Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Servicefor the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1946. Including

a Report on Project Work to November 30, 1946

Item Type text; Report

Authors University of Arizona. Agricultural Extension Service. CountyAgricultural Agents.; Pickrell, Charles U.

Publisher University of Arizona

Rights Permission to use or to order reproductions must be obtainedfrom the University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections.Contact us at askspecialcollections@u.library.arizona.edu, or(520) 621-6423.

Download date 17/03/2021 10:58:51

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/580437

�-UAL REPORT

of the

ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE

'byYCHAS. U. PICKRELL

Director

FOR TEE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1948

INCLUDING A REPORT ON PROJECT WORK

TO NOVEMBER 30. 1946

TABIE OF crnTEST�

Page

Organization 1

Appointments and Resignations 2

Publications 4

Financial Statement 6

Introduction 7

Summary of County Reports II

Agricultural Economics 24

Agronomy 24

Animal Husbandry' 25

Dairying 26

Entomology 27

Horticulture 29

Poultry 32

Rural SO<lioloa 32

4-H Club Work 33

Home Demonstration Work 3,

Home Economics 36

Nutrition 36

Clothing 38

ORGANIZATION

Alfred Atkinson, D.Sc•••••••••••••President of the UniversityFaul Steere Burgess, Ph.D••••••• Dean of the College of AgricultureChas. U. Pickrell, B.S••••• Director of Agricultural Extension ServiceHoward R. Baker, M.S••• Asst. Director of Agricultural Extension ServiceJean Stewart, M.A. • • • • • • • .State Leader of Hame Demonstration WorkKenneth L. McKee, A.B State Leader of 4-H Club WorkNellie Campion Administrative Assistant.

County Agricultural Agents

D. W. Rogers, B.S Apache CountyA. Mark Bliss, B.S Cochise CountyC. G. Lueker, B.S Coconino CountyS. W. Armstrong, B.S Gila CountyS. L. Owens, B.S Graham CountyCarmy G. Page, B.S•••••••••••••••••••••Greenlee CountyJ. H. OIDell, B.S Maricopa CountyErvin L. Bramhall, B.S., Assistant Maricopa County'Faul W. Brown, B.S., Assistant Maricopa County*Charles Cochran, B.S., Assistant Maricopa County,Charles Hobart, M.S., Assistant Maricopa CountyHarold B. Powers, B.S., Assistant Maricopa CountyG. E. Blackledge, M.S••••••••••••••••••••• Pima CountyO. W. Dishaw, M.A., Assistant Pima CountyK. K. Henness, M.S Pinal CountyWilliam. M. Brechan, B.S., Assistant Pinal CountyJohn McLernon .. B.S Yavapai CountyRobert J. Moody, B.S Yuma CountyAlbert R. Face, B.S., Assistant. • • • • • • • • • • • ••Yuma CountyE. S. Turville • '. • • • .. .. .. • .. • .. • • • .. • • .County Agent at large

Hame Demonstration Agents

Madeline Barley, B.S Cochise CountyMargaret Billingsley, M.A••••••••••• Graham & Greenlee Counties

Isabell Face, B.S Maricopa CountyRuth Cook, M.A Apache & Navajo Counties

Evalyn Bentley, M.S Pima CountyBernice Cannedy, B.S Pinal CountyMariel Hopkins, M.S••••••••••••••••••••••Yuma CountyAlta B. Mortenson, B.S•••••• Itin. Assistant Home Demonstration Agent

Cooperative Speoialists

Walter Armer, B.S•••••••• Extension Specialist in Animal Husbandry.-Howard R. Baker, M.S••••••••••••••••••Extension Economist

A. B. Ballantyne, M.S•••••••Extension Specialist in Rural SociologyDonald Hitch, B.S•••• Asst. Extension Speoialist in Soils & IrrigationLorene Drydan, B.S•••••••••••• Extension Speoialist in Clothing

.

Re Li 1n'� S ••••••••••• Extension Nutritionistva ncc ,�....... 1J. N. Roney, Ph.D••••••••••• Extension Speoialist in Entamo ogy

G Extension Speoialist in Home Eoonomicsrace Ryan, M.A. • • • • • • • • •

• • • Extension HorticulturistHarvey F. Tate, B.S. • • • • • • • • • •

S·pec1alist in Poult� & DairyingW. R. Van Sant, B.S•••••• Extension .�

-an Mllitary Leave

--Part Time

-2-

AProINTME�""TS AND RESIGNATIONS

July 1, 1945, to June 30, 1946

AppointmentsAlbert R. Face, Assistant County Agricultural Agent, Yuma County-­No�mber 19, 1945.

William M. Brechan, Assistant County Agricultural Agent, Pinal County-­January 1, 1946.

Carmy G. Page, County Agricultural Agent, Greenlee County--Janua� 14, 1946.

Madeline Mary Barley, Home Demonstration Agent, Cochise County-­February 4, 1946.

Alta B. Mortenson, Itin. Assistant Home Demo�stration Agent--June 25, 1946.

Kenneth McKee, returned fram Military DUty, November 5, 1945.

Walter Armer, Livestock Specialist--March 1, 1946.

Mary Dorothea Brayman, stenographer, State Office--July 1, 1945.

Lurene MAy Schafer, Stenographer, Pima County Office--August 1, 1945.

Opal Mclain, Stenographer, State Offioe--August 1, 1945.

Sylvia Lieben, Stenographer, state Office--August 1, 1945.

Constance V. Schwark, Stenographer, Yuma County Office--August 1, 1945.

Grace Baker, Stenographer, State Office--November 1, 1945.

Helen Langham, Stenographer, State Office,--November 1, 1945.

MYrtle M. Howell, Stenographer, Yuma County Offioe--November 16, 1945.

Anna Mae Olsen, Stenographer, Graham County Office--November 16, 1945.

Stella M. Freazier, Stenographer, Pinal County Office--December 1, 1945.

Harriet Ann Armer, Stenographer, Maricopa County Office--January 16, 1946.

�garet Ballinger, Stenographer, State Office--February 15, 1946.

Elsa Baramore, Stenographer, Maricopa County Office--March 16, 1946.

Marie E. Bogan, Stenographer, State Office--April 1, 1946.

Shiela B. Journey, Secretar,y, Agrioultural Extension Servioe--April 16, 1946.

Ervin L. �all, Assistant County Agricultural Agent, Marioopa County--February 14, 1946.

Resignations

Martha Goodell, Emergency War Food Assistant--September 15, 1945.

Frank Ar.me�, Extension Animal Husbandman--September 14, 1945.

Rodger Nelson, Information Specia1ist--August 31, 1945.

Robert L. Matlock� Extension Agronamist--February 15, 1946.

wm. A. Steenbergen, Extension Specialist in Soils & Irrigation-­April 8, 1946.

Lorene Drydan, Extension Specialist in C1othing--June 30, 1946.

Louise Pendergast, Stenographer, Maricopa County--September 1, 1945.

Charlotte Hylton� Stenographer, State Office--August 29, 1945.

Constance V. Schwark� Stenographer� Yuma County Office--October 6� 1945.

Violet Salmon, Stenographer� Maricopa County Office--October 31, 1945.

Helen Langham, Stenographer� State Office--December 2l� 1945.

Sylvia Lieben, Stenographer, State Office--February 28� 1946.

Stella Freazier, Stenographer, Pinal County Office--March 15, 1946.

Ma� Rohen, Secreta�, Agricultural Extension Service--April 30, 1946.

Anna Mae Olsen, Stenographer� Graham County Office--May 15, 1946.

Transfers

Bertha Vinnond, Home Demonstration Agent, Cochise County to HomeDemonstration Agent at Large--February 13, 1946.

Isabell Pace, Assistant Home Demonstration Agent, Maricopa County toHame Demonstration Agent, Maricopa County--March I, 1946.

Grace Ryan, Home Demonstration Agent, Maricopa County to Home EconomicsSpeclalist--March 1, 1946.

Orville W. Dishaw, transferred tram Acting state Leader ot Boys' andGirls' Club Work to Assistant County Agricultural Agent, Pima County-­December 16, 1945.

Howard R. Baker, transterred fram Extension Eoonomist to ExtensionEoonomist, half time,and Assistant Director, half time--Januar,y 1, 1946.

-4-

PUBLICATIONS

During the period July 1, 1945, to June 30, 1946, the followingpub1ioations were issued:

3,000' oopies of Extension Ciroular No. 126, "Beekeeping forBeginners" •

3,000 oopies of Extension Circular No. 127, "Fitting CroppingSystems to Water Supplies".

5,000 oopies of Extension Cirou1ar No. 128, "Turkey Produotionin Arizona".

3,000 oopies of Extension Circular No. 129, "Raising the 4-H Pig".

3,300 copies of Extension Cir.cular No. 130, "Home Gardening".

5,000 copies of Extension Folder No. W-28 (Rev.) , "Parents and4-H Club Work".

5,000 copies of Extension Folder No. W-29 (Rev.), "Control theCattle Grub".

Teeth".10,000 copies of Extension Folder No. W-43 (Rep.), "Prevent Mottled

9,000 copies of Extension Folder No. W-44, ffThe Stove story".

5,000 copies of Extension Folder No. W-45, "Hints on TennitePreventionII •

In addition to the printed circulars, mimeographed and dittoedmaterial was supplied in sufficient quantities to meet �ediate needs.The following list oarries the important mimeographed circulars issued dur­

ing the year.

Numberof Copies

200300200500500

1,000500500500500500500300300300

2,100

Title

Tuberoulosis in Arizona.Feed From. Pastures for Arizona Farms.

Yeast Bread Variations.

Making the Rope Halter.

Comparative Cost ot Freezer Storage Fer Cubio Foot.

Take Care ot Your Pressure Canner.

Altitude Correotions for Pressure Canner.

Fitting and Training Beef Calves tor Fairs.

Care and Feeding of Beet Calves.

Seleoting a Washing Machine.

Seleoting a Kitchen Range.Selecting a Refrigerator.Flower Planting Outline.Some Hardy Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs.

Setne Ornamental Trees Which do Well in Arizona.

The Family Meal Hour.

Numberof Copies

2,000150200500400100100500600200300300100100200

2,000500100200100300

Title

Christmas Tree Coffee Cake.Advanced 4-H Handicraft.Raising Domestic Rabbits in Salt River Valley.For That Holiday Dinner Menu.Yeast Bread Variations.Lid Rack.Knife Holder.Problem Solving Booklet With Drawings.List of PUblications to Homemakers in Arizona.A Primer of Parliamentary Law for Homemaker's Clubs.4-H Safety Volunteers.

Fattening and Fitting Beef Cattle for Shaw.Hame Economics Judging for 4-H Clubs.Iceless Refrigerators.4-H Club Leader's Guide� Arizona Meals the 4-HWay.4-H Summer Camp_First Year Soil and Range Protection Club, 4-H Leader's Guide.4-H Victory Market Day_4-H Guide for Mothers' and Daughters' Canning Club.4-H Sheep Club Regulations.4-H Artcraft.

TABLE I.-FINANCIAL SUPHlRl'

Summa� o£ Expenditures b.Y Projects. Showing Souroes of Funds for Extension Work under Smith-Lever Extension Act,July 1, 1945, to June 30. 1946

Projeots·· Total

Federal Funds Funds Not Used as Offset

OffsetFunds

Collegeand State :

:

:··

Smith­Lever

.

.

:Additiona1 :

:Cooperative : ..

Capper­Ketcham County Other

...

$13,541.41:$13,366.41:2,699.81: 2,699.81:

103,469.43: 32,159.19:$10,262.3238,904.21: 18,817.85: 12,570.904,546.83: 4,546.83:

Administration••••••••••• :Pub1ications ••••••••••••• :County Agent Work•••••••• :Home Demonstration Work•• :

Boys' & Girls' Club Work.:Speoia1ists:Hortiou1ture ••••••••••• :Li�stock•••••••••••••• :Pou1try-Dairy•••••••••• :Agronamy••••••••••••••• :

Soils & Irrigation••••• :Nutrition•••••••••••••• :Entamology••••••••••••• :Agricultural Economics.:C1othing•••••••••••••• 5:Rural Socio1ogy•••••••• :Information Specialist.:

2,126.52:2,917.03:2,5lO.16 :

1,139.93:2,995.62:1,444.35:1,914.00:859.41 :

1,275.50:1,090.18:5,713,,58:

:

:

1,806.52:2,917.03:2,388.37:1,139.93 :

2,888.96:1,328.80:1,736.23:859.41:

1,142.17:899.08:

5,713.5B:

Total Expendltures ••••••• :$187,147.97:$94,410.17:$22,B33.22Unexpended Ea1anoe ••••••• : __: __: __

:$36,597.57:$14,555.15 :$lB,75L86:

: I :TOTAL•••••••••••••••••• :�lB7,147.97:$94,410.17:$22,833.22

. . .

. . .

:$36,597.57:$14,555.15 :$18,75186:':

INTRODUCTION

Arizona makes a large contribution to the national wealth.Products shipped out ot the state in 1946 included 45.000 carloadsot vegetables. 440.000 head ot cattle. 150,000 bales ot cotton, and

180.000 tons ot citrus fruits. In addition, many highly valuablecrops. such as sugar beet seed, alfalfa seed, Ber.muda grass seed, andflax are almost e%�lusively marketed outside the state.

TABLE 1. - CASH INCOME FROM ARIZONA FARM AND -RANCHPRODUCTION (IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)

Commodity 1936-45average

Lettuce and other truck cropsa•••••••Cattle and calves••••••••••••••••••••Cotton lint and cottonseed •••••••••••Alfalfa and other hayc •••••••••••••••Dairy products •••••••••••••••••••••••Citrus fruitsa •••••••••••••••••••••••Commercial teed grains (corn, oats,

barley, sorghum.s)c ••••••••••••••••Sheep, lambs, and wool•••••••••••••••Seed crops ••••••••••••••••••••••••••Eggs, chickens, and turkeysc •••••••••Miscellaneous erops ••••••••••••••••••Misoellaneous livestock and livestock

products················l·········Federal government payments •••••••••

1946 1945

116.920.617.04.65.02.8

2.33.32.02.33.4

Total cash income 184.0

$38.637.0b31.0

10.Od8.07.0

$38.029�O:)17.08.08.08.5

5.04.0b4.0e3.58.0

4.03.03.04.08.0

1.53.0

2.01.5

&Year ended August 31. Citrus fruit "on the tree" price.blncludes subsidy of $250.000 for cattle and $250,000 for lambs over 90

pounds up to June 30.�epresent8 cash sales only. In addition, in 1946 hay. ted by Arizonaproducers, had an estimated value of' 8.5 million dollars, teed grainsted, 3 million dollars, and dairy and poultry produots oonsumed byproducers, 2 million dollars.dlno1udes $S50,000 federal subsidy paid f'or produotion to JUDe 30.eAltalta seed, not inoluding subsidy, 12,000,000; sugar beet seed,'1.485,000; Bermuda seed, 1360,000, also vegetable seeds and guar.tFederal government payments tor 1946 by purposes. soil oonservation,11.759,000, altalta seed produotion, 1300,000; potato purchase program,1968,000.

$160.0 $134.0

r PRINCIPAL ARIZONA CROPS IN 1946 - ACREAGE BY COUNTIES AND PRODUCTION FOR THE SUTE

CROPS Statetotalsa Apache Cochise Coconino Graham Greenlee Maricopa. Navajo Pima Pinal Yavapai Y\Dll&

Alfalfa. acres •••••• 233.000 4.300 2.000 700 5,000 1,000 156,000 2,200 3,000 25,000 4,000 28,000Tons cut for hay 629,000Cotton: acres ••••••• l45,OOOb 12,600 32 ..400 10,400 87,000Bales ot cotton 150,000

Feed grainsBarley: &cres •••••• 85,000 800 400 300 3,200 300 60,000 200 2,600 11,500 600 4,500Tons ot grain 11 ..400Corn: acres •••••••• 32,000 8,700 800 3,200 600 500 900 11,600 1,200 1,000 1,300 100Tons ot grain 12,320Grain sorghums:acres 68.000 200 1,500 200 300 300 47.000 300 1,900 13,000 300 2,600TODS ot grain 52,500°

�atl &cres •••••••• 27,000 1,200 800 1,400 700 200 10,900 2,600 1,000 3,300 1,000 1,300Tons ot grain 17,000 I

Dry edible beans: �acres •••••••• 13,000 800 300 7,200 800 800 400 2,300

Tons harvested 3.500TruCk crops: acresde 100.000 800 1,400 65,000 1,400 3,000 25 .. 000Cars shipped 45.000Flax: &cres ••••••••• 14.000 300 100 13,600Tons harvested 10,100Grapefruit: acres... 12.600 11,400 1,200Tons harvestedd 133,000Oranges: acresd••••• 1,300 7.000 300Tons harvested 47,000

Acres irrigatedet 775.000 13,000 12,,000 3,000 35,000 6,000 400,000 10,000 25,000 175,000 11,000 78,000

&State totals include estimates for Gila, MOhave, and Santa Cruz counties.bIncludes 2,000 acres of American-Egyptian cotton.cDoes not include grain in 16,000 acres of silage and forage.dYear ended August 31, 1946.eEstimates ot Department of Agricultural Economics" University of Arizona.

tFigures represent both irrigated crops and irrigated pasture. Acreage double cropped is counted but once.

In addition, it is estimated that dry-land crops were harvested from approximately 65,000 acres.

-9-

Cash incane fr� Arizona agriculture was 160 million dollarsin 1946. This oompared with a cash income of 134 million dollars in1945 and was nearly twioe as high as the ten-year average ended with1945. Leading among the souroes ot income :Cor the seoond year insucoession were lettuoe, oarrots, and other truok orops, whioh had a

cash value ot 38 million dollars. !he inoome from oattle and oalveswas 37 million dollars, compared with 29 million in 1945. The

largest proportional inorease among all crops was the return torcotton lint and cottonseed, the value ot the crop being 31 milliondollars in 1946, canpared with only 17 million dollars in 1945.

The program ot Agrioultural Extension Servioe work during the

lear was conducted through the following projects:

County Agent WorkHome Demonstration Agent WorkAgricultural Economics.A:Dima1 HusbandryBa,rs' and Girls' Club Work

ClothingEntomologyHome EoonomicsHorticultureNutritionPbultr.y & DairyingRural SociologySoils & Irrigation

The methods, procedure and results are indicated in thestatistioal and narrative reports ot the individual projects.

The Far.m Labor Program was a most important contribution otthe Extension Service to the war effort. In 1946 Arizona dependedpr1marilT upon migrant and local domestic labor to plant, ,row, andharvest the large acreage ot crops in the state. An average ot 1330lIexican Nationals also assisted in this task. Primary labor needs inthe state were for workers in the vegetable harvest during the springand tall, and ootton picking in the fall. At the beginning ot the

lear there were 6,782 Ger.man prisoners of war working in the six south­ern oounties ot the state. These were removed trail the state andreturned to Germany in February. Maroh, and April. which forces theItate to rell largely on domestio and migrant workers tor the harvest.Although there was an average ot only 1,330 Mexioan Nationals in thestate tor the year as a whole. the DUmber reaohed 2,030 in Deo�ber.a month of heavy labor demando

1fith the removal ot the German prisoners ot war, it was

DeOeSSarr to plan a program ot labor utilization based OD the importationot migrant workers trau. states to the east. Plana were mad. early in the

year tor suoh a program. Farm Labor otfice s had been set up in the sixmajor agricultural oounties. and these were opened during the year 1946.

-10-

A staff' ot 16 individuals conducted the Farm Labor Program in 1946.Several trips were made to Texas� Oklahoma, and Arkansas to secure

the tull cooperation of' those states in such a progrrun. Publicitywas prepared in the form. ot a small publication which was widelydistributed in those states. With the approval of' Texas, a recruiterwas sent to that state in July and August to acquaint workers in thatstate with conditions in Arizona and the need for workers.

A port of entr,y camp program was established whereby workers

coming fran states to the east of' Arizona could stop overnight freeot charge in these camps. These workers were then advised as to theareas of greatest need tor workers and were thus distributed withoutloss ot time or money to the areas of greatest labor need. These

migrant information stations contacted over 8,500 workers between

September 15 and the end ot the war. Publicity and advertisements

prepared tor Texas newspapers were ver,y effective in securingadditional labor.

Early in the Farm Labor Program� house trailers had beensecured fran the Federal Public Housing Administration and placed inMaricopa and Yuma counties under the supervision of the AgriculturalWar Commodities. These trailers were taken over in May, 1946� andwere operated as a separate phase of the Far.m Labor Program through­out the year. From rentals of these trailers they were kept in goodcondition and served very effectively as mobile housing units forworkers on individual farms in the counties.

The Agricultural Extension Service cooperated tully withthe several Farm. Labor associations organized in previous years.The 17 prisoner of war camps which had been built in previous yearsby organized far.m groups were in several cases transformed intohousing units for transient labor. Throughout the cotton pickingleason and the vegetable harvesting season, complete recorda were

kept of labor!�eeds, labor supplies, migrant movements, in an effortto properly till the needs or farmers for labor.

During the, cotton season cotton giDDings were seCUred weeklyand reports made of cotton picked, labor supplies, and labor needs.Training in cotton picking was given to Mexican Nationals and a

small xwmber of Navajo Indians who would be brought into cottonpicking areas.

COUNTY REPORTS 1946

Afache County

About three months were spent by the county agent with rangelivest:ock m.en in the county. During the year, 22 different cattlemen

dipped thdr cattle for lice. The standard dip recommended was one

pound of rotenone, 10 pounds of sulphur to 100 gallons of water. Theca'ttle were dipped twice, 17 to 21 day intervals for nearly 100 percent control. Several thousand head of cattle were sprayed with DDT,trying to control two types of deerflies, mosquitoes and homilies.Control ot homilies has been effected for. about five week periods on

the high elevation ranges. About 80 per cent of the deerflies were

controlled for about four weeks. It is estimated that about 30 poundsper animal is gained due to this insect control program.

Weed cOlltrol was accomplished during the year through the use

of sodium chlorade, 6 pounds per square rod. Two thousand pounds were

applied in the Vernon, Nutrioso and Eagar districts because bindweed isa Tery serious m.enace to the farming operations in the county. Considerabletime will be spent on an eradication program next year.

FrQit tree demonstrations were given in five communities in the

county during the year.

In the grasshopper control program, bait was scattered on

2,500 acres of" land with an estimated savings of $3,600.00, as a. resultot the oooperation of the extension entomologist and the USDA Grass­

hopper Control D;vision. A good supply of grain is on hand for next year.

As a resul·c of field crop experiments during the year, Velvon isreoommended as the best barley, Bridger as the best oats, and Kubankaas the best Wheat.

Coohise County

The Extension program in Cochise oounty was quite diversified

during the year with assistance provided to all types of agrioultureinsofar as possible. A fourth year hybrid oorn variety test was

established and results of last year's test were a,vailable to interestedtarmers who were helped in securing a supply of seed of the highestyielding variety. A small grain variety test was completed regardingboth yield and winter forage values.

ot considerable importanoe in the oounty was t�e program of

permanent pastures. Infor.mation on mixtures, planting dates, irrigation,pasture management, etc. was provided to many farmers.

Garden olubs in Bisbee and stewart were again assisted and a

monthly garden calendar prepared. Fertilizer and varie� tests on various

vegetable crops were also run and the information made available tointerested far.mers.

!he County Labor Oftice wa,s in operation during the year,but verJ'. tn replacements were made: as moet of the labor needs were

supplied locally. Assistance was given to chili growers in tryingto secure release of Aqua Prieta Mexicans on daily bonding-in planto work in chili fields as in 1945.

Coconino Countz

r�ers were advised to treat seed beans to insure againstroot rot; more seed was treated in recent years. Timely marketinformation was given bean growers. Experiments with bean inoou­lation and fertilizer were made. New strains were introduced and

oompared and adopted varieties increased. Potato growers were assistedin procuring certified seed, treating it, and spraying for psyllids.Farmers were induced to treat small grain to reduce smut losses.

Orchardists depended upon the services of the' county agent andspecialists for correct information regarding insect and disease con­

trol. Some of their problems were as follows: Thrips, codling moth,powdery mildew_ apple root rot, toad stool rot, rosetting, peach twigborer, �osis, etc.

Thousands of dollars were saved through efforts with farmersin grasshopper control. Help also was rendered in the control ofblister beetles.

Poultrymen and dairymen were aided. Same farmers sought aidwith soil problems. We were consulted and aided fanners in planningoperations, and with crops and buildings.

Recruiting far.m labor constituted one of the chief aotivities

during the harvest. Three successful 4-H clubs' were conducted.

Gila CountyA cooperative hybrid corn test was run in the county during the

year in cooperation with the Agronomy Department. The leading hybridvariety outYielded the native variety by 22 percent. From the resultsot the test_ the recommendation ,·to use 1'f 692 or W 695 hybrid corn

varieties seems justified in Gila County.

A sorghum variety test was planted on the Randall farm in the

county through the cooperation of the Agronomy Department. The sweetSudan outyielded the common Sudan about 100 percent, but tests willbe continued another year with one or two larger pla�tings of the 4or 5 best varieties.

A spray schedule was worked out for deciduous fruits in the

county to control both thrips and Codling MOth. Fruiting demonstrationswere held in several communities. Assistance on landscaping and hamebeautification was given to a number of city home owners and also to

several farm home owner s.

-13-

All the agricultural extension work carried on in beetcattle in the county is divided into two projects. Marketing and

organization work is carried through the Cattle Growers Association.The other beet project is beet cattle improvement and was probablythe most important activity of the extension office during the year.Kost at the heaviest and best cattle sold every spring are producedin Gila County. Practically all cattle are dehorned and are a fine

grade of Hereford.

An external parasite control campaign was started this year.A portable Bean power sprayer was purchased by Mr. John Armer, local

oattleman, for use in spraying livestock. The sprayer holds 100

gallons of liquid and develops 300 pounds pressure. As it weighsonly 400 pounds it is easily transported on a pick-up truck. Dueto the lack of roads, roughness of the country, and scarcity of waterin the right places, dipping vats are not practical. Portable

,sprayer rigs are necessary for proper handling of cattle.

Dairy cfAttle production in Gila County is limited to ,severalcommercial dairies in the Globe-Miami vicinities. Special effortwas made to get all farmers and 'rural residents in the county to

plant adequate gardens this year. The vegetable variety test plotsat Young and Pine were continued. Several new varieties of vege­tables have proved to be superior to the varieties planted in pastrears. Home garden disease and insect control demonstrations havebeen continued at Pine also, and most or the proved practices havebeen adopted by farmer s in thi s area.

A grasshopper bait mixing station was set up in the Mclmpurfft� at Young. A total of 810 acres of crop land was baited for

grasshopper control with materials left over from the 1945 program.

Graham County

Spot checks were made during the growing season to determinethe extent of damaging insect pests in cotton. Demonstrations were

oonducted to determine a more efficient chemical dust to controlcotton insect pests.

Hybrid corn variety tests were conducted in five differentcommunities. Soil samples were taken fram many different far.ms todetenmine the amount of harmful salts. Laboratory tests were made

by the agricultural chemists at the University of Arizona, and sug­gestions were made for improving these alkali soils.

Water samples were taken and sent to the agricuUural chemistsat the University of Arizona for analysis for many new pump wells.Suggestions were given to farmers on how salty irrigation water mightbest be used to prevent crop damage.

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Twelve different far.mers were assisted in running levels todet&nnine how irrigation rows should be run so as to reduce the slope$increase penetration, and prevent run-orr.

Pecan growers were advised on how to control the aphis bydusting with nicotine sulphate. Three dusting machines wer.e purchasedby pecan growers.

A farm labor assistant was employed part time during the yearand information was collected from all farmers on the seasonal labor

requirements, type of housing available for far.m laborers, and house­hold convenienoes available suoh as water, wood, electricity, etc.Laborers entering into the valley were directed to farmers who had

housing facilities and who were most in need of this help.

Fifteen demonstrations were given on how to treat dairy cows

sufterning from attacks of milk fever. Four demonstrations were givenon the control of cattle grubs and lice by spraying with a solutionot Rotonone and sulphur under three hundred pound. pressure. A totalof 670 head of cattle were sprayed in these demonstrations, and 43cattlemen were in attendance.

Greenlee County

Continuous row oropping, far.ming land with too steep grade,and use of well water with an unfavorable sodium-calcium ratio forirrigation purposes appear to be the main causes of soil probl�s inthe oounty. Four meetings of the Soil Conservation distriot wereattended by the agent and 81 oontaots including 35 farm visits havebeen made during the year on definite soil problems. Management ofsoils also was discussed in relation to many other phases of extensionwork on other fa� visits and offioe calls during the year.

Cotton improvement work received continued emphasis in theextension program during the year. The agent worked with members ofthe Duncan Crop Improvement Committee in encouraging the maintenance ofa one-variety pure seed district, assisting growers in locating sources

ot pure seed. and aoquainting them with the rules of the Arizona CropImprovement Association.

Yields of wheat were good fram the standpoint of pasture and

grain production. Due to the shortage of hay available for feed duringthe winter months, the agent encouraged farmers to make maximwn use ofall pasture available. Wheat pr-oduced much more pasture than barleyor oats, which was probably partly due to a oolder winter than usual.Yields of wheat were generally fram 35 to 40 bushels per acre. Oats

produoed were cut for hay on most farms. Shattering of oats before

combining limits the use of this orop as a satisfaotory grain producerunless adapted varieties for combining oan be introduoed into this area.

Permanent pastures have been encouraged by the agent as a cropdeserving of more consideration on farms with sufficient water for

trequent irrigation, especially during the spring and summer months.Permanent pasture farmers who have pumps to furnish irrigation water inaddition to that received fran canals.

Home beautification was given major emphasis in the extension

program this year. Credit is due for the work of Margaret Billingsley,Home Demonstration Agent, with home demonstration units in previous years,tor interest in starting this project and the continued interest throughthe year.

Returns fran small acreages of melons in 1944-45 caused a numberof growers to attempt production on an acreage greater than was neededto supply the local demand. Approximately 110 acres of cantaloupes were

planted. Growers requested the agent to assist in handling meetings toorganize for marketing the crop. A local farmers' cooperative organi­zation agreed to assist in the handling of business for the cantaloupsgrowers.

Supplemental feeds for use on the range were scarce and too highin price to use except when absolutely necessary. Some losses were caused

by poisonous weeds in the winter and spring months. Thi s was apparentlydue to the scarcity of more palatable forage. The percentage of calf

crop was good on most ranches, however weights at marketing time were 70to 100 pounds or more lighter in weight than under average conditions.

The difficulty in securing 4-H leaders has confronted the agentthroughout the year in attempting to organize 4-H livestock or cropproduction clubs.

The local farm labor supply was limited during the spring andsummer months. Additional help was needed for thinning cotton, harvestingonions. and picking cantaloupes for efficient handling of these crops.The amount of additional help needed was relatively small. This, no

doubt, was the main reason why transient workers preferred to.move to

larger fanning areas to secure work.

Maricopa CountyIn Maricopa County during the past year, the county agent devoted

much of his time to administrative duties and in coordinating the work ofthe staff with that of other county, state and federal agencies. Thegrasshopper control program has taken much of the agent's time. This pro­gram was conducted under difficult conditions but was successful in

protecting many aores of crops which othe�1ise would have been seriouslydamaged.

.

The fa� labor program has been improved and some confidence of thefarmer and the laborer in the program. built up. Many farmers have been

materially benefited by this program as it is now conduoted.

Radio broadcasts� news articles, mimeographed circulars andnews letters have been used to keep rural people informed of new cr-ops,new farming methods and new or proper controls for insect pest� and

plant diseases. Through dem.onstrations� individuals have been shownhow to do helpful things for themselves. Field days at the MesaExperiment Station Farm have been conducted in order that people mightsee what is being done in an experimental way to solve their problems.

, Cooperation with most farmer organizations� county, state andfederal agencies as well as with many individuals has been very satis­

factory. The agent has advised many newcomers to the county as to the

type of farming� location of f'arm.s� suitability of crops and on

marketing and financing problems.

The alfalfa fertilizer work has been in the nature of a surveyot needs of our Maricopa County soils with emphasis on chemical soiltests in winter and midsummer. Available p!losphate appears to decr-easein the soil as �er advances. Nitrates seem to build up in the same

range ot time. On the whole� surface applications gave equivalentresults to rather shallow covering of phosphate fertilizer, but theeffect was delayed. Soils heavier than M. E. 18 did not seem to respondto phosphate fertilizer though the initial soil tests showed low.Increases of yield due to fertilizer appeared to be coupled with lowerdry matter content and higher protein content. Five out of nineteenfields gave increases of 20% or better on a green weight basis.

Small grain fertilizer checks brought out the lead that

phosphate is needed where double cropping to grain and sorghum hasbeen practices for three or four years.

Water penetration work on gypsum treated land (1 ton per acre)showed restricted water penetration both 1 month and 7 months a�terapplication. Barnyard fertilizer treated land (10 tons per acre)increased water penetration nearly 3 times over check 7 months atter

applications. Water penetration work on alfalfa soils showed there isno difference in rate ,in summer as cap.pared with winter. On heavysoils. evaporation in summer reduces effective.

Increased interest was shown in all phases of the date industrythis year. A number of people are planning on planting new orchards andold growers are requesting research work on f'ertilizing� harvesting and

processing of their fruit. Quite a few citrus nurseries were startedthis year and last. Many acres of grapefruit are being topworked toValencia oranges and l�ons.

Grasshoppers are doing an increasing amount of damage to citrusorchards each year. Same outlying orchards located near alfalfa fieldswere almost defoliated this summer. Control of citrus thrips is the

only other insect proble.m confronting citrus, growers.

Cooperative tests on the control of date fermentation andinsect pests were made with local growers. Fermate, the materialused, greatly reduced the population ot the sour fruit beetle andseemed to retard fermentation. More tests need to be run before thematerial can be recommended for general use.

Citrus grOwers are worried about the amount of chlorosis

developing in their orchards. Although a number of control measuresare being tried, no definite control has been found.

The KOY Demonstration Garden Program is being continued forthe third straight year. The coverage obtained by this program is

evidently increasing each year as a greater number of requests forinfor.mationwere received this year than ever before.

Dairy activities include helping establish better breedingprograms, feed production storage and utilization problems. cooperatingwith the Board ot.Directors· of the Dairy Herd Improvement Associationas to publicizing the importance of Dairy Herd Improvement Associationwork, working closely with all testers in obtaining new and maintain­

ing old m«mberships, cooperating with all breed organizations andlederal agencies, working with individual farmers in his sanitationand disease control problems.

Poultry activities include individual service to poultrymen,method demonstrations, improved feeding programs, working with theArizona Poultry Improvement Board in publioizing the importance offlock seleotion and pullorum testing, selecting suitable housing lay­outs and equipment and sanitation and di eease control problems.

Livestock activities include giving the farmer assistance in

feeding programs, marketing trends and sanitation and disease controlproblems.

The main goal in mind is to supply the farmer with informationwhich will enable him to produce his produce more efficiently and

economically. This is done through.far.mer organizations, news articles.tarmmagazines, radio and individual contacts, and the educational

program dealing with production problems which have been presented tothe fanner.

The outlook for club work indicates that a definite increasein enrollment may be expected. Arrangements were made with the school

principals at Mesa and at Grandview to provide tor an expected increasein 4-H Club enrollment. It is estimated that the Mesa community willhave an increase of approximately 100 club members due to the increasedinterest in club work there which was largely a result of the outstand­ing achievements of their 4-H clubs.

The Grandview community has also experienced an increasedinterest on the part of parents and youths in 4-H club work. Thisshould result in increasing the enrollment by a large number.

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Others factors which would. indicate a further increase inclub enrol�ent are the possibilities of having more leadershipavailable than was pos s1ble during the man-power shortage of the war

period. 'When more leaders are available it is possible to organize.ore clubs. The outlook for club work is very favorable.

Navajo County

During 1946 a long drought ended in mid-summer. During the

preceding five years$ rainfall has been noticeably below normal�resulting in less production of cattle, sheep and feeds j but at thesame time, costs of nearly all requirements were at new high figures.

Several readjustments in policy of range land ownershipresulted. The trend has been for small operators to sell out to them.ore successful large operators. The A .. T .. and S .. F .. Railway is one

of' the large land holding oompanies which has begun _ selling theirrange lands to the lessees. Prices for such land average about $1.00per acre.

Extension now finds these larger cattle men undertaking betterm.ethods of management. and production; parasites such as horn flies,lice. grubs and mosquitoes are being controlled. It is the agriculturalagent on wham these new land owners call for assistance. Likewise,the smaller operator is becoming conscious of truck crop revenues andis swinging into such specialties as cucumbers, garden pr-oduee , sweet

corn, melons. etc. These shifts put a new demand on extension fortechnical infor.mation.

Dairymen have experienoed the first year of an improvementprogram, using as the vehicle artificial insemination. The first calf

resulting from this method is now on the ground. He is a robust fine

specimen. This project alone will perhaps do more toward improving the

dairy stock. than many other years of testing, feeding, and weeding.

Two new power sprayers have come into the county during the

year. Fruit trees, ditoh banks and bindweed patches will next year betreated as never before. These same sprayers are finding enthusiastioacceptance of stockmen in parasite control.

County Fair, rodeo, state fair, U. S. Reclamation studies,publicity meetings, chamber of commeroe activities, farm security, soil

conservation, agrieultural conservation, military situations, migratoryand farm labor activities, news articles for the weekly papers, G. I.contacts and many other inoidents all to round out the agriculturalagent's year.

Pima County

Aotivities in cooperation with several organizations were

carried on. These included the Pima. County Agricultural ConservationAssociation. the Pima County Soil Conservation distriot, and twocOlllDittees of the Tucson Chamber of Commerce. The agent served as

chairman of the Pima County Fair Commission, and vice-chairman of thetucson Mountain Park Commission. He served on the Program. Committeesot the Southern ArizOna Poultry Producers Association and SouthernArizona Rabbit Breeders Assooiation and assisted the Tucson Chamber ofCommeroe in writing a new pamphlet on agriculture in Pima County.Cooperation with these various organizations contributed in a general"8.1 to the betterment of agricu 1ture in the county.

The county agent established six ootton fertilization resultdemonstrations, carrying tour to completion. Carried on one varietytest. Cooperated with growers and State Crop Improvement Associationin produotion of 1.900 acres of pure Acala cotton seed. Had all

grow.ers in county cooperating in Sm1th-Doxey cotton classing program.Pima. County was 100% one-variety this year.

Two alfalfa d·emonstrations on growing non-hardy varieties of

altalfa� Indian and African. were established and three phosphatefertilization demonstrations oonducted.

'The agent arranged and assi sted in producti on of 155 acre s of

registered Markton oats, and 455 acres of certified Hegari seed. Oneresult demonstration was given on f'ertiliz.ation of small grains.

Five soils and irrigation result demonstrations on soilamendments with sulphur. gypsum� manure" and green manure crops were

given. Miscellaneous help was given to several farmers on soils and

irrigation problems. Growers were assisted with insect control

problems. planting dates. fertilization. and variety proble.ms. Oneresult demonstration on potato fertilization was carried on.

Work on fertilization of permanent pastures was carried on.

Advice on establishing permanent pa stures was given to several farmers.One test planting ot range grass seed was established, and one irrigatedpermanent pasture was establi shed.

A county dai17 herd-improvement association was formed with

headquarters in the county agent's office. An active testing programlias carried on with one cow tester being employed. Five Pima Countyhatehe�enwere assisted in carrying out poultry improvement programs.

Grasshopper control work under the county agent's supervisionam�ted to 4.070 baited acres to protect 4.257 aores of crops �th an

estimated saving of $81,000. Rodent-control work was carried on with135 cooperators to protect 2,235 acres crop land and 17�120 acres

range land.

PinalCountJ;

The agent worked in close cooperation with the county pure seeddirector and the Secretary of the Arizona Crop IDprovement Associationincreasing the quality of pure seed, especia.lly grain sorghums. Cottonwork was done in 13 communities of the county. The smaJ.l increase incotton acreage was shown over a year ago, most:cy- brought in by developnentor new desert lands. Some field research was done on the possible methodsof defoliation of cotton. To date results have been discouraging.

Sixty farmers received poison materials for use in protectingtheir farms from gromld.::.squirrels and rabbits during the year.

.

Servicefrom a coyote trapper was secured in an effort to reduce losses in lambs,poultr;y and swine. The work in control of insects has been much greaterthis rear thaD in past years. First in inporta.nce was control of cotton"sucking insects". The program was quite successful as a careful surveydetermined that. approxiJIBte� 2/3 of the cotton acreage in the county was

dusted two or more times.Anticipating the usual grasshopper infestation the agent secured

a mechanical mixer and poison materials. losses to farmers consistedonq in the loss ot a small lot of alfaJ.ra pasture and approximately 5acres of cotton.

The extension office bas maintained a farm level for use of farmersin lqing out tbeir lands for better irrigation. During the year, 60 farmersused this level in laying out an est.i.ma.ted 3,600 acres of land for betterirrigation. '!his resulted in a saving to these farmers of at least $1,800.00.

The poult17 program. during the year emphasized the purchase of chicks!'rom hatcheries approved by' the National Po'Q.].t17 Improvement Plan.

There is, at the present time � a rising interest in poultry keepingin the countr'.

DairT herd�rovement work continued throughout the year. Thenumber of herds however in the testing program dropped from 8 to 6 in 1946,and totaled cows tested dropped from an average of 307 in 194.5 to 2.51 in1946. It is interesting to note that the highest testing herd in thestate was in Pinal county.

ColllllllD'lity activities covered a wide range of subjects and workduring the year. One of the most important phases was cooperation withthe Pinal. Comty Research Committee in their stuey of water requirements,ot the county and their plan to cooperate with other interested agenciesin a plan designed to bring Colorado River water into central Arizona.

Cooperation was furnished to the county" otfice of the productionand marketing administration in their educational program. Two meetings ofthe CoUJlt7 AgricultUl"al Conservation Committee was attended. Informationwas furnished to dairym:ln relative to the dairY' subsidy program.

Yavapai Connty

Prmcipal work this year in JOOst fields dealt with increasedproduction and working out a program of return to more normal project work.

Projects conducted in Soil and Water Conservation, Id.vestockaDd Horticulture were continued or established. The projects in Soiland .ter Con'servation were new this year and will be continued. '!heliaitation of water supply and available land makes it inperative thatevert etfon be made to reduce the amount of land under irrigation that·is not producing as well as it should.

The project in Horticulture was a continuation of projects carriedoat for six years. It "Will be revised next yea:r to attack vegetableproblems from a different angle. The primary objective of the project,as laid out, bas been accomplished and revision is in order.

The projects in livestock will be retised next year. The objectiveof one ot the projects having been accomplished and the final objectivesof another having become changed due to change in operation will cause a

complete revision of that project.

Our farm and ranch organization work in the county mintained a

fairq constant level with one notable exception, that of the ArizonaIobair Growers. This organization will probably not be active untilso. future date when interest in the formation of local farm organizationsin three coDllltmities was evidenced during 1946 but no definite actionwas taken. Farmers and ranchers in these areas vdll undoubtedly be more

interested as economic pressure increases· and the forma.tion of farmorganizations will probably be accomplished within a year or two.

During t.he past several year s economic information has not been

popularly received by operators. The last half of 1946 indicated thatinterest of this type ot in..tormation is increasing rapidly and populardemand for such information will be much greater in the coming year or two.

Yuma Co�tl

The past·year has been profitable for most Yuma county farmersas high prices of war years continued all crops, and yields were usuallyabove average'. AmoD! the crops in best demand were alfalfa hay and seed,flax, winter and spring vegetables, smaJ.l grains, grain sorghums, oi trus"and dates. Tliere was little change in the livestock teeding Situation"as most beef, feeders continued to be large operators who had fed duringthe war. Pastlll'ing of sheep increased.

In the Emergency Farm labor Program the use of German Prisomrsof war was discontinued as all, German prisoners were repatriated earlyin the year0 The number of Mexican Nationals used ranged from 200 to a

peak of 1000. . An increased number of transient laborers were used where theywere qualified for jobs offered.

Ybrk was continued with both selective and general purpose weedkillers. It 'Was difficult to make general recommendations for the use ofselective weed killers because of the danger of harming crops and thedifficult,. of killing weeds when they beoame too large.

Successful field tests and regular check-ups on lygus in alfalfaresulted in a successful zygus-control program this year. The production

of alfa.l.fa seed increased material17, due in part to this program.

lew insecticides such as DDT, 666, and 10-6-8 were field testedsuccesstu1:q on green worms, and stink bugs, and some control was obtainedwith these _terials on the green bird grasshopper. Green worms were con­

trolled on most alfalfa fields on which a second crop was made with DDT,and this material. was tBed almost exclusively in control of worms on

lettuce.

As a. resvlt of dusting in the Fall of 1945 with arsenicaJ.s on bothlettuce and alfaJ.fa, about 50% of themne;y bees in the agricultural areaswere k1lled. Through the efforts of the County Agent Committees from thevegetable growers' and beekeepers associations, and from alfalfa growers I

iD the Roll-Wellton area �t and worked out a satisfactory agreement withregard to the future use of insecticides. It was agreed that no dust

containing more than 5% arsenicals would be used, and all insecticide dealersserVing the Yuma area were asked to refrain from selling arsenicaJ.s in thisarea.

A demonstt-ation was held on the control of cattle grubs, lice and

flies, utilizing a power sprayer and aPP4ring water soluble DDT and sulphurand rotenone. This was very well attended. Following the demonstration,several. cattle grcwers treated large number of pen fed cattle for the con­

trol ot all three insects.

!he grasshopper control program was lOOre successful. than in mostrears. Plenty of materia1 "as on hand for bait at the start ot the season,� good controls were obtained from the first.

.

Two new varieties of ali"alta, India and African continued to increasein acreage as seed was available. .All the registered seed was planted for1Dclusion on the Arizona Crop Improvement Association. The acreage plantedto Ranger alfalfa· also increased as more seed 'Was made available from theMontana Seed Growers Assooiation.

Several plantings of range grasses were made during the past year,with partial success. The grasses in some cases became established, butwere difficult to harvest· for seed, due to shattering. .In other cases poergermination was obtained, and stands of grass were not established.

As a result ot deficiency Sj1JI1ptons in citrus trees on the Yuma lesaa c1 tns fertilizer test in which phesphate, potassium, minor e1elIJ3nts, andSO-called special ci trus fertilizers will be compared with nitrogen, was

started in the late fall with the coopefation of G. C. Morse. This test willbe continued for several years, and yiel.ds will be kept annuaJ.ly.

In order to determine the effect of Colorado River on the soil fromthe Wellton-Mohawk area, a field test was oonducted in whioh .oi1 from theWellton-lfohawk area was transplanted in six inch profiles to the Yuma. Valley,placed in concrete tanks and. irrigated throughout the spring and surmner

months. Different soil correctives were used in each of three tanks, and

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fourth tank was used as a check. Alfalfa has been planted in the fallto deterJd.ne the effect of the irrigation and soil correctives to date.

ReCODJIJendations made for the past two years were followed thispast suaer on the Pete stathis farm in the North Gila Valley, when thelalld was treated with gypsum, subsoUed and flooded to wash out the saltswhich had accumulated from several years of' production of row crops. TheTield ,of potatoes follovdng this treatnent almost doubled that of a yearprevious.

Ear� in the year the Ac ting Specialist in Irrigation lined.300 feet of sa.ndy farm ditch on the Yuma Mesa with an emulsion of Bitumuls,med �th sand. Al:Ilost a year later this ditch is still in good shape,and looks like a practical, economical method of lining farm. ditches of thist1,pe.

SUIfIAlty Of RESULTS BY PROJECTS

Agricultural Economics

!he Alfalfa Hay Survey was continued in 1946. the supply�ituation being determined on April 1 and December 15. Thi s surveyis indicative of the alfalfa hay situation in Maricopa County over

a period of years.

A$sistance was given the State Supervisor of the.Far.m LaborProgran throughout the year 1946. Training assistance was given inthe first three m.onths and suggestions offered as requested duringthe remainder of the year.

County Eoonomic Surveys were initiated in Graham County.with preliminary work being done in five other counties. These countyeconomic surveys will be used as a basis for county extension plans ofwork. This' information may also be used as basic material for a pub­lication on the agriculture in the county_.

Assembling economic information on Arizona agriculture is a

continuous program requiring contact with the various sources ofintormation pertaining to agriculture in the state.

Miscellaneous activities were numerous. including supe�s10not the preparation of the Production Goals Report for Arizona;assistance in the extension program in Rural Housing; supervision ofthe Civil Retirement Program for -the Extension Service; and assistanceto farmers in their various requests for current information on farming.The economist attended the Annual Eqonomic Outlook Conference atlfashillgton. D. C •• the Western State-s Extension Conference at Gearheart.Oregon; and served on the economic panel at the Tri-State EducationalConterence on Rural Life at Phoenix" Arizona. Numerous talks on agri­culture were given during the year to County Far.m Bureaus". AgriculturalConservation Administration groups. and others. As a member of the

University ot Arizona Radio Committee. assistanoe was given in thepreparation of the radio programs of the University Forum.

Agronomy

During the first half' of December. the agronomy specialistspent several days out of state representing the Arizona Crop ImprovementAssociation at the annual meeting of the International Crop ImprovementAssociation in Chicago. At that meeting" the specialist had a part intinal tor.mulation and approval of certification standards for those

crops which were not oompleted at the 1944 ICIA_ meeting. Now standardsare avai1abl� for certification of practioally all of the major grainand hay er-opa, for several of the minor field crops, and for severalhorticultural crops being produced in the United States.

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Another week in December was used in taking part in theaxmual Extension Conference. In oonnection with that conrerence; one

tall d$1 and a part of a second was devoted to a discussion of alfalfa

problems in Arizona, the program. for "'hich the agronomy specialistdeveloped. Most of the departments in the Experiment Station were

involved in handling the discussion of problems which were presentedby' the various county agents. Much worthwhile information was givenout� but it was apparent that there are still a number of unsolvedalfalfa problems in Arizona. A committee was appointed to summarizethe discussions on alfalfa. It is hoped that as a result of thisExtension Conterence program, much needed new research work withalfalfa can be undertaken in the near future.

The annual meeting program of the Arizona. Crop ImprovementAssociation was developed and held on January 24 at Phoenix. Duringthe daytime a business meeting was held at which time the agronomyspeoialist reported on amounts of seed certified during the previousrear and showed that the financial condition of the association hadcontinued to improve •

. Several research people took part in the afternoon program.wi�h discussions on cotton breeding, pollinating insects in seed,setting and sorghum improvement in Arizona.. while a visiting speaker,lfr. Stovall, told about seed certification in New Mexico. One ofthe Phoenix seedSIllen spoke briefly and well of the attitude of theseed trade to seed certifioation.

The agronany specialist resigned February 15 to become headof the agronaay department of the College of Agriculture.

Animal HusbandryThe Livestock Improvement project took the greatest amount of

time during the period covered by this report. Some of the more

important sub-headings under this project are 1ty'pe improvement, pre­Tention of disease� and pest and insect control. A newer phase ofthis project is c�oss-breeding. There has been a great deal ofinterest and publicity given to cross-breeding Herefords with Brahman,Shorthorn, and Angus. so this subject will have. to be given greaterimportance in next year's program.

Range Improvement is a project that is slow to develop butneeds continuous emphasis. Range operators are showing increasedinterest in their project, but more information is needed especiallyon range re-seeding.

Livestock Feeding used to be included under the livestook

bnprove.ment project� but because of the increased interest in thissubject it has been put into a separate project. The main phases ofthis projeot are permanent pasture studies, efficient feedingpractices, and reeding equipment.

A good deal of field time was given to the 4-H project,especially at County Fairs, Summer Camp, and the state Fair. 4-His one of our best sources of reaching more farm people, both adultsand juniors, and continued emphasi s should be given thi s project.

Work ot U. s. D. A. does not hold the importance that it did

during ,the war, but �ll be continued more on the line of co-ordinatingpur activities with those of other agencies.

Dairying

Arizona dairymen have had 8. very trying year with labor upover 2i times; teed up over 2 times; and returns up only 2 times over

the 1937-1941 averages. Furthermore, labor was very inefficient andin m.a.ny herds. due to indifference, permitted spread of mastitis,oaused a loss in milk production, lowered the value of the dairy cow,and lowered the quality of milk produced. The labor situation did

begin to improve the last half of the year., Now more labor and more

efficient labor is available.

The first half of the year found feed scarce and priees high.However, ,the feed situa.tion has lJ#proved during the last half of the

year.

The supply of milk: was 'below the demand throughout the yearand would have been lower except for subsidy payments during the firsthalf and improved labor and feed conditions during the last half otthe year.

Realizing the ditficulties'sencountered by the dairymen inArizona, the extension dairyman conducted a program. based on efficientproduction to adjust operations to meet the situation follo�ng thewar period.

The first phase of the extension program was herd improvement ..stressing a breeding and management program for better herd replacements.The educational work was carried on through organized groups as follows:

1. The Dairy Herd Improvement Association2. Official T�sting Program3. Cooperative Artificial Breeding Association4. Breed' organizations as follows:

a. Arizona Guernsey Cattle Clubb. Arizona Rolstein-Freisia.n Associationc. Arizona Jersey Cattle Clubd. Arizona Milking Shorthorn Associatione. Arizona Pure-bred Dairy Cattle Association

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The second phase of the extension program was to encourageand provide information on the producti on, utilizatj,_on and storageot reed. With high producing cows not being fed properly� the

dairymen cannot expect efficient production ot milk.

The third phase of the extension program was disease and

parasite.oontrol earded on in cooperation with the State and Federalprograms.

The fourth phase includes developing the dairy layqut withefficient equipment and the producing of a quaUty product. Dairybarn plans and layouts were provided" as well as information on the

production of quality milk.

The fifth phase was the 4-H Dairy Club program conductedto develop further dairymen based on 4-H olub activities.

The sixth and last part of the Extension Dairy Programincludes newsletters through the D.H.I •.1. program artiole,s for news­

papers and magazines, and radio programs. The purpose of this partor the program was to furnish information to dair,y,men and otners to

ke&p them informe'd of new developments in the dairy industry.

Entcmologz

The production of cotton was greatly benefited during 1946

by a better control of injurious cotton insects, especially Lygusand stink: bugs. Over 5,000,000 pounds of both a 5% and 10% DDT­sulphur dust mixture were applied to cotton during the season. Mostot the' dusts were applied by airplanes.

During 1946, the injury of the cotton bollworm was on theincrease and considerable loss was caused. The beet army worm alsocaused losses to young cotton. The weekly cotton insect :treport wasissued during the season as has peen done in the past. The use ofthis report was very interesting and about 135 copies were mailedout each week. Every effort should be m.ade in 1947 to cautioncotton far.mers about using new insecticides that have not had a

thorough test.

The production of alfalfa seed is a million dollar businessin Arizona and the control of the Lygus and stink bugs is very impor­tant. During 1945 a 10% Sabadilla dust gave exoellent results" butin 1946 it was a complete failure. The cause has not been determined.

Applications of a 5% and 10% DDT with an inert carrier gave perfectcontrol of the Lygus bugs and a fair oontrol of the stink bugs.

External parasites of livestock are becoming of greaterimportanoe each year in Arizona. Cattle grub demon�rations withhigh pressure sprayers were given in Yuma, Gra.hem. Apache and Maricopaoounties during 1947. In Apache and Navajo counties several ranchersused dipping vats and small herds were hand treated. In addition tocattle grubs wel'find many ranchers dipping and spraying for the controlof cattle lice. In most caee s a rotenone-sulphur spray was used;however. in a tew. instanoes a 5% wettable DDT was used.

Several demonstrations on the oontrol of flies with a 5%wettable DDT spray were given in Navajo and Apache counties during1946. In several instances the cattle were free of horn flies for49 days. !his work was done in cooperation with the extension specialistin animal husbandry and the county agent. More tests to get weights oflivestock will be conducted·in 1947. About 150,000 head of cattle.da.iry and range , were treated during 1946 for grubs, lice, flies andSCraWll'ONS. It is interesting to note that many ranchers are purchasingpower sprayers or building vats to help combat these external parasites.

The interest in household inseots continues to be of importanoein all parts of the state. A series of 6 demonstrations were held in

Maricopa County with hOllle demonstration agent, Mrs. Pace. The meetingswere well attended and. it is believed that they were welcomed. Severalradio talks were given on this subject in Maricopa# Pima and Yumacounties.

In the vegetable inseot work, many growers used DDT with fairto excellent results. Very little arsenic was used, howev$r� Cryolitedust was used with good results. It was interesting to note theterrible disease of white potatoes that was appearing in supposedlycertified seed. Apbid populations were not too bad during 1946, andit was nice since nicotine dust was very short. Cantaloupe and othermelons were infested with cucumber- beetles; however" these were easilycontrolled by Cryolite and arsenical dusts. Thrips oaused severe

injury" in many instanoes" but were controlled. by a 5% DDT dust. Manyfields of cantaloupes were destroyed by a mosaic, while many fieldsot watermelons in th� Yuma area were destroyed by wilt. A new diseaseof celery has appeared and needs same research•.

DeoiduOC1S fruit tree inseots continue to be a problem. The

thhip on apples, peaches and plums in same parts of the state cause

serious losses. They feed on the unopened bud and never let theflowers open. Ni�otine-sugar sprays looked very promising. DDT alsohas its merits. More work will be d.one in 1947. The codling mothoontinues to be the number one enemy. We find some farmers usinglead arsenate straight through with very poor results.

The 4-H e lub activitie s were broadened during1947. E�tomology was stressed in the 4-H club sta:ge campduring the summer. Many boys and girIs were intere sted ininsect collecting. Insect clubs were started in Maricopa.Pima and Cochise counties.

�he Grasshopper Control Program. in Arizona isheaded by the extension entomologist. The program was

Tert active during 1946 and 1�600 tons of dry grasshopperbait was used by 788 individual farmers and ranchers on

220�OOO acres of crop� pasture. and range lands. The

greatest portion of the bait was spread in Maricopa Countywhere grasshoppers cause serious losses to alfalfa cut for

bay as well aa for seed. It is very evident from resultsof control methods that more research is needed, especiallyfor swnmer control. Grasshoppers �re causing severalmillions of dollars loss each year and better control measuresmust be worked out. The egg survey by State Superior�A. E. Frazier ot the Grasshopper Control Division indicatesa serious infestation in Maricopa County during 1947.

Hortioulture

Home vegetable gardening received major emphasisduring the early part of the year. As the season progressedinterest in vegetable gardening began to want and the

gardeners beoame more interested in beautifying the home

grounds instead of growing vegetable crops. For thisreason there was a decrease again in the llUlD.ber of gardensduring 1946. Interest was maintained due to the high costof fresh vegetables and the experience gained in gardeningduring the war period.

The result demonstration on the control ofWestern Yellows was conducted in Yavapai County. Sevenvarieties of tomatoes were used during the season. Anumber of plants ·in each variety were covered with tentcovers. Of the 60 plants covered, only one was lost dueto 'Western Yellows. Thi s being the sixth year this workhas been carried on� we believe the demonstration to beconclusive and this work on tomatoes will not be carriedon through the next season, but disease control work ofa different nature will be undertaken.

Pota.to variety demonstrations were conductedin Coconino County using 6 varieties of potatoes grownc�eroially and 24 seedling samples from the Potato

Experiment Station in Colorado. The Pontiac. BlissTriumph, and Katahdin were highest in yield per acre

and quality. The Teton which is resistant to. bacterialring ret was given. a trial planting and it yields verywe1l under dry land conddtions in Arizena. In Pima,Coohise, Maricopa, and Graham counties, the Wando �aand Slobolt lettuce were tried. Beth of these cr-opsare good ter home gardena, Variety trials of the Imperialstrains ef lettuce in Cechise County showed that Imperial44 and 615 were the best varieties fer later'summerplanting. Reports on the productien ef vegetable cropsfer the State Hospital and State Prison Farms were werkedout by the specialist and county agents.

Fruit tree pruning demonstrations were held in

Maricopa. Graham, Cochise, and Gila counties. At eachdemonstratieD orchard sanitation and insect control workwas discussed and demonstrated. In Cochise, Graham, and

Apache counties demonstrations for the contrel of chlorosison deciduous fruits by using iron sulphate were carried on.

In Maricopa and Yuma counties the specialist werked in close

cooperatien with members of Herticultural Department on.

fertilizer recommendations en citrus crops; also" followed

closely the cover crop work being carried on in citrus

groves on the Station Farm. In Maricopa County a seriouschlorotic condition on citrus trees is showing up in severalareas. Work on this problem is being undertaken by theHorticulture and. Soils Departments at the University. Mineroutbreaks of insect pests and plant diseases on deciduousfruit crops were noted in several different counties of thestate. These problems were brought to the attention of thePlant Pathology Department for a recommendation for control.

In Greenlee County the specialist with the county agentand home demon-stration agent set up a five-year home beautific­ation projeot in the Dunc� Valley. Meetings and landscapingdemonstrations were held in five oounties of the Duncan area.

Follow-up work will be conducted each year. Work was done with4-H garden clubs in �a, Marioopa� Ceoenino, Navajo, and Apacheoounties. Outlines for two garden demonstrations were preparedfor club leaders.

An effective spray program for the centrol of anthracnosehas been worked out for cane fruits in the Oak Creek Canyon area.

The disease was very serious in three plantings but by using4-4-5Q Bordeauz spray the disease can be controlled, if noteradicated. There has been much interest in strawberry plantingsfor the home garden in all areas of the state. A small de.monstra­tion planting of cane fruits was made in Cochise county incooperation with a farmer in the Gardner Canyon area.

Irrigation

Unusual lcnv run-ott during the spring months ot 1946 resultedin a low supply ot water in the reservoirs of' the Salt River Systemand a completely dry reservoir on the Gila River. The speoialistdontinued work stressing better land preparation� effioient use ofwater� and mproved irrigation structures. This is important as

efficient use of water means better production of crops•. One farmerin Pinal county releveled forty acres of land at a cost of $90.00per acr�J and.as a result� increased yield was 6� over the previousyear. To acquaint the farmers of the state with some of the problemsin saving irrigation water� the specialist wrote a series of news storieswhich appeared in the Arizona Farmer', entitled �Waste No Water". !hisseries explained tive different ways in which water can be lost in

irrigating crops. Each particular loss was discussed, explained, andmethods pointed out to the tarmers in preventing these losses.

To determine the different rates of water penetration on soilt.ypes and soil conditions. field tests were made in one county by an

assistant county agent and l"l..r. Karl Harris of the Bureau of Plant

Indust17. Results of comparing notes of penetration between winterand summer bave shown· that possibly the difference could be related tothe fact that evaporation losses during the summer months were removingmore water fram the surface of the fields than was previously thought.

During the year, the specialist discussed with farm machinerydealers the situation in regard to the farm machinery outlook in 1946.MOst of the dealers and district representatives of farm maChinerymanufacturers pointed out that with many strikes and other delays,farmers could not expect muoh :farm maohinery until later in the falland possibly not until 1947. In view of this, the importance of properJDaintenance of farm maohiner.y was stressed by the specialist throughcontacts and radio talks.

Water level measurements were made in the Sulphur Springs Valleyon wells which had been previously measured � Mr. Steenbergen in1938 and 1939. Comparing the measurements made in 1939 with those in1946 shows a residual lowering of two to four feet in the Willcox Areaand three to five feet in the White Water Area. These measurementswill be continued as long as there is interest by farmers in the valleyregarding the rate of lowe�ing of the ground water level and the limitof undergroand water reservoirs. 7he specialist prepared a digest ofthe Ground Water Act of 1945 for use of the count,y agents to acquaintfarmers and ranchers with the registry of wells. intention to drill.and well dri11e.rs' reports.

To acquaint far.m families with some of the problems of selectinga home freezer. the speoia1ist conducted several meetings in one county,presented slides and recommendations on the subjeoto Information on

the differenoe in the cost per cubic foot of storage capacity between a

locker rented from a looker plant, a home freezer, and a combinationrefrigerator and freezer was pointed out. Considering the amount ot foodneeded per person per year for an adequate diet, it was apparent that thelocker was the cheapest in the long run. However, the convenience of a

home freezer could not be overlooked where the farm family was consider­able distance from a locker plant.

PoultryThe poultr,y production in Arizona decreased during the past year.

Produotion was down to such an extent that the demand exceeded suppliesthroughout the year. P.O.A. ceilings and increased teed cost, _with a

feed shortage and of poor quali�, caused this decreased production.Poultry.men selling direct to cODsumer made a good profito

The Poultry lmprovement Program was reorganized by creating theArbona Poultry Improvement Board as the official state agency toadminister the National Poultry Improvement Plan. Greater participa­tion occurred during the year, and tor the year 1946-47 inoreased

participation is expected. R.O.P. breeding program was started withone breeder having 489 candidates for R. O. P•• as a part of the ArizonaPoult17 Improvement Program.

With the demand greater than the production, no difficultiesoocurred in the marketing of poultry, meats, and eggs. However,quality has been stressed as a means of safeguarding future markets.� state egg inspeotor reported 85% of the eggs going through whole­sale dealers were shipped in.

�e turkey production decreased during the ,..�. No diffioulties"ere encountered in marketing. Maple Crest and the Tuc son Hatchery shipa considerable amount of turke7 hatching eggs out of the state. This_s the first year for this enterprise. The Tucson Processing and

Storage Plant, Inc., got under way in the processing of turkey thefirst "eek in December.

Efficient production, based on the securing of quality chicks,proper feeding and management, disease control, and the production ot

quali� products were the main phases of the Poultr,y Extension programtor the year.

Rural Sociology

�e program on-fire prevention followed much the same patternas last year. The Extension Service cooperated in National Clean-Upand Fire Prevention Weeks, sending out the literature received withsuggestions as to the best possible use� 'Radio talks, letters and

newspaper articles were sent out to county agents. Over 5,000 copiesot a fire folder, II The Stove story" were sent out.

Exploding oil and gas stoves are one of the major causes ofresidence tires. This could be due to faul� construction of thefailure of the human factor. An inquiry sent to manufacturers broughtthe assurance that the best engineering skill is employed and productstested by a responsible agency. The failure of the human factor appearslargely responsible.

Cooperation in the accident prevention program followed thesalaa pattern as in fire prevention. Circular letters summarizingstories ot accidents 1311 unusual stories, were sent out to the countyextension agents.

Literature senf out by the Department of state, the RelierAgencies and the Division of Program S\udy and Discussion, was distributedtor llse by discussion groups, as well as some prepared by the specialist.

Community surveys were made in Pima, Navajo and Apache counties.Another labor study was carried on in Pinal county. Surveys were

planned tor Yuma and Yavapai counties, but time was not sufficient tocarr,y them forward. �ey will be done in 1947-

Following the Arlington survey in Maricopa county, a programfor }i)me Economics Extension was developed and a Homemakers Councilorganized. The program provided an opportunity tor the count,y agentto do work on increased alfalfa seed production and grasshopper control.

4-H Club Work

Enrollment by projects in 1946 totalled 3,290, compared witlt),438 in 1945. Completions by projects in 1946 were 2,555, compared with2,626 in 1945, a slight decrease. HOwever, there were 2,16, differentindivi"als completing their projects, or a percentage completion of

.

80 per cent as compared with 77 per cent in 1945. lhe average ageot club members was 12.24 years, the same as a year earlier.

4-H club county-wide fairs were held in HaricGpa, Pima, Graham,�, Pinal, and Navajo counties during the past year. 1944-1945 saw

only three county 4-H fairs - namely, Maricopa, Pima, and Graham counties.The 4-H section at the State Fair was continued this year for the firsttime since 1941. State-wide exhibits of livestock and home economics

projects were held. In addition, state-wide livestock and poultryjudging contests were conducted at the State Fair•. ShowmanShip in beef,dairy, and swine for 4-H club members was a part of the State Fair.

A state-wide 4-H club camp was held at Camp Geronimo under-: the�nto Rim in Gila eount.y fram July 10 through 19, with 83 club members

attending as representatives from l1aricopa� Pima, Pinal, Yuma, Graham,and Greenlee counties. Plans were oompleted for a renewal of the4-H Roundup� to be held at the University of Arizona on September 3-6.After all arrangements had been made by both the counties and the stateottice, it was necessary to cancel this event, upon advice of the statehealth authorities, because of the polio scare at that time.

A state-wide 4-H beef judging contest was held in connection withthe !a.son Livestock Show. A delegation of Arizona state 4-H contest

champions to the Club Congress in Chicago consisted of nine club membersand two escorts. National scholarships were won by the Clothingachievement ehampion and the Visual Aids contestant from Arizona.

T.he number of articles on 4-H olub work to newspapers and

magazines has increased this year. The number of radio programs, bothstate and county, dealing with 4-H has given more complete coverage of4-H events than ever in the past.

lew bulletins for 4-H have been completed in swine and 4-Hdemonstrations. There is continued need for new 4-H publications in

dairying. poultry, beef, and, gardening. Complete revision of 4-H clubr&Oords for m.embers has been made, and the new record forms are expectedfrom the printers momentarily. 4-H moving pictures have been taken atthe State 4-H Oamp, and at the state-wide beef judging contest.

-fr

Home ne.onstration Work

Homs demonstration work was donduoted in 12 of the 14 oountiesof Arizona. 1hree counties - Yavapai, Gila and Coconino - oarried onlythe 4-R club program through assistanoe from the state office.

It is a rare issue of the Arizona Farmer. state far.m pub1ioation.that does not carry a story of homemakers' activity. These stories havebeen soouted b.Y its able farm women's editor, Maude Longwell, or are

sent in by' a club reporter, farm women :themselves. or the home demonstra­tion agents or state office. The women's editor is a welcome visitorto the tarm homes ot Arizona, at all meetings, and at statewide events.

7he homa demonstration agents have maintained their newspaperspace through 1946, writing weekly for local papers. (News articles or

stories published - 1946, 552; 1945, 536.) Pima county press books,outstanding for many years, have been loaned to other counties and

caretully studied. '!'he Pima county home demonstration agent has pre­pared a 3 page mimeographed circular for club reporters, entitled"Helpful Hints for Publicity".

Radio continues to be used, in general to a minor degree, in,furthering the home demonstration program.. One agent (Pima) maintainsa weekly broadcast and delivered over half the radio talks given.Other counties, honever. still use the radio at irregular intervals.In at least three other counties it could be developed on a regularschedule, (Maricopa, Graham, Yuma). In other counties distance to a

microphone makes its weekly use questionable (Pinal, Cochise, Navajo).Eighty four radio talks were prepared by the home demonstration agentsin 1946, equaling the 1945 report. The state staff participated intwelve.

After a lapse of 4 years, the Count� Life Conference of RuralWomen was revived. It was scheduled June 4-7, on the campus of the

University at 1b.cson. The theme was "Today's Home Builds Tomorrow'sWorld." It was front page news in the Arizona Farmer and carried a

tine women's page spread in the Phoenix Republic. Approximately 170wamen attended the Conference from 30 commbnities in seven counties.�irt.y tour members of the University staff and others in the communityparticipated. To many women it was the first vacation in five years.

National Hams Demonstration Week was observed to a limited degree.�e county staffs were infor.med of the purpose and dates of the program,and were rur.nished with supplemental material. Cuts of the symboldevelopment for the week were praviaed .he county offices for their

weekly newspaper columns.

When planning the Rural Homamakers' Exhibit at the State Fair,the tar.m women requested a publication for distribution to the public,illustrating the role of the home demonstration agent and telling how tobecome a member of a homemakers' organization. Patterned on the excellent

buU;(t.tiB published by New Jersey, a small folder, "Heet Your HomeDeaonstratioD Agentft, was lithographed. In addition to its distributionat the State Fair, it has been sent with U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub. No. 602,April 1946. "The Rome Demonstration Agent", to all high school libraries.It acoompanied. the Deoember newsletter of most of the home demonstration

agents and thu,s reached the regular county mailing list. It is hopedthat it will clarify the program for many people. The initial run ot

;,000 copies has been exhausted.

Home Economics

Work simplification received major emphasis in home managementfields, with Kitehe,n Conferences one of its phases, equally importantbut not as extensively done. Other projects were Food and ClothingManagement; Care ot Equipment; Consumer Education, including participationin the national "Consumer Speaks" program; Pest Control; Home Aooounting,and Work Sim.plit�eation tor 4-H members. There were 49 oommunities in

eight counties reached by agents offering some phase of home management.A total of 3,157 families were assisted.

Of the 3,157 families reached in the total home managementprogram, 462 were assisted by solutions to some type of storage problems.Eight hundred and twenty five reported the USe of better housekeepingmethods; 49 accepted assistance with laundry problems, 300 adopted pestcontrol methods and devices; 108 did some work with home accounting;26 were interested in planned spending" while agents mentioned 598persons who had done some work in time management. Buymanship, in one

torm or another reached 254 families, and 535 reported use of economicinformation.

Housing and Home Furnishing were features of work in 23 communitiesin five counties, where agents report 19 new dwelling, 46 remodeled.One hundred and thirteen rearranged rooms other than the kitohen. Screen­

ing homes was reported as an activity by 286 families. Inside of thehouse, 177 repaired and renovated furniture in 4 counties, and 128selected household furnishings. In two counties, six communities stenci1�dhousehold fabrics at group meetings.

HOme beautification received emphasis in two counties in a

planned project. A total of 385 families were reported as assisted

� all of the agents in some type of beautification of homes or grounds,with 234 reporting for the counties where the agent and extensionhorticulturist had developed the joint projecto

Nutrition

Freezing as a means of food preservation has grown as isindicated b,y a 70% increase in the number of freezer locker plantsoperating in the state this year. The home demonstration agents,through continued training and experienoe, have kept ahead of this

development and have helped lead the way to better frozen foods. More

iatensive training of the entire staff in freezing is a need to be takenoar,e of in the next year.

Pressu're Canner Clinos were held in seven counties. The gaugesand safe� valves of 499 oanners were tested at 39 clinics. Replaoementswere reoommended on 10% of the gauges tested. Forty per oent of the

gauges had never been tested before. The value of these olinic s from a

safety standpoint alone is brought home evecy time a safety valv.e hasto be pried loose.

Canning oontinued to hold the lead in food preservation in thestate. �ere were a great many complaints this year on faulty jar lids.It is hoped that something can be done to eliminate all the old stockof lids trom the warehouses. There was such an abundance of fruit insome counties this year that. the county oftices were swamped with requeststor 1Df'ormation on canning with little or no sugar or with sugar. substitutes.

Men as well as women wanted to know more about the pressuresaucepans on the market. This resulted in 16 meetings with a total'attendance of 313. It is surprising to find how many people do not readdirections which oome with the equipment which they purchase.

As a follow-up of meetings held on preparing foods for freezing,meetings were held on cooking frozen foods. Leaders have thus farreached a total ot 83 homemakers with this information. The folder on

page 29 helped the leaders in their presentation.

Subjects of interest to every homemaker have been those dealingwith better use of available foods. Some counties put a great deal ofemphasis on use of' the emergency flour in making cake s and breads,others in substitution of potatoes for bread" sugar substitutes, meat

stretchers, and recipes without fat.

HOme demonstration agents in five counties have taken a veryactive part in promoting the X-ray clinics for tuberculosis beingconduoted by the State Department of Public Health. 1bey have alsobeen aotive in promoting cancer educational programs in their counties.

In communities of the state where the water contains levels offluorine high enough to cause mottled tooth enamel, an educationalprogram. has been carri'ed out. As a result" two communities and manyindividuals have taken action to remedy this condition.

A total of 15 sehool lunch programs were assisted in problemsot organization, tood management, and selection" construction" and plaoingot equipment.

Every effort bas been made to continue to help get fat from thehomemakers to the renderers through the usual store channels. Thosewho did their part during the war have continued pretty well as theydid then.

ClothiDglbmemakers oontinue to find it difficult to clothe their families

with low-medium-priced, good-quality clothing. The clothing problemsstill are those of making all cloth1Dg last as long as possible, per­forming more services in the home, and buying only what is necessary.As a means toward helping with the solution ot these problems the

clothing specialistJ homs demonstration agents, and looal leaders haveused demonstrations, work meetings" rad.io talks" news items, ciroulars,letters, home visits, and exhibits to relay intormation on care ot

clothing and equipment, storing clothing, remodeling" oonstructi�,:and buying.

!.

To save time and energy in performing clothing tasks in thehome. work simplification has been an underlying theme ot m�st of theclothing work done as well as a subject for special demonstrations.

To date.the economic phase ot the clothing project has held themost prominent place in the clothing program. This included work on

storage 0,£ olothing, work simplifioation, and refreshing the wardrobe.�elve field days were required to hold two home demonstration agenttraining meetings and two leaders' training meetings, to establish fourresult demonstratio'ns and to plan-work in home demonstration conferences.Homs demonstration agents have beld 22 method demonstrations. Ofticework oonsisted ot preparing two leaders' guides, illustrative material,and in planning work.

Subjeots included in the work on construction ot clothing were

tailoring, making and using basic patterns, and construction techniques.Eight field days were required to give one home demonstration agenttraining meeting on construction techniques, one leaders' trainingmeeting on tailoring, two lead,era' training meetings on making and

using basic patterns, and conference with home demonstration agents to

plan count,y work.