 + 7000

Pigeonpea + Groundnut 2:6 Padmanabha Mohapatra Sankirtan Sethy 1000 600 + 850Balmika Sethy 1250 680 + 1040Ranjita Ku.Sethy 1000 720 + 920

700 640 + 880 660 + 9230Pigeonpea + Maize 2:2 Padmanabha Mohapatra 1000 860 + 4500

Kisore Nayak 300 700 + 5000 780 + 4750

Table 192. Performance of tuber crops in farmers’ field

Crop Village Tuber yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) Mean net returns (Rs/ha)

Yam Dutipada 185000 39350 30950Dadapaju 157000 22550

Yam bean Dutipada 148000 48916 43696Dadapaju 38476

Table 191. Performance of upland rice varieties in farmers’ fieldsat Phulbani

Variety Grain yield % Increase(kg/ha) over local

ZHU 11-26 2325 77RR 166-645 2422 84Saria (Local) 2501 90

A minimum net returns of Rs. 22550/ha was attained from yamwith a tuber yield of 157000 kg/ha in the trials conducted atDadapaju village (Table 192).

Among 4 pigeonpea based cropping systems in different rowratios tested under farmers’ fields at Phulbani in an area of 0.64ha, a maximum mean pigeonpea grain yield of 1005 kg/ha togetherwith 7000 kg/ha of raddish grown in 2:2 ratio were attained.Pigeonpea + okra in 2:1 ratio was the second best with a meanyield of 890 kg/ha of pigeonpea and 1370 kg/ha of okra. Pigeonpea

+ groundnut in 2:6 ratio gave a minimum grain yield of 660 kg/ha of pigeonpea and 9230 kg/ha of groundnut pod yield in thetrials (Table 193).

Integrated Weed Management

Among different treatments of weed management tested forgroundnut in farmers’ fields at Phulbani, a maximum pod yieldof 151 kg/ha with a net returns of Rs. 13266/ha and BC ratio of0.78 were attained by using Phulbani Dryland weeder followed byremoval of weeds grown intra- row manually. This was followed bya pod yield of 149 kg/ha with net returns of Rs. 12938/ha and BCratio of 0.77 attained by using wheel-finger weeder. A maximumefficiency of field capacity was attained by the later treatment (0.10ha/day) compared to the former treatment (0.07 ha/day). Aminimum net returns of Rs. 3494/ha, BC ratio of 0.18, grain yieldof 112 kg/ha with a field efficiency of 0.02 ha/day were attained byhand weeding manually based on the trials conducted in farmer’sfields (Table 194).




During the period there were 12 projects under

implementation. Out of these 4 were concluded.

The highlights of research program are as follows:

RF 303 083 4021: Evaluation of Regenerative

Agricultural Technology with low external inputs

(V. Maruthi, Central Research Institute for Dryland

Agriculture, Hyderabad)

The studies was conducted in Tadiparthy and Edammagaddavillages of Gopalpet mandal in Mahabubnagar district in AndhraPradesh, to evaluate the integration of indigenous knowledgesystem with that of existing technologies. In this context, Cattleshed bedding with groundnut shell was done to prepare groundnutshell manure (GSM–1 tone groundnut shell manure/ha+Farmers’practice) and experimented using it in the farmers’ fields incomparison with the Farmers’ Practice (FP-1 t FYM/ha + 17.5 N+ 36.3 P

2O

5 + 17.5 K

2O every year), groundnut shell as such (1

t groundnut shell/ha+Farmers’ practice), compost (1 t compost/ha+Farmers’ practice) and regenerative treatment (completeorganics – 1t GSM + 1 t compost + 1t FYM/ha). The croppingsystems at farmers’ fields were Kharif groundnut crop (KG), Castor-groundnut system (C-G) and groundnut system (G-G).

The studies over two years indicated that both during adrought year and a good rainfall year, the GSM applied fieldsrecorded 10-12% increased yields over FP during kharif and 20-25% during rabi. Compost-applied fields recorded equivalent yieldsto GSM applied fields. Only organics treatment initially recordedyields less than the FP, after regular application, in the secondyear showed similar yields as that of FP while from fourth seasononwards improvement over FP was observed. All the above hadhappened especially due to the application of different organicand inorganic treatments to the soil. This application had variedimpact over the soil and crop. The impact on soil might be withregard to enhanced soil moisture holding capacity. In kharifgroundnut system, Groundnut Shell Manure (GSM) has increasedthe soil moisture holding capacity by 14-22% ranging from adrought year to a well-distributed rainfall year in the gravelly soilsover FP after regular sequential application for two years underrainfed conditions. In kharif castor- rabi groundnut system, GSMhas increased soil moisture by 10-13% during kharif and by 30-32% during rabi. While in kharif groundnut-rabi groundnutsystem, 5-6% increased soil moisture during kharif and 35-37%increased soil moisture was observed during rabi.

RF 303 083 4022: Assessment of adoption andimpact of IPM in rainfed crops (C.A.Rama Rao,Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture,Hyderabad)

The studies was initiated during May, 2004 to identify thefactors influencing adoption of integrated pest management incotton, groundnut and pigeonpea and to examine the farm level

6. AP Cess Fund Ad-hoc Projects

impact of adoption of IPM practices. In this context data werecollected from the farmers in Guntur, Anantapur and Ranga Reddydistricts of Andhra Pradesh. This project involves collection ofprimary data related to farm and household particulars of IPM –adopters and non-adopters. The studies indicated that applicationof chemical insecticides is mostly adopted by 92 percent of thefarmers. Practices such as deep ploughing, intercropping with cowpea or blackgram, border crop, treating the seed with insecticidesor fungicides, early sowing of crop and use of botanical insecticides(NSKE, neem oil etc) are among the highly adopted IPMcomponents with more than 60% of farmers adopting each ofthis practice. Application of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV),Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) is an important component of IPM.Its adoption was however low at two percent. The limited availabilityof these inputs is an important reason for their low adoption.Keeping light traps is one of the key recommendations formanaging the red hairy caterpillar in groundnut. The practice wasfound to be adopted by about 39 percent of farmers. The adoptionfrequencies for pheromone traps, bird perches and mechanicalcollection were 15.3, 14 and 11.3 per cent respectively. Theadoption of other components of IPM was very low as many farmerswere not aware of these practices.

In order to measure the extent of adoption, weightedscores were computed for all the IPM farmers. Of the total twenty-two different components of IPM as many as eleven were culturalpractices, four were chemical, four biological and threemechanical. A farmer adopting all these 22 practices in his or hereffort to manage pests below the economic threshold levels, he orshe would get a score of 5.7. The scores of the farmers were foundto vary between 1.4 and 3.8 with an average score of 2.16. Aboutfifty five percent of farmers scored below 2.05 (35 percentile) andwere classified as low adopters. Only six percent of farmers werefound to achieve high adoption scores (> 2.70, the 70 percentile).The remaining forty percent of farmers were classified as mediumadopters with scores between 2.05 and 2.70. Thus there wasobserved variation in adoption within the adopters and a majorityof farmers were found to operate at low levels of IPM.

The farm level impact adoption of IPM in groundnutindicated that there was steep decline in the use of chemicalinsecticides from 16 l/ha in case of non-IPM farmers and 6 l/hain IPM farmers. Consequently the expenditure on plant protectionchemicals reduced from Rs.3619 to Rs.1084/ha. The IPM farmersharvested about 980 kg/ha of groundnut compared to 920 kg/haby non-adopters. The reduced cost of cultivation and marginallyhigher yields together resulted in higher net returns from IPMfarms (Rs. 7246/ha) compared to non-IPM farms (Rs. 3651/ha).Another important benefit of IPM adoption is the reduction in theincidence of health hazards associated with the use of chemicalinsecticides. About five percent of farmers reported pesticide-related health hazards compared to 17 percent in case of non-



IPM farmers. Such a reduction is due to the less number ofchemical sprays as well as due to the relatively safer insecticidesused by the IPM farmers.

RF 303 083 4023: Assessment of impact ofsustainable land management practices initiated indeveloped/treated watersheds in rainfed agro-ecoregion of Telangana A.P – a GIS bassed study(Kausalya Ramachandran, Central ResearchInstitute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad)

Under this program 5 watersheds were selected in AESR 7.2in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, to assess the impact ofsustainable land management practices in treated watersheds.Dominant indicators were identified using a Bivariate CorrelateMethod in Pamana village in Chevella Mandal of Rangareddy,district in Andhra Pradesh. The indicators for assessing cropproductivity at watershed level having correlations were – Cropyield (Weighted), availability of irrigation water and livelihoodoptions. In case of evaluation of Security of Production, Livelihood,size of land holding, availability of irrigation water and off-farmincome sources were found to be crucial. For protection oflivelihood the indicators of Crop Cafeteria Index, use of FYM andcrop residue, adherence to contingency planning and slope werefound to be useful. To evaluate Viability of Agriculture Enterprise,off-farm income, income from livestock and animal produce andhigher crop yields were found to be useful. Use of conservationmeasure, decision – making process, membership of associations,mulching and use of FYM and fertilizers were positive indicatorsin respect of Acceptability of Watershed Development Program andits principles.

RF 303 083 4024: Organic carbon assessment andits maintenance under rainfed production system(Ch. Srinivas Rao, Central Research Institute forDryland Agriculture, Hyderabad)

This project was implemented in AICRPDA centers ofBangalore, Solapur and S.K.Nagar to assess the changes in soilfertility status associated with soil organic carbon and to evaluateorganic carbon fractions in soil with different nuclear managementoptions and also to buildup/and depletion of organic carbon undervarious rainfed production systems. The studies of groundnut andfingermillet system over 28 years of cropping in alfisols indicatedthat soils under continuous fertilization showed reduced soil pHcompared to the control as well as INM treatments. Slightly highersalinity was noticed in 100% NPK and INM combinations comparedto the control. Addition of continuous organic manure to thesystem improved the water retention characteristics of alfisols.Organic carbon levels were improved with a cropping fertilizationand manuring. Application of 100% of organic manure or inconsumption with inorganic manure showed positive effect onavailable water content of the soil. Use of inorganic fertilizers alonefailed to improve the water retention capacity of the soil.Continuous addition of organic manure or inorganic fertilizer yearafter year increase the available sulphur content, exchangeable

calcium and magnesium, available iron, copper, zinc, manganeseand boron. Under fingermillet-fingermillet system soil pH wasreduced with continuous fertilizer use but EC values wereincreased. Water retention characteristics improved with additionof FYM there was a buildup in available sulphur but available boronwas low even under continuous FYM treatments. Organic carbonlevels improved with cropping and manuring. Microbial biomasscarbon, total N and enzyme levels were improved with manuring.

Under rabi sorghum based production system over 20 yearsof experimentation at Solapur with 50 kg urea alone and incombination with crop residue additions showed the reduced soilpH. There was zinc deficiency in most of the profiles even afterlong term use of crop residues and FYM application. Total organiclevels improved substantially with long term cropping and nutrientmanagement practices.

In Aridisol of pearlmillet based production system over 20years of experimentation at S.K. Nagar the soil pH was lower ininorganic treatments. Available N was low despite 20 years oflong-term usage of chemical and organic manures. But availableP levels were improved over time. There was a depletion of availablein soil with 100% recommended dose of N, P and K. Boron wasdeficient in control which were improved with different nutrientmanagement options.

RF 303 083 4025: Integrated Farming Systemmodels for sustainable productivity and income ofsmall and marginal rainfed rice farms of Chattisgarh(A.L. Rathore, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University,Raipur)

The studies was conducted under on-station conditions ofIGKV, Raipur to develop an appropriate integration of crops,livestock and fish for round the year employment, income andsufficient food to farm family. Of the total land in 6 modelscultivation of crops was done in 88 % area of the farm in whichrice, oil seed (soybean), pulse (pigeonpea), vegetable (tomato/brinjal/ladyfinger), greenfodder (cherry), flower (marigold) andfruit plants (drum stick) were grown respectively in 33, 12, 2, 16,10, 1 and 14 percent of the area. The twelve percent of the area ofthe farm devoted for construction of farm pond, shallow dug welland livestock sheds. The IFS models for 0.40 ha land holding gavea net return of Rs.11350-38322 in one calendar year. By marketingof vegetable, fruit, flower and livestock product the farmer canable to get sufficient money to meet out daily needs. On an averagea small farm family got about Rs.1500 in every fortnight and morethan 12 days employment on his own farm of 0.40 ha by adoptingintegrated farming system. The IFS model for 0.80 ha land holdingshowed that production of food grains, oil seeds and pulses wereincreased by 127% with integrated farming system approach of0.80 ha compared to the traditional rainfed rice. This modelgenerated 120 mandays of employment. The IFS model of 1 haland holding increased the production of food grain, oil seeds andpulses by 137% compared to the traditional rainfed rice. Thismodel could generate 135–153 mandays.




RF 303 083 4026 : Capacity building of Operationalresearch Project in Rainfed Agro ecosystem : AnAction Research (G. Ravindra Chary, CentralResearch Institute for Dryland Agriculture,Hyderabad)

The Project started in January 2005 with the objectives ofredefining the concept of Operational Research Project (ORP) inthe changing scenario of rainfed Agriculture; building the capacityof ORP personnel focusing on integrating NRM research withlivelihood issues. The study area encompasses 8 ORPs in AICRPDANetwork viz., Anantapur (ANGRAU), Arjia (MPUA&T), Ballowal-Saunkhri (PAU), Bangalore (UAS_B), Hisar (CCSHAU), Indore(JNKVV), Ranchi (BAU) and Solapur (MPKV). The scientists fromthese ORPs are the active partners in this project. The activitymilestones during the second year (2006-07) were Capacity buildingPhase and Action research Phase.

During the capacity building phase the discussion wasinitiated to start action research phase based on the initial progressmade during the first year. It was felt that ORP should bring in thepolicy research beyond technical research. During this phase,technologies that are adopted by ORP farmers and diffused to otherfarmers (Category I), technologies that are adopted by ORP farmersbut not diffused to others farmers (Category II) and technologiesthat are not adopted either by ORP farmers or by others (CategoryIII) for Participatory Research Plan were documented with activeinvolvement of the ORP staff.

In Action research phase, ORP center of Solapur (sarolewatershed, Hanjagi) was selected for implementing theprogramme. A participatory need assessment was conducted andan action plan was developed for implementation at Hanjagi forthe kharif/rabi 2007 through a two-day technical workshop on“Participatory Action Plan Development” 8-9, February 2007 toprioritize issue for inclusion in the ensuing Technical Programme.

A three-day Technical Workshop on “ Action Research,Impact analysis and Participatory Technology Assessment” washeld from 1st to 3rd March 2007 at CRIDA, to impart the knowledgeof participatory processes and action research, and to share theexperiences of participatory action plan developed at Solapur.During the workshop Scientists from each ORP center identifiedtwo technologies for up scaling and two technologies forParticipatory Technology Development.

RF 303 083 4027: Ways to improve the agronomicefficiency of phosphatic fertilizers in vertisols ofchhattisgarh (S.K.Sarawagi, College of Agriculture,Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur).

In soybean – wheat cropping system increasing level ofphosphorus up to 60 kg P

2O

5 /ha enhanced the total productivity

(4350 and 5770 kg/ha), productivity rating index (2.17 and 2.89)production efficiency (18.1 and 25.4 kg/ha/day), net profit (Rs.32.8and 50.0 thousands/ha), B:C ratio (Rs.1.25 and 1.91/Re), energyuse efficiency (7.61 and 8.22 q (MJ x 103)-1), energy output: input

ratio, recovery efficiency of phosphorus of apparent P recovery(0.302 kg increase in P uptake/kg of P

2O

5). But the factor

productivity, agronomic and physiological efficiency of phosphoruswere limited up to 40 kg P

2O

5 /ha while they were decreased with

further increase in phosphorus application. In case of directapplication of phosphorus to wheat 30 kg P

2O

5/ha produced on

par yield with 60 kg P2O

5/ha. Drilling application of phosphorus

(below the seeds) or two split application of phosphorus (50% atbasal and 50% 30 DAS) registered positive response over surfacebroad cast.

RF 303 083 4028: Micronutrient management inenhancing the productivity of cereal-pulse basedproduction systems for alfisols of Karnataka (M. A.Sankar, University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore).

Soil application of Zinc sulphate @ 12.5 kg/ha + borax @10 kg/ha along with seed treatment of Mo @ 2 g/kg seeds ofgreengram recorded significantly higher yield of 490 kg which wasstatistically on par with soil application of ZnSO

4 @ 12.5 kg/ha +

borax @ 10 kg/ha. Among the methods of application higheruptake of nutrient was observed in soil application compared tothe 4 years spray. In finger millet soil applicaton of ZnSO

4 @ 12.5

kg/ha + borax @ 10 kg/ha gave the grain yield of 2520 kg/hawith BC ratio of 2.38. Micro nutrient efficiency was higher with 4year spray of borax @ 0.25% at flowering during both the years.Soil application of ZnSO

4 and borax resulted in significant increase

in soil sulphur, zinc and boron content, while 4 years spray didnot show any difference in soil nutrient status after the harvest ofthe crop. At the time of harvest maximum population of bacteria,fungi, actinomycetes, rhizobium sp. and free-living fixers werehighest with NPK + FYM as the activity of dehydrogenase washighest in NPK and FYM followed by NPK + Zn + B + Mocombination.

RF 303 083 4029: Identifying high yieldinggenotypes of sesame with short duration for theEastern Dry Zone of Karnataka (A. Manjunath,University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore)

The studies during this year indicated positive phenotypicand genotypic correlation of seed yield per plant in sesame wasfound with number of capsules and capsule weight at all locations.Under on-station conditions the minimum earliest maturinggenotype was 79 days while longer maturity period was at 80 daysamong the genotypes Chandana, ST-6, and ST-9 recorded 647,722 and 883 kg/ha respectively. The increase in the yield inChandana may be attributed for its less number of nodes up tofirst branch and high 1000 seed weight. Under on-farm conditionsThilak and St-11 entries recorded significantly higher seed yieldthan check TMV-3. AT C.K. Palya Thilak recorded maximumproductivity (587 kg/ha). The oil yield in respect of ST-4 and Thilakwas 205 and 840 kg/ha. Based on initial varietal trial the promisinggenotypes Ajjampura local, Chandana, Dhavari, Dinnur local, E-8, Gouri, Savanur local-1, Savanur local-2, ST-6, ST-9 (2), ST-11,



Thilak Uma and YLM-17 will be selected as promising entries forAYT for Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka during 2007-08.

RF 303 083 4030: Strengthening and evaluation ofon-farm farming system models in relation to farmproductivity, soil health, economic sustainabilityand employment generation in Southern Dry Zoneof Karnataka (M. A. Shankar, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Bangalore)

This project was implemented in Mysore and Chamarajnagardistricts of Karnataka during 2006. Among various farming systemmodules crop + dairy + goat + piggery + poultry + sericulturesystem gave higher productivity 7227 kg/ha finger millet grainequivalent yield in Mysore taluk. The percentage increase overbenchmark year was 274 during second year. The net incomeincreased from Rs.2640 to 13404 from benchmark year to secondyear of demonstration. This system provided 221 man-days andgenerated 64043 kg of additional organic matter. At Nanjangudtaluk, crop + dairy + sheep + sericulture gave the highestproductivity. The total system productivity increased from 5349kg/ha finger millet grain equivalent to 12372 kg/ha. The percentageincrease over benchmark year was 131 in the second year. Thenet income was increased from Rs.10761 to 33988 and providedadditional employment generation to the tune of 122 mandays.This module generated additional organic matter (4640 kg/ha),which is equivalent 66.76 kg N, 43 kg P

2O

5 and 36 kg K

2O

respectively. In Chamarajnagar taluk crop + dairy + sheep +poultry + sericulture system gave higher productivity 12775 kg/ha finger millet grain equivalent yield. The increase in incomeover benchmark year was 212.5%. The employment generationin terms of mandays under the system increased from 604 to 697days from first year to second year. This module generatedadditional organic matter (2978 kg/ha), which is equivalent to60, 32 and 29 kg N, P and K/year. In Gundlupet taluk integrationof crop + dairy + sheep produced the higher productivity systemcompared to all other on-farm farming system modules. The totalsystem productivity increased from 6631 kg/ha finger millet grainequivalent yield to 12270 kg/ha. The farming system module ofcrop + dairy + sheep + goat generated 685 mandays and also309 kg additional organic matter.

RF 303 083 4031: Assessing soil quality keyindicators for development of integrated soil qualityunder predominant management practices inrainfed agro-ecology (K.L. Sharma, Central ResearchInstitute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad)

This project is aimed to study the effect of predominantrainfed management practices on physical, chemical and biologicalproperties of soil identification of important soil quality indicatorssensitive management practices and to develop integrated soilquality index for delineating degradative and aggregative systems.During this period samples were collected at Rajkot in Gujarat(Arid Vertisols) and Kovilpatti in Tamilnadu (Semi-arid, Vertisols)for the study. At Kovilpatti highest available N was recorded under

50% N urea + 50% N as farm residue, available P under FYMequivalent to 20 kg N/ha + 10 kg P/ha. While available K washighest under 40 kg N/ha + 20 kg P/ha + 25 kg ZnSO-

4/ha.

Microbial biomass carbon was found to be significantly lowest with40 kg N + 20 kg P/ha and the highest value was recorded under50% N urea and 50% N as farm residue. Highest mean weightdiameter was recorded with 40 kg N/ha applied as FYM. Underon-farm conditions significantly highest available N and K contentswere observed with sorghum + cowpea system. Available Zincwas found to range from 1.64 to 2.44 mg/g of soil across the variouscropping sequences and was highest under pearlmillet +greengram + Kudiravali system. Highest dehydrogenise activityand microbial biomass carbon was noted under maize + greengram system.

At Rajkot sole organic sources resulted highest nitrogencontent followed by INM treatments. Available phosphorus in thesesoils was found highest under cotton - groundnut croppingsequence. Sesamum–sesamum sequence recorded significantlyhighest dehydrogenise activity, whereas sesamum-cotton systemrecorded highest microbial biomass carbon. Pearlmillet-cottonsequence recorded highest mean weight diameter of soilaggregates. The relative order of performance of cropping systemsin terms of soil quality indices were cotton (1.00) > Cotton -groundnut (0.93)> Castor – castor (0.88) > Bajra-groundnut(0.86) > Sesamum-sesamum (0.8) > Bajra-cotton (0.68) >Groundnut-groundnut (0.68) > Sesamum-Groundnut (0.66) >Sesamum-cotton (0.64) > Castor-cotton (0.64) > Castor-Groundnut (0.6) > Bajra-Bajra (0.56).

RF 303 083 4032: Integrated nutrient managementin pigeonpea based intercropping systems underrainfed condition (Arjun Sharma, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad)

This project was initiated during Kharif 2005-06 to find outthe effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on seed yield ofpigeonpea in intercropping with greengram and pearlmillet.

The results over two years indicated that pigeonpeaintercropped with greengram recorded significantly higherpigeonpea seed yields (1435 kg/ha) compared to pigeonpea +pearlmillet (1384 kg/ha) intercropping system.

Application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + RDF topigeonpea + greengram intercropping system recordedsignificantly higher grain yields (1670 kg/ha) followed byapplication of Phosphocompost @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDF topigeonpea + greengram (1593 kg/ha). This was on par with FYM@ 5 t/ha + 50% RDF (1558 kg/ha) in pigeonpea + greengramintercropping systems. The similar trend was followed with theapplication of organic manures in combination with fertilizer levelsto pigeonpea + pearlmillet intercropping system.

The intercropping system pigeonpea + greengram (1:2)with application of phosphocompost @ 2.5 t/ha + 50% RDFregistered highest B: C ratio of 4.38 followed by FYM @ 5 t/ha +50% RDF recorded the BC ratio of 4.11.

V




AICRPDA Coordinating Cell

Papers published in Journals

Mauthi, V., Srinivas, K., Subba Reddy, G., Sanjeeva Reddy, B.,Sudhakar, R. and Vittal, K.P.R. (2006). Groundnut shellsboost crop yields, Appropirate Technology: 33 (1): pp 13.

Maruthi Sankar, G.R., Vittal. K.P.R., Ravindra Chary, G.,Ramakrishna, Y.S and Girija, A. (2006). Sustainability oftillage practices for rainfed crops under different soil andclimatic situations in India. Indian J. of Dryland Agril. Res.& Dev. 21 (1): 60-73.

Maruthi Sankar, G.R., Vittal. K.P.R., Ravindra Chary G.,Ramakrishna, Y.S., Khan I.K. and Girija, A. (2006). Statisticalassessment of sustainability of Genetic resources underdifferent agro-climatic conditions. Indian J. of Dryland Agril.Res. & Dev. 22 (2): 185-197.

Srinivas Rao. Ch., Vittal, K.P.R., Ravindra Chary, G., Gajbhiye, P.N.and Venkateswarlu, B. (2006). Characterization of availableMajor Nutrients in Dominant Soils of Rainfed CropProduction systems of India. Indian J. of Dryland Agril.Res.&Dev. 22 (2): 105-113.

Srinivasa Rao, M., Dharma Reddy, K., Singh, T.V.K. and Subba Reddy,G. (2006). Impact of crop duration and intercropping onincidence of Clavigralla gibbosa and Mylabris spp onpigeonpea, Legume Res. 28 (3): 172-177.

Subba Reddy, G., Maruthi, V., Vanaja, M. and Sree Rekha, M. (2006).Drought management options for rainfed Pigeonpea inAlfisols. Indian J. of Dryland Agriculture Res. and Dev. Vol21(1): 7-11.

Subba Reddy, G., Maruthi, V., Vanaja, M. and Sree Rekha, M. (2006).Use of soil amendments on productivity of sunflower, castorand sorghum in rainfed environment. J. of OilseedsResearch. 23 (2): 230-233.

Technical/Popular articles

Rao J.V, Srivasthava N.N, Victor U.S and Ravindra Chary G. 2007"Dakshina Telangana Pranthapu Varshadhara BoomuloVathavaranamu nanusarinchina Prathnamnaya pantalayajamanyam" published in Padipantalu (Telugu) Vol. 65(2):14-18, 2007.

Awards/Recognitions

Ravindra Chary G., Vittal K.P.R, Sai Reddy C., Vasanta R., MahenderKumar R., Maruthi Sankar G.R., Pratibha G., Rao K.V.,Prasaad J.V.N.S., Rama Krishna Y.S., Sreeramulu L., SrijayaT. and Udaybhanu received Second best poster presentationAward for the paper on SRI for enhancing the land

productivity in rainfed rice based farming systems paperpresented in National symposium on System of riceintensification organized by DRR, WWF and ANGRAU,Hyderabad during November 17-18, 2006, sponsored byWWF - ICRISAT Project.

Paper presented in Conferences

Maruthi Sankar, G.R., Vittal, K.P.R., Victor, U.S., Ravindra Chary,G., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Deshpande, D.N., Pharande, A.L.,Kathmale, D.K. and Girija, A. (2006). Optimization offertilizer nitrogen at varying levels of soil moisture and soilnitrogen for sustainable productivity of rained sorghumunder semi-arid vertisols of India. Paper presented inInternational Conference on “Statistics & Informatics inAgricultural Research” held during 26-30 December at NewDelhi.

Ravindra Chary G., Vittal, K.P.R., Sai Reddy, C.R., Vasantha, R.,Mahendra Kumar, R., Maruthi Sankar, G.R., Prathiba, G.,Rao, K.V., Prasad, J.V.N.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sreeramulu,L., Srijaya,T. and Udaya Bhanu (2006). “SRI for enhancingthe land productivity in rainfed rice based farming system”at National Symposium on “System of Rice Intensification”organized by Directorate of Rice Research, and Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University held during 17-18,November at Hyderabad.

Rao J.V, Rajeshwar Rao. G, Ravindra Chary.G, Srinivas.I, andRamakrishna Y.S "On farm research experience on biofuelsestablishment in Andhra Pradesh" paper presented at theNational Workshop on "Biofuels; Production methodologyutilization technology and challenges ahead", held atMechanical Engineering Research and DevelopmentOrganization, CMERI (CSIR) Ludhiana during 22-23, March2007.

Ravindra Chary. G, Vittal K.P.R, Rajendra Hegde, Patil S.L,Nalatwadmath S.K, Jawahar D, Prathibha G, Maruthi SankarG and Ramakrishna Y.S. "Land use Diversification withMedicinal plants in Rainfed Regions" paper presented atthe National Seminar on Production, Processing andmarketing of Medicinal Aromatic and Dye yielding crops.Held at College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, during 22-23February 2007.

Subba Reddy, G., Mishra, A.K., Maruthi, V. and Ramakrishna Y.S.(2006). Farming system for food security of small andmarginal farmers in Telengana zone of Andhra Pradesh.Paper presented during Golden Jubliee National Symposiumon Conservation of Agriculture and Environment, held atBHU, Varanasi Oct. 26 – 28, organized jointly by IndianSociety of Agronomy (ICAR) and BHU.

7. Publications



Subba Reddy, G., Dixit, S. and Nagashri, K. (2006). ICT in rainfedagriculture, concept paper presented during sensitizationworkshop on ICT project under NAIP organized fromSeptember 4-6 at NAARM Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad.

Subba Reddy, G. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (2006). Need for secondgreen revolution in rainfed agriculture. Paper presentedduring seminar on “bringing in a second green revolution,dryland development through organic farming, methods forwater conservation” organized by Shastriya Vignana Samithion 10th September at PP Government College, Kakinada.

Subba Reddy, G. (2006). Farming systems research in rainfedagriculture. Paper presented during seminar organized byCollege of Agriculture, on September 16th at ANGRAU,Tirupathi.

Books/Bulletins/Reports

Subba Reddy, G. and Maruthi, V. (2006). Efficient crops andcropping systems in rainfed agriculture published in LandUse Diversification for Sustainable Rainfed Agriculture,edited by Sharma, K.D. and Sony, B. by Atlantic publishersNew Delhi. pp. 132-148.

K.P.R. Vittal, G. Ravindra Chary, C.A. Rama Rao and G.R.M. Sankar(2006). Crop Diversification in Rainfed Regions of India -in Land use Diversification for Sustainable Agriculture.Edited by K.D. Sharma and B. Soni. by Atlantic publishers,New Delhi, pp: 24-70.

AICRPDA Centers

Research Papers

Chakraborty Ghosh, J. and Singh, D.N. (2006). Effect oftemperature and humidity on seed setting in maize (Zeamays L.) Journal of Research, BAU, Ranchi. 18 (1): 133-134.

Ghule, S.B., Pawar, S.N., Jadhav, S.B., Ramteke, R.T. and Bhuibhar,B.W. (2006). Performance evaluation of Nala bund,Karnataka J. Agric. Science. 19 (1) : 90-96.

Girothia, O.P and Thakur, H.S. (2006). Efficacy of Post –Emergence Herbicides in soybean, Soybean Journal. Volume4: 20-23.

Kukal S.S, Manpreet Kaur, Bawa S.S. and Naveen Gupta (2006).Water drop stability of natural soil aggregates from differentland uses after treatment with polyvinyl alcohol. Catena70(3): 475-479.

Kumar, A., Prasad, S. and Kumar, S.B. (2006). Effect of boron andsulphur on the performance of gram (Cicer arietinum),Ind. J. of Agron. 51(1): 57-59.

Lakra, L., Ram, S.D., Singh, R.S. and Yadava, M.S. (2006). Nutrientmanagement in Linseed based cropping system underlimited irrigation. J. Res. BAU, 18 (1): 125-128.

Lomte, D.M., Umate, M.G., Kausale, S.P. and Kote, G.M. (2006).Effect of different land configuration on yield of soybean(Glycine max.L) genotypes under rainfed conditions.Legume Res. 29 (4): 295-297.

Luna, R.K. and Sharma, S.C. (2006). Seed source variation inmorphological characters and oil content of Jatropha curcasLinn. In North – west India. Journal of non – Timber ForestProducts 13 (3): 221-225.

Malik, R.S., Suthar, R.K., Jhorar, B.S., Jhorar, R.K., Mor, R.P.,Ingwersen, J. and Streck, T. (2006). Effect of injected watervolume on ASR cavity well recovery behavior. J. AppliedIrrigation Sci. 41: 95-115.

Mishra, P.K., Neelkanth, J.K., Maheswar Babu, B. and Kumathe,S.S. (2006). Effectiveness of Bermuda grass as vegetativecover in grassed waterway – a simulated study. J. Irrig. andDrain. Eng., American Society of Civil Engineers, 132 (6):288-292.

Nalatwadmath, S.K., Patil, S.L., Adhikari, R.N. and Mana Mohan,S. (2006). Effect of Crop Residue Management on SoilErosion, Moisture Conservation, Soil Properties andSorghum Yield on Vertisols under Dryland Conditions ofSemi Arid Tropics in India. Indian Journal of Dryland Agric.Res. and Dev. 21 (2): 99-104.

Nath, V., Das, B., Yadava., M.S., Sikka, A.K. and Singh, R.V. (2006)Fruit Crop Based Agro Forestry Systems for watersheds ofeastern India. J. Research, BAU, Ranchi, 18 (1): 59-68.

Naveen Gupta, S S., Kukal and Bawa, S.S. (2006). Soil physicalproperties in relation to tree age and soil type under poplar(Populas deltoides). Range Management and Agroforestry,27 (2): 92-96.

Ranade, D.H. (2006). Straightening of gullies and utilization ofwasteland experiences in black soil region. Indian J. SoilCons., 34 (2): 174-175.

Saran, P.L., Godara, A.K., Yadav, I.S., Sehrawat and Lal, M. (2006).Morphological diversity among Indian Jujube (Ziziphusmauritiana (L.) genotypes collected at Hisar, India. JournalFood, Agri. and Env. (JFAE) 4 (2): 1-2.

Sarlach, R.S.,Bhushan, B., Sharma, S.C. and Aulakh, P.S. (2006).Scope of raising aromatic, medicinal and spice crops inKandi area of Punjab. Inter. Jour. Forest Usufructs Mgt. 7(1): 49 – 53.

Sharma, R.A., Sharma, S.K., and Thakur, H.S. (2006).Sustainability of Improved Management Practices of DrylandAgriculture in Western Madhya Pradesh. Indian J. DrylandAgric. Res. and Dev. 21(2): 157-162.

Shirahatti, M.S., Kuligod, V.B., Balakrishnan, P., Barker, R.D., andYarnal, R.S. (2006). Groundwater investigations forreclamation of the waterlogged and salt-affected areas in




Upper Krishna Project Command, Karnataka – A case study.Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 19 (3): 635-650.

Singh, S., Kaushal, M.P. and Singh, S. (2006). Augmenting groundwater recharge through drains. J. Agril. Engg. 43(2): 37-40.

Singh, Sukhvinder, Parvender Sheoran, Rana, D.S. and Bawa, S.S.(2006). Effect of Raya (Brassica juncea) row directions onchickpea yield, water use and economics under differentinter-cropping patterns in Sub- mountaineous region ofPunjab. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. & Dev. 21 (2): 127-131.

Tripathi, P.N, Dubey, D.P. and Tiwari, P.R. (2006). Genesis andclassification of soils of Budwa under Banganala watershed,Distt-Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. Crop Res. 31 (2): 226-229.

Uma Maheswary, P., Krishna Murthy, S.K., Adinarayana, G. andYellamanda Reddy, T. (2006). Influence of longterm use ofinorganic and organic sources of nutrition and crop rotationon yield of groundnut and castor. Legume Res.29 (1): 32-37.

Verma, S.K., Singh, J., Tiwari, S.C. and Ranade, D.H. (2006). Runoffestimation by using remote sensing and GIS from watershed.J. Soil and Water Cons. 5 (3): 49-53.

Vijaya Sankar Babu, M., Adinarayana, K., Balaguravaiah, D. andYellamanda Reddy, T. (2006). Evaluation of nutrient statusof rainfed chickpea growing vertisols of Anantapur district,Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. Dryland Agric.Res. and Dev.CRIDA, Hyderabad, Vol.21 (1).

Virender Sardana, Sukhvinder Singh and Parvender Sheoran.(2006). Efficacy and economics of weed managementpractices in black gram under rainfed conditions. Indian J.Weed Sci. 38 (1-2): 77-80.

Papers presented in Conference/ Seminars/Symposia

Argal, S.K., Jain, L.K., Nema, R.S. and Jain, M.P. (2006). Studieson enhancing germination and yield of chickpea throughseedling depth and implements. Published in proceedings“International Conference on sustainable agriculture food,Bio energy and livelihood security” held at Jawahar LalNehru Krishi Vishwa vidayalaya, Jabalpur from 14 -16February, pp: 442.

Argal, S.K., Nema, R.S., Chourasia, M.C. and Sharma, S.K. (2006).Integrated watershed development in Ringnodia microwatershed for sustainable agriculture. Paper presented inNational Seminar on “Technological options for improvingwater productivity in Agriculture” held at held at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa vidayalaya, Jabalpur from 15 - 17October, pp. 171-174.

Barnwal, M.K., Prasad, S.M., Singh, D.N. and Kumar Ravi. (2006).

Occurrence of false smut disease in commercial rice byhybrids in relation to Nitrozen source. Paper was presentedin “International Rice Congress on Science, Technology andTrade for Peace and Prosperity” held during 9-13 Octoberat National Agricultural Science Complex, Pusa, New Delhi.

Baskar, K. (2006). Direct and Residual Effect of Lignite HumicAcid (Potassium Humate) on Productivity in Turmeric –Maize cropping system in Alfisol. Paper presented in 18th

World Congress of Soil Science, held during 9-15 July,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.II-1, 925b, Session No.138,p.111.

Bhakare, B.D. and Fatkal, Y.D. (2006). Effect of fertigation ingrowth, yield and quality of onion seed. Paper presented inInternational Symposium on Balanced Fertilization forSustaining Crop Production during Nov. 22-25 at PAU,Ludhiana.

Dahiya, Rita., Jhorar, B.S. and Malik, R.S. (2006). Effect of organicmulches on soil properties and yield of ratoon sugarcane.National Seminar on Development in Soil Science, heldduring November 10-13 at Orissa University of Agricultureand Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Deshpande, A.N. Pawar, A.B. and Patil, G.D. (2006). IntegratedUse of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Green Manures on SorghumYield, Uptake of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Balance in anInceptisol. Paper presented in State Level Seminar, 22-23December, at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurla, Dist.Sindhdurg (Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra,pp: 89.

Jain, M.P. and Patidar, M. (2006). Performance of watermanagement technologies at farmers field. In Proceedingsof National Seminar Organized by MPWSRP, Department ofSoil and WE ,CAE, JNKVV ,Jabalpur during 15-17 November.pp 221-225.

Jhorar, B.S., Raj, M. and Sangwan, P.S. 2006. Performance ofmultipurpose tree species under silvi-pastoral and agri-silviculture systems in arid ecosystem. Paper presentedduring National Seminar on Development in Soil Science,held at Orissa University of Agriculture and Technologyduring November 10-13. at Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Kathmale, D.K., Danawale, N.J. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Effectof sowing time, moisture conservation techniques andfertilizer levels on sunflower yield under aberrant weatherconditions. Paper presented in National Symposium onConservation Agriculture and Environment, organized byISA, New Delhi and BHU, Varanasi, during Oct. 26-28.

Kumar, Ravi, Mahto, R.N., Singh, D.N., Prasad, S.C., Virk, D.S. andSteela, K.A. (2006). Development of drought tolerant linesthrough molecular and participatory breeding in upland rice.



Paper presented in 2nd International Rice Congress onScience Technology and Trade for peace and prosperity heldat National Agricultural Science Complex, Pusa, New Delhifrom October 9-13.

Mishra, P.K., Sthool, V.A. and Akhare, B.N. (2006). Documentationand analysis of some ITKs on soil and water conservation inVertisols of Maharastra. Abstract Proc. Conference on NaturalResources Management for Sustainable Development inWestern India (NRMSD-2006), IASWC, Pune, October 11-13, T4.6, 80-81.

Naik, R.K., Pandey, T.D., Thakur, D.S., and Khalkho, D. (2006).Development of suitable tillage method for increasing waterstorage capacity in upland situation of Bastar. Paperpresented at National Seminar on Role of Soil and WaterConservation in Rural Employment, IGAU, Raipur held at19-21 September. pp: 128.

Naik, R.K., Thakur, D.S., Sharma, R.L. and Patil, S.K. (2006).Development of Integrated Conservation Cum ProductionSystem for Rehabilitation of Degraded Hillocks of Bastar,Paper presented at National Seminar on Role of soil andWater Conservation in Rural Employment, IGAU, Raipur heldat 19-21st September. pp-61.

Naik, R.K., Thakur, D.S. Sharma, R.L. and Khalkho, D. (2006)Jatropha – promising energy and medicinal crop for microwatershed Karanpur. Abstract published in National Seminaron Medical, Aromatic and Spice plants – perspective andPotential, held at TCB College of Agriculture & ResearchStation, Bilaspur, 18-19 December. pp -50.

Nema, R.S. and Argal, S.K. (2006). Natural resources andenhancing productivity of rainfed crop. Paper presented inNational seminar on “Technological options for improvingwater productivity in Agriculture” held at Jawahar Lal NehruKrishi Vishwavidayalaya during 15-17 October at Jabalpur.pp: 171-174.

Patel, R.N., Raghuwanshi, S.R.S. and Thakur, H.S. (2006). Paperpresented in Integrated Nutrient Management forSustainable fodder yield of maize (Zea mays) under rainfedcondition. National symposium on Conservation Agricultureand environment at Varanasi during 26-28 October.

Patidar, M., Sharma, H.O. and Jain, M.P. (2006). Contribution ofarea and Productivity towards growth of soybean productionin Madhya Pradesh. In Procedings of National SeminarOrganized by MPWSRP, Dept. of Soil and WE, CAE, JNKVV,Jabalpur during 15-17 November at Jabalpur. pp: 226.

Ranade, D.H. (2006). Soil and water conservation measures formanaging natural resource disorder problem in black soils.Proc. Nat. Seminar. Technological options for improvingwater productivity in Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur, 15-17November. pp. 198-202.

Ranade, D.H. (2006). Conservation and storage rain water in thefarmer’s fields- an experience in rainfed region. 40th ISAEConvention and National Symposium during 17-19 January,TNAU, Coimbatore.

Ranade, D.H. (2006). Impact of Conservation measures inmanaging natural resource disorder problem in black soil.Paper presented in 71st Annual convention of Indian Soc.Soil Sci., 10-13 November, OUAT, Bhubneshwar.

Sangwan, P.S and Raj, M. (2006). Response of mungbean tochemical and biofertilizers dryland farm conditions. NationalSeminar on Development in Soil Science, held at OrissaUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar,Orissa, 10-13 November.

Sharma, S.K. Tomar., S.S. Girothia., O.P. and Holkar, S. (2006).Dry land farming and practices for sustainable cropproduction in Vertisols of Madhya Pradesh. Published inProceedings on National Seminar on Technological optionsfor improving water productivity in agriculture. Held at JNKVV,Jabalpur from 15-17 November. pp. 290-301.

Singh, D.N. and Paul, A. (2006). Promising rice varieties ofJharkhand paper was presented in workshop on scaling uptechnologies for improving rural livelihoods organized byInternational Rice Research Insititute (IRRI) and held atBirsa Agricultural University, Ranchi on 28th April.

Singh, D.N. and Paul, A. (2006). Prospects of Jatropha cultivationin Jharkhand. Paper was presented in two days Technicalworkshop on rainfed area network on Biofuels (RANBI) heldat CRIDA, Hyderabad from 24-25 April.

Thakur, H.S. and Sharma R.A. (2006). Enhancing AgriculturalProductivity through conservation of land water resourcesin Malwa region on watershed basis. Paper published inNational seminar on “Technological options for improvingwater productivity in Agriculture”. Organized by MadhyaPradesh water sector Restructuring Project Department ofSoil and Water Engineering, College of AgriculturalEngineering J.N.K.V.V. Jabalpur. 482004, M.P. P158-166.November, 15-17.

Thakur, H.S., Raghuwanshi, S.R.S. and Patel, R.N. (2006). Effectof integrated nutrient management on green forage yield ofberseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). Paper presented inNational symposium on conservation agriculture andenvironment, 26-28 October, BHU, Varanasi.

Umate, M.G. (2006). Promising rainfed cropping systems forsustainable production. Paper presented at seminarorganized by MCAER and Agril.Dept. on “Land Utilization inMaharashtra” held on 7th July at Shriname Hall Agril. College,Pune.

Vijay Sankar Babu, M., Adinarayana, G., Balaguravaiah, D. and




Yellamnda reddy, T. (2006). Tillage and nutrientmanagement for resource conservation in rainfedgroundnut. National conservation agriculture andenvironment symposium, Indian Society of Agronomy, ICARand Banaras Hindu University at Varanasi.

Yadav, I.S. and Kumar, Ashwani (2006). Combining ability for seedyield and its components in yellow sarson under rainfedconditions. Paper presented in “National Seminar onTransgenic Crops in Indian Agriculture: Status, Risks andAcceptance” held at CCS HAU, Hisar during 28-29, January.

Yadav, I.S., Yadav, Yashpal and Yadava, J.S. (2006). Analysis ofcombining ability in yellow sarson (Brassica raya L. Var.)under normal and sodic soils. Paper presented in “NationalSeminar on Transgenic Crops in Indian Agriculture : Status,Risks and Acceptance” held at CCS HAU, Hisar during 28-29, January.

Chapters in Books/Bulletins/Reports

Deshpande, A.N. and Shete Mohan, B. (2006). Raisin Preparationfrom Grapes (Marathi): Publisher: MPKV, Rahuri, pp

: 1-10.

Deshpande, A.N.and Parlekar, G.Y. (2006). Technology Assessmentand Refinement through Institution-Village LinkageProgramme (TAR-IVLP) Rainfed Agro-Eco-System in ScarcityZone of Maharashtra Publisher MPKV, Rahuri under researchpublication No. MPKV/EXTN/PUB No. 495, pp: 1-110.

Mishra, P.K. (2006). Rainfall and Overland Flow Simulation inLaboratory for Soil and Water Conservation Studies – Use ofTilting Hydraulic Flume and Rainfall simulator. InMechanization of Dryland Agriculture (Eds. V. M. Mayandeet. al), Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur. Chapter.26,274 – 282.

Mishra, P.K. (2006). Status, Dynamics, Livelihood Contributionand Policy Issues of Water as a Common Pool Resource. In‘Land Use Diversification for Sustainable RainfedAgriculture’(Eds. K. D. Sharma & B. Soni), AtlanticPublishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Chapter. 4, 93-107.

Mokashi, D.D. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Rainfall Analysis –Selected places in Scarcity Zone of Maharashtra PublisherMPKV, Rahuri under No.MPKV/RES/PUB No.3. pp. 1-66

Sharma, R.A. and Sharma, S.K. (2006). Sustainability of ImprovedManagement Practices of Dry land Agriculture in WesternMadhya Pradesh. Production in Stress Environments:Genetic and Management Options. pp 469-475.

Sharma, S.K. Tomar, S.S., Raghuwanshi, S.R.S. and Bhadauria,U.P.S. (2006). Methods of soil physical characterization. Apractical manual published by JNKVV, College of Agriculture,Indore. pp. 1-78.

Sharma, S.K., Tiwari, P.R. and Tomar, V.S. (2006). Evaluation of

optimum range of soil moisture stress for establishment ofRabi crops in Vertisols. Crop Production in StressEnvironments: Genetic and Management Options. pp. 481-487.

Yadav, I.S., Sehrawat, S.K. and Dahiya, D.S. (2006). Seed productionof flowers. In Commercial Floriculture (eds. Joon, M.S.,Sehrawat S.K. and Yadav, M.S.) pp: 73-77.

Popular articles

Baskar, K. and Subbiah. K. (2006). Manavari ParuttiguUraparindurai. Valarum Velanmai. August, 26-32. (Tamil).

Bhanavase Daji and Deshpande Ajit. (2006). Intercultivation AfterRabi Crop Harvesting. Baliraja, April, pp. 97-99.

Bhanavase Daji and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Managementof Moisture Conservation in Dryland Crops. Shetkari, July,pp. 43-46.

Bhanavase Daji and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Managementof Moisture Conservation in Dryland Crops. Daily Lokmat,Krishi Vishesh, 9th and 30th August, pp. 4.

Bhanavase Daji and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Managementof Moisture Conservation in Dryland Crops. Daily Lokmat,Krishi Vishesh, 13th and 20th September, pp. 4.

Bhanavase Daji and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Managementof Moisture Conservation in Dryland Crops. Daily Likmat,4th October, pp. 4.

Bhanavase Daji Bramhadeo and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006).Improved Technology of Use of Sugarcane Trash. DailyLokmat, 13th and 20th December. pp.4.

Bimelendra, Kumari and Jhorar, B.S. (2006). Shushak kheshtronmein varakhason ka pertiropan. Haryana Kheti. 39:25.

Deshpande A.N., Jadhav J.D. and Khadatre S.V. (2006). Gram:Intercultivation and Pest Control. Daily Sakal, 15th November,pp. 4.

Deshpande A.N., Jadhav J.D. and Khadatre S.V. (2006). ImprovedCultivation Practices of Gram. Daily Sakal, 8th November,pp. 4.

Deshpande Ajit and Kathmale Dilip. (2006). Importance and Needof Dryland Agriculture. Krishak Bandhu, April, pp. 56-57.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Bhanavase Daji. (2006). Soil Moistureconservation Technology for Rabi Season under Drylandand Useful Implements. Krishak Bandhu, September. pp.5-7.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Kathmale Dilip. (2006). CroppingSystems for Midseason Corrections for Drought Conditionsin Kharif. Shri Sugi, Kharif, pp. 16-19.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Kathmale Dilip. (2006). Improved



Production Technology of Rabi Sorghum. Daily Lokmat, 8th

November, pp. 1.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Kathmale Dilip. (2006). Rabi Jowar.Daily Lokmat, 22nd November, 2006, PP. 4.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Kathmale Dilip. (2006). Rabi sorghum:Fertilizer Management Daily Lokmat, Hello Solapur, 15th

November, pp. 4.

Deshpande Ajitkumar and Shinde Shahaji. (2006). New varietiesof Different Crops of Agril. Universities. Daily Lokmat, HelloSolapur, 28th June, pp. 4.

Deshpande Ajitkumar N. and Sthool Vijaykumar A. (2006). Soiland Water Conservation Works to be Carried out in Summer(Before Monsoon). Krishak Bandhu, May, pp. 8-11.

Kathmale, D.K. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Summer Groundnut:Management of Weed. Daily Lokmat, 26th April, and 2nd May.pp. 4.

Kathmale, D.K. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Technology of UsingPlastic Film: Effective Measure for Improving SummerGround Yield. Krishak Bandhu, December, pp. 13-15.

Mishra, P.K., Adhikari, R.N. and Patil, S.L. (2006). Agriculturaldrought management in rainfed areas of Semi-arid regionsof South India. Jal Vigyan Sameeksha (Hydrology review),INCOH, NIH, Roorkee. 21: 67-87.

Murumkar Dattatraya and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006).Pomegranate Plant Protection. Daily Lokmat, 13th andSeptember, pp.1.

Murumkar Dattatraya and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006).Pomegranate Plant Protection. Daily Lokmat. 4th October,pp.1.

Murumkar Dattatraya and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006).Pomegranate Plant Protection – Control of BacterialDiseases. Daily Lokmat, 25th October, pp.4.

Murumkar Dattatraya and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006).Pomegranate Plant Protection – Control of Fungal Diseases.Daily Lokmat, 1st and 8th November, pp. 4.

Navale, A.M., Murumkar, D.R. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006).Importance of Seed Treatment in Hybrid Crop PestManagement. Daily Lokmat, Hello Solapur, 25th October. pp.4.

Raghuwanshi Kiran, Bembalkar Girish and Deshpande Ajitkumar.(2006). Pomegranate Gardens in Solapur District and Surveyof Wilt Disease. Dalimbvritta, October – December, pp. 21-27.

Ranade, D.H, Chourasia, M.C., Shrivastava, N.K., and PatidarDeepak. (2006). Improved Tools and Scope for their CustomHiring in Malwa Region – A Case Study. AgriculturalEngineering Today 30 (1&2).

Sawant Prakash and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Cultivation ofKharif Season Pulses. Daily Sanchar, 16th July.

Sawant Prakash and Deshpande Ajitkumar. (2006). Precautionsto be taken while purchase seeds. Daily Sanchar, 4th June,pp. 4.

Sharma, S.K., Sharma, A.K., Jain, S.K., Nema, R.S. (2006).Educational Tour: Published in college Magazine, Krishikalp.pp. 104.

Shete, M.B. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Processing, Grading andStorage of Raisin. Agrowon, 5th April. pp. 6.

Shete, M.B. and Deshpande, A.N. (2006). Raisin Making. Agrowon,4th April. pp. 6.

Shinde Shahaji and Deshpande Ajit. (2006). Sunflower New Variety– Bhanu. Daily Likmat, Hello Solapur, 26th July. pp. 4.

Shirahatti, M.S., Guled, M.B., Yaranal, R.S., Yadhall, G.S. and Goytal,S.H. (2006). Roof rainwater harvesting (Kannada).

Shirahatti, M.S., Guled, M.B., Yaranal, R.S., Yadhall, G.S. and Gotyal,S.H. (2006). Artificial Groundwater recharge (Kannada)

Subramanian, V. and Baskar, K. (2006). Magnesium deficiencyin cotton. Dinamalar, 17th December.

Surakod, V.S., Yadahalli, G.S. and Guled, M.B. (2006). Wider rowspacing and repeated intercultivation practices – Farmers’opinion. Krishi Munnade, 19 (7): 15-16.

V




Production Name of the staff & AddressSystem/Center


8. Project Team of AICRPDA

Director, CRIDA Y.S. Ramakrishna(O) 040-24530177 (R) 040-24532262Fax: 040-24531802Email: [email protected]

AICRPDA Project Coordination Unit

Project Coordinator G. Subba Reddy(Dryland) (O) 040-24530828, (R ) 040-24045288

Fax : 040-24530828Email : [email protected]

Principal Scientist G.R. Maruthi Sankar(Agricultural Statistics) (O) 040-24530828. (R ) 040-24078801


Senior Scientist G. Ravindra Chary(Agronomy) (O) 040-24530828, (R ) 040-24546884


CRIDA Name & Address

Technical Staff

Technical Officer T-6 A. Girija(Computers) (O) 040-24530828, (R) 040-27668491

(M) 9849044027E mail : [email protected]

Technical Officer T-6 RVVSGK. Raju(Agricultural Economics) (O) 040-24530828. (R) 040-24030506

(M) 9866870662E mail : [email protected]

Technical Officer T-5 L. Sree Ramulu(O) 040-24530828 (R) 040-24013579

Administrative staff

Asst. Admn. Officer A. Prema Kumari(O) 040-24530828, (R) 040-24146105(M) 9989433358E mail : [email protected]

Asst. Admn. Officer S.R. Meena(O) 040-24530828. (R) 040-24013616E mail : [email protected]

Personal Secretary G. Varalakshmi(O) 040-24530828, (R ) 040-24203582(M) 9441118980Email : [email protected]

Supporting Staff Grade III N. Manikya Rao(M) 9246521137

CRIDA Name & Address

Rice based Production SystemJAGDALPUR S.K. Patil, Chief Scientist

J.M.Pandagare, Senior ScientistR.K.Yadav, Senior ScientistD.S.Thakur, Senior ScientistM. Kasim, Senior ScientistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureBastar, Shaheed GundadhurCollege of Agriculture & Research StationKumhrawand, Jagdalpur-494 005, ChattisgarhTel: (O)07782-229360, (R) 229343Email: [email protected]

JORHAT R.M. Karmakar, Chief ScientistK.Kurmi, Senior Scientist (Agronomy)N.G.Barua, Senior Scientist (Soil Science)P.K.Pathak, Senior Scientist(Plant Breeding & Genetics)

P.K. Bora, Scientist (Agricultural Engineering)AICRP for Dryland AgricultureDepartment of Soil Science, AAUJorhat, AssamTel (O): 0376-2340814, (R) 2340944Fax: 0376-2310831,2340001Email: [email protected]

FAIZABAD Bhagwan Singh, Chief ScientistShivakant, Soil PhysicistAgricultural Engineer : VacantAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDepartment of Agronomy,Narendra Deva university of Agriculture& Technology, Faizabad–224 229, Uttar PradeshTel: (O) 05270 – 262066,(R) 265824Email:[email protected]





RANCHI D.N. Singh, Chief ScientistP.Alam, AgronomistS.B.Kumar, Soil PhysicistY.Prasad, Plant BreederRusia, Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureBirsa Agricultural university,Kanke Ranchi – 834 006, JharkhandTel: (O) 0651 – 2450839 FAX: 0651 – 2450850Email: [email protected]

PHULBANI B. Behera, Chief ScientistAgronomist : Vacant Soil Physicist : VacantC.R. Subudhi, Agricultural EngineerAshok Mishra, Plant BreederAICRP for Dryland AgricultureOld TAR building, Madikunda Chowk,Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,Phulbani – 762 001, OrissaTel: (O) 06842 – 253750, (R) 254670FAX: 06842 – 253773 (pp)Email: [email protected]

VARANASI S.R. Singh, Chief ScientistT.Y. Singh, Agricultural EngineerR.P. Singh, AgronomistJ.P. Lal, Plant BreederSoil Scientist : VacantAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDepartment of Agronomy, Institute of AgriculturalSciences, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi – 221 005, Uttar PradeshTel: (O) 0542 – 2307111, (R) 2318274(M) 09415812143FAX: 0542 – 2368174, 2368993

Maize based production system

ARJIA P.M. Jain, Chief ScientistS.N.Soddani, Plant BreederM.L. Jat, Agricultural EngineerB.L. Nagda, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDryland Farming Research Station,Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture andTechnology, P.B.NO.62Arjia, Bhilwara – 311 001, RajasthanTel: (O) 01482 – 264073, (R) 01482-253130FAX: 01482 – 220322

BALLOWAL Subhash Chandra Sharma, Chief ScientistSAUNKHRI Bharat Bhushan, Soil Physicist

Junior Agricultural Engineer : VacantAICRP for Dryland AgricultureRegional Research Station for Kandi Area,

Punjab Agricultural UniversityBallowal Saunkhri, P.O.Takaria, via.Balachaur, Dist. Ballowal Saunkhri,Punjab – 144 521Tel (O):01885-241601 (R) 01884-282102Fax: 01885-241607

RAKH DHIANSAR Mahendra Singh, Chief ScientistVikas Abrol, Junior Soil PhysicistJ. P. Singh, Junior Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDryland Agriculture Research sub – station,Sher-E-Kashmir University of AgriculturalSciences and Technology Rakh Dhiansar,Bari Brahmana Jammu – 181 133Tel: (O) 09123 –220821, (R) 2431585

Oil seed based production system

Groundnut based production system

ANANTAPUR K. Veerbhadra Rao, Chief ScientistB. Sahadeva Reddy, AgronomistS. Vasundhara, Plant BreederVijaya Sankar Babu, Soil PhysicistB. John Wesley, Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDCMS building,Kamalanagar Agricultural Research StationAcharya NG.Ranga Agricultural University,Anantapur – 515 001Andhra Pradesh Tel: (O) 08554 – 277618Fax: 08554 – 277 633Email: [email protected]

RAJKOT D.R. Padmani, Research ScientistM.S. Gajera, AgronomistM.D. Khanpara, Plant BreederK.N. Akbari, Agricultural ChemistAgricultural Engineer : VacantAICRP for Dryland AgricultureMain Dry Farming Research Station,Junagadh Agricultural university,AH & Post: Targhadia, Rajkot – 360 003 GujaratTel: (O) 0281 – 2784260, (R) 2574558Fax: 0281-2576934

Soybean based production system

INDORE M.P..Jain, Chief ScientistS.K.Argal, Senior ScientistH.S. Thakur, AgronomistIndu Swaroop, Plant BreederS.K. Sharma, Soil PhysicistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCollege of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru KrishiViswa Vidyalay, Indore-452 001






Madhya PradeshTel: (O) 0731 – 2701254, 2702911(R) 0731 – 2710701 Fax: 0731 – 2496989

REWA D.P. Dubey, Chief ScientistG.P. Tembe, Soil PhysicistS.K. Gupta, Agricultural EngineerA.K. Pandey, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland Agriculture,College of Agriculture,Rewa – 486 001, Madhya PradeshTel: (O) 07662 – 220628,FAX: 07662 – 220732Dean: (O) 07662 – 220732Associate Director of Research:(O) 07662 – 58508

Cotton based production system

AKOLA M.B. Nagdeve, Chief ScientistAgronomist : VacantS.B. Parde, Plant BreederSoil Scientist : VacantAICRP for Dryland Agriculture,Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,AKOLA – 444 104, MaharashtraTel: (O) 0724 – 2258569,(R) 2458712Fax: 0724- 2258569

KOVILPATTI V. Subramanian, Chief ScientistU. Solaiappan, AgronomistMuppadathi, Plant BreederK. Bhaskar, Soil ScientistM. Rajeswari, Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureAgricultural Research Station,Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityKovilpatti – 628 501Tuticorin dist, Tamil NaduTel: (O) 04632 – 220533, FAX: 04632 – 221133Email: [email protected]

PARBHANI M.G. Umate, Chief ScientistS.R. Oza, AgronomistE.A. Khating, Soil ScientistB.W. Bhuibhar, Agricultural EngineerD.M. Shete, Plant BreederAICRP for Dryland AgricultureMarahwada Agricultural UniversityPharbhani-431 402, Maharashtra

Nutritious cereals based production system

Rabi sorghum based production system

BELLARY P.K. Mishra, HeadS.L. PatilCentral Soil & Water Cons. Research & Training

Institute, Research Center , Bellary-583 104,Karnataka

BIJAPUR M.B. Guled, Chief ScientistV.S. Surakod, AgronomistB.G. Prakash, Plant BreederM.S. Sirhatti, Agricultural EngineerVacant: Soil ScientistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureAgriculture Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences (Dharwad),P.B.No.18, Bijapur – 596 101, KarnatakaTel: (O) 08352 – 267215, (R) 267217Fax: 08352 – 267215Email: [email protected]

SOLAPUR A.N. Deshpande, Chief ScientistB.D. Bhakare, Soil PhysicistB.R. Najan, Plant BreederR.V.Mane, Agril. EngineerD.K.Kathmale, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureMahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth“Krishak Bhavan”, near DAV.College, P.B.No.207Solapur – 413 002, MaharashtraTel: (O) 0217 – 2373982E mail: [email protected]

Kharif sorghum based production system

JHANSI Niranjan, Senior ScientistR.K. AgarwalCrop Production Division,AICRP for Dryland Agriculture,IGFRI, Pahuj Dam, Jhansi Gwalior Road,Jhansi-284 003, Uttar PradeshTel: (O) 0517-2442446(R) 0517-2447143, 0517-440908

Pearlmillet based production system

AGRA S.P.S. Chauhan, Chief ScientistS.P. Singh, Soil PhysicistA.K. Nema, Junior Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureRBS College, Agra University,Bichpuri, AGRA – 283 105Uttar PradeshTel: 0562 – 2636449 (Principal Office)(R) 0562-2570667, Fax: 0562-2636449

SARDAR M.M. Patel, Chief ScientistKRUSHINAGAR J.J. Patel, Soil Physicist

R.N. Singh, Agricultural EngineerP.G. Patel, AgronomistP.S. Patel, Plant BreederAICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Regional Research





Station, Dantiwada Agricultural University,Sardar Krishinagar – 385 506, GujaratTel: (O) 02748 – 278471/ 278435(R) 02748-278472 FAX: 02748 – 278433

HISAR Milakh Raj, Chief ScientistR.S. Singwan, Plant BreederSidhpuria, Agril. EngineerVeereswar Singh, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCCS Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar – 125 004, HaryanaTel: (O) 01662 –289263, (R) 244750 Ext.4268Fax: 01662 – 234952E mail: [email protected]

Fingermillet based production system

BANGALORE M.A. Shankar, Chief ScientistH.S. Sivaramu, AgronomistIndra Kumar, Agricultural EngineeringNiranjana Murthy, Plant BreederG.N. Gajanana, Soil PhysicistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureUniversity of Agricultural Sciences G.K.V.K.,Bangalore – 560 065, KarnatakaTel: (O) 080 – 23620795, 3330153, 3330348,(R) 23331539 FAX: 080 – 23620795E mail: shrungar@usanet

Operational Research Projects

RANCHI M.S. Yadav, AgronomistNargis Kumari, Junioor AgronomistJab Mintoo, Junior Agricultural EngineerAICRP for Dryland AgricultureBirsa Agricultural University,Kanke, Ranchi – 834 006, JharkhandTel: (O) 0651 – 2455839FAX: 0651 – 2455850E mail: [email protected]

ARJIA S.K. Sharma, AgronomistK. Kotaria, Agricultural EngineerK.C. Laddha, Soil ScientistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDryland Farming Research Station,Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture andTechnology, P.B.NO.62Arjia, Bhilwara – 311 001, RajasthanTel: (O) 01482-264073, FAX: 01482-238732

BALLOWAL- Sukhwinder Singh, AgronomistSAUNKHRI Amit Salaria, Assistant Agronomist

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureRegional Research Station for Kandi Area,Punjab Agricultural University

Ballowal Saunkhri, P.O.Takaria, via.Balachaur, Dist. Punjab – 144 521Tel (O): 01885-241601, (R) 282102Email: [email protected]

ANANTAPUR Y. Padmalatha, AgronomistK. Bhargavi, Junior AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDCMS building, Kamalanagar,Agricultural Research Station,Acharya N.G.Ranga Agriculture University,Anantapur – 515 001 Andhra PradeshTel: (O) 08554 –257239(R) 274263Fax: 08554 – 257239E mail: [email protected]

INDORE D.H. Ranade, Agricultural EngineerM.C. Chourasia, AgronomistG.S. Rawat, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCollege of Agriculture,Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa Vidyalay,Indore – 452 001, Madhya PradeshTel: (O) 0731 – 2701254, 2702911(R) 0731 – 2702033, Fax: 0731- 2496989E mail: [email protected]

SOLAPUR S.P. Surve, AgronomistS. Upadhyaya Junior ScientistS.B. Thorve, Junior ScientistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureMahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,“Krishak Bhavan”, near D.A.V.College, P.B.No.207,Solapur – 413 002, MaharashtraTel: (O) 0217-237329, (R) 2374553Fax: 0217 – 2373982Email: [email protected]

HISAR L.K. Midha, AgronomistP.S. Mallick, AgronomistV.S. Rana, AgronomistAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCCS Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar – 125 004, HaryanaTel: (O) 01662 –289263, 244308Ext.4268, FAX: 01662 – 234952

BANGALORE H. Mari Raju, AgronomistB.S. Lingappa, Junior AgronomistAshok, Agricultural Engineer, (Till 2.8.2006)AICRP for Dryland AgricultureUniversity of Agricultural Sciences GKVK,Bangalore – 560 065, KarnatakaTel: (O) 080 – 23620795, 3330153, 3330348Fax: 080 – 23620795E mail: shrungar@usanet

V




9.

Bu

dget

Uti

lizati

on

(R

s.)

of

netw

ork

cen

ters

of

AIC

RPD

A (

2006-0

7)

AKO

LA(M

C)18

3562

532

0000

00

2749

437

2121

822

5000

054

4501

4991

665

958

00

3656

030

1379

595

ANAN

TAPU

R(M

C)31

6942

713

0000

00

2508

831

3535

022

4982

1793

7848

7523

4964

90

00

3485

713

9837

14AR

JIA(

MC)

5120

2042

3800

00

2905

659

3132

224

6809

3205

5735

2755

6801

50

00

3925

117

8249

03B.

SAUN

KHRI

(MC)

6077

6747

5000

00

3932

469

3679

922

1470

00

4979

00

00

4240

528

1117

239

BANG

ALO

RE(M

C)27

8454

944

0000

00

3304

048

2641

720

9843

6204

0045

0000

4999

10

2198

961

068

5966

032

4889

BIJA

PUR(

MC)

4208

0450

3500

00

3338

054

3429

422

4745

6611

30

5206

666

155

00

3781

427

1674

377

S.K.

NAG

AR(M

C)19

2969

235

0000

083

513

3285

718

2738

429

0787

6876

40

4842

50

00

3721

078

1792

127

HISA

R(M

C)45

1811

127

0000

00

3259

754

3727

922

4722

2276

7337

5000

8276

70

1436

314

056

4350

915

7460

2IN

DORE

(MC)

1415

700

3733

000

027

6631

037

393

2248

8255

2659

3557

4538

693

00

039

7568

211

7301

8JA

GDA

LPUR

(MC)

3220

3740

0000

00

2216

438

3745

322

4667

1448

950

2648

566

000

00

2715

938

1606

099

JORH

AT(M

C)27

0635

417

0000

00

2647

548

1988

625

4700

2684

640

6884

60

00

3259

444

1146

910

KOVI

LPAT

TI(M

C)13

5974

5050

000

035

1073

037

366

2250

0024

5429

3395

7010

2264

1061

720

045

6653

161

9443

PARB

HANI

(MC)

2157

764

1500

000

023

3032

831

682

1437

340

049

507

00

025

5525

111

0251

3PH

ULBA

NI(M

C)17

6479

824

0000

00

2063

469

1982

819

4452

4051

110

2062

50

00

2703

485

1461

313

RANC

HI(M

C)28

7326

222

5000

00

2777

410

2125

836

0,16

419

0,16

736

9,14

750

000

00

037

6814

613

5511

6RE

WA(

MC)

1611

512

3300

000

025

8357

623

510

2250

000

026

077

6600

00

029

2416

319

8734

9TA

RGHA

DIA(

MC)

1758

539

3700

000

1108

534

4612

621

507

3870

0460

2234

037

499

00

044

9437

097

5254

SOLA

PUR(

MC)

2306

559

4300

000

031

0649

237

493

2245

4321

6632

3632

6149

929

010

4878

60

5047

136

1559

423

VAR

ANAS

I(MC)

8885

3867

5000

00

4714

610

4959

130

0000

7372

7050

7750

4989

966

000

7645

50

6501

575

1136

963

AGRA

(SC)

1526

189

3265

000

2502

727

2140

933

195

2017

640

5316

1442

450

4910

40

035

7953

612

3668

0FA

IZAB

AD(S

C)26

5509

115

0000

00

1949

571

8882

1283

7511

6888

051

080

00

2208

824

1946

267

R.DH

IANS

AR(S

C)21

4660

315

5000

00

1963

261

1670

618

8540

00

5842

00

021

7434

915

2225

4AN

ANTA

PUR(

ORP

)93

5619

1735

000

010

7562

127

952

1738

780

6500

3049

500

00

019

7698

169

3638

ARJI

A(O

RP)

2663

5126

3500

00

1363

508

2701

717

5563

051

6782

4994

40

00

2132

814

7685

37B.

SAUN

KHRI

(ORP

)15

850

2785

000

015

2340

729

983

1780

150

049

925

00

017

8133

010

1952

0BA

NGAL

ORE

(ORP

)11

2513

2735

000

013

0864

496

6018

0000

060

0000

1868

70

00

2116

991

7305

22HI

SAR(

ORP

)26

3543

2835

000

017

4299

129

893

1789

150

028

824

00

019

8062

311

1792

0IN

DORE

(ORP

)58

2446

2385

000

014

0522

529

902

1796

630

048

525

00

016

6331

513

0413

1RA

NCHI

(ORP

)44

7722

2635

000

013

3294

010

592

2004

170

4421

9650

000

00

020

3614

510

4657

7SO

LAPU

R(O

RP)

1080

524

1835

000

012

0564

729

451

1760

910

4925

9849

750

00

019

5353

796

1987

JHAN

SI(v

l.cen

tre)

8500

051

500

00

1606

494

860

062

958

00

088

508

4799

2Co

ordi

natin

g Ce

ll0

7000

000

097

660

3000

000

0

00

3000

0069

7660

2340

Tota

l43

8364

8394

4525

0011

9625

7503

9231

9539

8769

0321

149

6263

473

7847

214

3195

648

5389

4760

516

3000

0010

2215

396

3619

3212

Cent

reO

peni

ngRe

mitt

-Re

ve-n

uePa

y &

T.A.

R.C.

N.R.

C.VE

HICL

EI.T

.On

Far

mCe

ntre

of

HRD

Tota

lCl

osin

gBa

lanc

ean

ce R

ecpt

. A

llow.

Tria

ls s

u- p

port

bal

ance



10. Acronyms

AAU ............. Assam Agricultural University

ACIAR .......... Australian Council for International Agricultural Research

AESR ........... Agroecological Subregion

AICRPAM ..... All India Coordinated Research Project for Agrometeorology

AICRPDA ..... All India Coordinated Research Project for DrylandAgriculture

ANGRAU ...... Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University

AP Cess ....... Agricultural Price Cess

AWC ............ Available Water Capacity

BC ratio ...... Benefit cost ratio

BHU ............ Banaras Hindu University0C ................ Degrees Celsius

CAZRI ......... Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CC ............... Cubic Centimeter

CCSHAU ...... Chaudhury Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

CEC ............. Cation Exchange Capacity

cm .............. Centimeter

CRIDA ......... Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

CSIR ........... Council for Industrial Research

CSWCR&TI .. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and TrainingInstitute

CT ............... Conventional Tillage

cv ................ Cultivar

DAS ............ Days After Sowing

DFID ........... Department of International Development

DMR ........... Directorate of Maize Research

DOR ............ Directorate of Oilseeds Research

DRR ............ Directorate of Rice Research

EFYM .......... Enriched farmyard manure

Eqt .............. Equivalent Yield

Fig .............. Figure

FLD ............ Front Line Demonstration

FYM ............ Farmyard Manure

g ................. Gram

GEY ............. Grain equivalent yield

GLM ............ Green leaf manure

GRD ............ General recommended dose

ha ............... Hectare

HW ............. Hand weeding

ICAR ........... Indian Council Agricultural Research

ICRISAT ...... International Crops Research Institue for SemiArid Tropics

IGAU ........... Indira Gandhi Agricultural University

IGFRI .......... Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute

INM ............ Integrated nutrient management

IVT .............. Initial varietal trial

IWMI ........... International Water Management Institute

JAU .............. Junagadh Agricultural University

JNKV ........... Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalay

K ................. Potassium

kg ............... Kilogram

LER ............. Land Equivalent ratio

LGP ............. Length of growing period

Lit ............... Litre

LT ............... Low Tillage

MAU ............ Marathwada Agricultural University

mhos .......... Milli mhos

MLT ............ Multi locational trial

mm ............ Millimeter

MoR ............ Ministry of Rural Development

MoWR ......... Ministry of Water Resources

MPKV .......... Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeet

MPUA&T ..... Maha Rana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology

MSL ............ Mean Sea Level

N ................. Nitrogen

NDUAT ........ Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology

OC .............. Organic Carbon

ORP ............ Operational Research Project

OST ............. Off season Tillage

OUAT .......... Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology

P ................. Phosphorous

PAU ............. Punjab Agricultural University

PC ............... Project Coordinator

PDKV .......... Dr. Panjabrao Krishi Vidypeeth

PPIC ........... Phosphate and Potash India

QRT ............ Quinquennial Review Team

RDF ............ Recommended dose of Fertilizer

RF ............... Rainfall

RS ............... Rupees

SAU ............. State Agricultural University

SKDAU ........ Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University

SKNagar ...... Sardarkrushi Nagar

SKUAS&T .... Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science &Technology

SMW ........... Standard Meteorological Week

SYI .............. Sustainable Yield Index

t .................. Tones

TNAU .......... Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

TSH ............. Tri-specific hybrid

UAS_B ........ University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

UAS_D ........ University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad

Yrs .............. Years

Annual Report - · PDF fileAnnual Report 2006-07 ... Malaviya arhar-6 of pigeonpea, LR-409 of...

Documents

Transcript of Annual Report - · PDF fileAnnual Report 2006-07 ... Malaviya arhar-6 of pigeonpea, LR-409 of...