ANNUAL REPORT 2012 | 1discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk/.../annualreport2012.pdf4 | DISCOVERY CENTER OF...

ANNUAL REPORT 2012 | 1

2 | DISCOVERY CENTER OF EXCELLENCE ANNUAL REPORT 2012 | 1

Welcome by Peter Hansen 2

Exploring the Universe 4

Discovery People 24

Scientific Associates 26

Discovery Advisory Board 26

Discovery Visitors 26

Discovery Seminars, Workshops and Courses 27

Higgs spread 28

Discovery Publications 30

Discovery Financing 43

External Grants 43

TABLE OF CONTENTS


to observe the decay of the new particle into a pair of what are known as tau-leptons. The Discovery Cen-ter has a leadership role in the study of such tau-lep-tons within the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC), where one of our scientists is the convener of the dedicated tau working group.While the discovery of the Higgs Boson caught the public’s imagination and brought attention to our centre, the unseen work carried out behind the scenes is just as important as the headline-grabbing analyses. After three years, the centre has reached a size and strength that far surpasses our original expectations when we began in 2010. Discovery Center scien-tists are now working on the very latest data from the Planck satellite, analysing heavy ion collision data from CERN at ground-breaking energy densities, and determining new limits and bounds on theo-ries that extend beyond the Standard Model. One feature that is common to all of these topics is the participation of the theory group, which is now fully-integrated into the centre and interacts with all of the other research areas.

The theory group also has a research programme of its own, and has in the past year made significant prog-ress towards a formalism for what are known as two-loop perturbative calculations. These calculations will provide greatly improved theoretical predictions for many of the important underlying processes that occur at the LHC. Such predictions are vital to the proper understanding of the LHC data.

A particularly striking example of the synergy that has emerged at the Discovery Center is a new formal-ism for analysing high particle-multiplicity heavy-ion collisions using highly optimised statistical tools tak-en from analyses of cosmological data. Although the first paper using such techniques was published dur-ing 2012, the expertise necessary to perform such an analysis currently only exists at the Discovery Center. The next step for this analysis will therefore be to publish a set of software tools that will allow others to more easily use our new techniques.

There have been many other very impressive original developments at the centre, but rather than attempt-ing to review them all here, I invite you to read about them yourself in the rest of this report. In doing so you will encounter topics at the cutting edge of scientific endeavour, topics in which the excitement and enthusiasm of the centre’s scientists is clear. You should also gain a small taste of our daily lives at the centre; we are very privileged to have the opportunity to carry out the research that we love, and we are al-ways very happy to share it with you.

January 2013 Peter H. HansenDirector of the Discovery Center

WE FOUND THE HIGGS!

Just two and a half years into the Discovery Center a remarkable breakthrough has already been made. On the fourth of July 2012, Discovery Center scientists participating in the ATLAS experiment were able to announce the discovery of a new fundamental par-ticle, the first such discovery for over seventeen years. This particle has all of the characteristics of the long-sought Higgs Boson, which had eluded discovery for more than four decades. The Discovery Center was a hive of activity on the day of the announcement as TV crews, journalists and national radio presenters hurried around seeking interviews and opinion while constantly searching for the twenty second comment that could provide the sound-bite for the day.

The observation of a Higgs boson would confirm the existence of the Higgs mechanism, which gives a mass to some or all of the (currently) known funda-mental particles. While the discovery of a Higgs-like particle was consequently one of the most celebrated events in the history of physics, the work of the Dis-covery Center covers a much wider range of topics than finding the Higgs Boson.

We have already made great progress towards the de-termination of the spin and parity of this new par-ticle, both of which will be crucially important in the final confirmation of the discovery of a Higgs Boson. We are also working full time on an analysis aiming


ficial Planck data on the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground which will be released in 2013. Much work has been done in preparation for this release which will be able to shed light on long-standing questions and fundamental issues in cosmology.

PLANCk AND PARITYIn 2012, we have focused on subjects, which will be highly interesting to investigate with the coming Planck data. These include parity asymmetry of the Cosmic Microwave Background (that there might be a preferred direction in the Universe), foreground contamination from the galaxy or solar system which obscure the signal we are interested in, a new method for reconstruction of incomplete maps of the sky, and of course participation in official Planck research.

A full understanding of foreground contamination is crucial for obtaining a clean picture of the primordial signal—and thus all research connected to the Planck data. The Discovery team is investigating multiple possible foregrounds, some of which could also be linked to the parity asymmetry.

The cross disciplinary project on the application of cosmological methods and tools to heavy ion colli-sions data was finalized in 2012 with a publication in Phys.Rev.C. and a master thesis on the subject.

Galactic Loops and correlation map - possible foregrounds

Planck meeting in Copenhagen

At the Discovery Center we are addressing some of the most fundamental questions about the Universe: from the grandest to the smallest scales, from billions of years to fractions of a second. We cover physics from the inflationary era at the beginning of time, the creation of particles, baryogenesis and the mys-terious absence of anti-matter, the state of Quark Gluon Plasma in the hot infancy of the Universe, to the imprint of the birth of the Universe into the last scattering surface—observed today as the Cosmic

Microwave Background. We study the first and the last of these using cosmological investigations, while the other subjects are explored through experimental and theoretical sub-atomic physics.

In order to investigate the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground, we must observe it. To this end the Discov-ery Center is involved in the on-going Planck mis-sion. 2012 has been a year during which cosmologists from all over the world have eagerly awaited the of-

EXPLORING THE UNIVERSE

Planck satellite


have found a dark matter signature will have to wait for the release of the Planck Cosmic Microwave Back-ground temperature and polarisation data, which is expected to spread more light on the subject.

During the year the Discovery collaborator Subir Sarkar has joined the center, adding an interest-ing link between cosmology and high energy par-ticle physics. His involvement in neutrino physics (through the IceCube experiment) also opens up for more research into “beyond standard model” physics.

ThE mIRACLE OF mATTERThe great questions of physics are simple. One such question is “Where did matter come from?” The world around us is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons—but we have known for more than 80 years that anti-protons, anti-neutrons and anti-electrons exist. This initiates the question why there are so many particles, but very few anti-particles. As-tronomers have searched the cosmos for galaxies or galactic clusters made of antiparticles, with no suc-cess. We conclude that for some reason more par-

Coffee and discussions in the lounge

The research at Discovery Center into the parity properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background is of such importance that it is now part of an of-ficial working group within the Planck experiment—”Fundamental physics with Planck”—with Discov-ery scientist Pavel Naselsky as coordinator. In light of this, an official meeting of Planck scientists, “Fun-damental Physics with Planck”, was held at the Dis-covery Center in June.

In 2012 Planck found a peculiar signature in the gal-axy named the “Planck Haze”. Although this Haze is known to be synchrotron radiation from the region around the galactic centre, it has very different charac-teristics to other known sources of synchrotron emis-sion. Many possible explanations have been suggested, but none have been confirmed yet. One of the most interesting explanations is connected to dark matter. Dark matter annihilations are predicted to produce radiation of this nature within the galactic centre. However, the answer to the question of whether we

Planck haze


ementary particles were closer together than they are today inside nuclei. Understanding in full the prop-erties of the QGP has many very interesting research perspectives. To produce a QGP on Earth we collide heavy nuclei at relativistic speeds.

In the last months of 2010 and 2011, the LHC col-lided lead-ions at energies more than ten times higher than any previous accelerator. A wealth of new results has already emerged from analysing these collisions. A test with proton-lead collisions in the autumn of

2012 has also already yielded exciting new results. With more proton-lead collision data coming in the first months of 2013, the LHC is sure to uncover new knowledge about the early universe.

The Copenhagen contribution to the ALICE experi-ment is the Forward Multiplicity Detector, which provides a unique angular coverage that none of the other LHC experiments can match. Using this detec-tor we have measured some of the basic properties of lead-lead collisions, such as the number of pro-

One of the first proton-lead collisions at the LhC, as observed by ALICE.

ticles than anti-particles were produced in the early Universe, but we do not know why. This problem is known as baryogenesis, and although physicists have conceived of several possible solutions, none have been confirmed.

The Discovery Center is an ideal place to work on the conundrum of baryogenesis., and we aim to confront theories with data from the LHC. Indeed, already this year, we organised a conference on baryogenesis, which brought 30 experts on the theory of baryo-

genesis to the Center. The program was intense, with 23 talks over 2-3 days. We are now in the process of analysing LHC data in order to compare it to models of baryogenesis.

CREATING A qUARk-GLUON PLASmAAnother striking era is that of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). About 1 microsecond after the Big Bang, the entire Universe was small enough to fit between the Earth and the Sun today. With all the matter in the Universe compressed into such a small space, the el-


duced particles (the multiplicity) and azimuthal cor-relations among these particles, known as azimuthal anisotropic flow. These measurements were presented at the Quark Matter 2012 conference.

The multiplicity measurement tells us about the en-ergy density in the collisions. A conservative estimate is that it exceeds 16 GeV/fm3, which is much higher than predictions from lattice QCD. The anisotropic flow results can be described in terms of a model based on hydrodynamics which allows us to put lim-its on the viscosity-entropy of the matter. Measure-ments thus far put the viscosity-entropy very close to zero, making the QGP one of the most perfect

liquids ever studied. Furthermore, by looking at these observables in the rest frame of one of the colliding nuclei, we found an agreement with previous experi-ments at collision energies down to 1/100th that of the LHC. This effect is known as limiting fragmen-tation, and can be explained by assuming that the reaction partners are highly transparent and particle productions occurs due to the colourfields between the interacting partons.

A major subject of heavy-ion analysis is the study of particle correlations. At the Discovery Center, new techniques utilising multi-particle correlations have provided us with more than 100 new observables.

We are juggling enormous datasets on a daily basis.


At heavy-ion experiments it is important to also col-lide a relatively small particle, like a proton, with the heavy nuclei. This allows us to disentangle effects present in binary collisions from the collective effects that we attribute to the QGP. From a small proton-lead test in 2012 during which only 2 million colli-sions were recorded, ALICE and ATLAS have already been able to find signs of azimuthal anisotropic flow by performing an analysis of correlations. This has not previously been observed in such a small system, and work is currently ongoing to understand the na-

ture of this effect. Millions of proton-lead events will be recorded at the beginning of 2013.

The results from studying heavy-ion collisions not only tell us about the QGP state of the Universe, but also give us fundamental new knowledge about the strong force at very small distances, helping us better understand an important part of the Standard Mod-el. At the high energies available at the LHC we are even able to observe heavy particles such as the Z and W bosons, which are associated with the weak force.

These new observables allow us to place much bet-ter limits on models of the early period of nuclear collisions. As such this is an important step in under-standing the details of the physics governing the time immediately after the collision.

DISCOVERING NEW PhENOmENAThe heavy ion collisions at the LHC have also brought us entirely new observations,.One such observation is the jet quenching reported by ATLAS. A jet is a spray

of highly correlated particles, and due to momentum conservation, a jet in one direction is usually accom-panied by a jet in the opposite direction. However, at the LHC, ATLAS observed collisions with just one jet, with the remnants of a jet on the opposite side of the detector. This is known as jet quenching, and the physical interpretation is that the energy of one of the jets is absorbed by the QGP as it traverses the matter created in the collision.

Jet quenching, first observed by ATLAS at the LhC. One jet is clearly visible, while the other is smeared out in the opposite direction, as a result of the energy being absorbed by the hot matter created in the collision.


Smat LhC meeting in Copenhagen in April, hosted by the Center.

FROm ThE STRONG TO ThE WEAk FORCEDespite knowing the underlying theory of the strong and other forces, the experimental consequences are nevertheless not easily extracted. The challenge lies in taking into account the infinite series of quantum corrections. The link between theory and experiment is provided by scattering amplitudes, which describe the relative probabilities of different possible experi-mental outcomes. These amplitudes are therefore of crucial importance for the LHC. For example, at the LHC the amplitude for producing low mass particles such as pions, protons and neutrons is much larger than the amplitude for making Higgs bosons; this is one of the reasons why it is so hard to find the Higgs.

A major theme of interest in theoretical research on scattering amplitudes is that these amplitude calcu-lations are much simpler than had previously been thought. This simplicity leads to an important con-sequence for physics at the LHC—the amplitudes can be calculated with a higher precision than we had hoped. Therefore we are able to make more precise predictions for LHC physics processes, allowing us to find more subtle signs of hidden new physics. On the theme of simplicity in scattering amplitude, Discov-ery Center members showed this year how a simple mathematical object, namely a group of symmetries, is linked to the computation of a class of amplitudes.


LOOkING INTO ThE FUTUREThe Center is thriving in a new era in which phys-ics is once again dominated by experimental data. However, we also have an eye on the future. We are playing a role in shaping the future of experiments at CERN. One proposal for the future is the Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC). The idea of the LHeC is to add to the LHC’s physics capabilities by

building a new apparatus, which will allow us to col-lide accelerated protons and nuclei with electrons. The LHeC will complement and extend the LHC physics program. Key physics results will include a more detailed understanding of the Higgs boson as well as unprecedented new information on the struc-ture of the proton (the so-called parton distribution functions or PDFs.) Because the LHC collides pro-

We are also proud to report on a real technological breakthrough for performing precision computations of LHC processes. Namely, we described a simple new algorithmic method for computing subtle cor-rections to scattering amplitudes, which we believe will become important in the future of the LHC pro-gram.

The structure of the proton is a result of the strong force, and is described very accurately by structure functions. A speciality at the Discovery Center is the measurement of structure functions in heavy nuclei which differ from those in protons due to interac-tions between the nucleons. This is an ongoing col-laboration between theorists and ALICE scientists, as well as involvement from ATLAS.

LEGO model of the ATLAS detector, designed by Discovery Center postdoc Sascha mehlhase.


tons, it is of crucial importance for us to understand PDFs. The centre has considerable expertise in this area, and has been contributing throughout the year, not only on the LHC, but also on the first steps to-wards the LHeC.

A good understanding of the strong force is vital to the ATLAS research programme, including the search for new physics. Searches and precision meas-urements related to the weak force (including the the discovery of the Higgs particle—see middle pages) require good knowledge of the overwhelming back-grounds that arise from the strong force. The Dis-

covery Center has been leading the measurement of Triple Gauge Couplings from very rare events, which could potentially lead to discoveries of new phenom-ena that would otherwise be very hard to uncover. At the same time, the weak force carrying particles, the W and Z, are fantastic tools for studying the strong force.

BEYOND ThE STANDARD mODELWhile the discovery of the Higgs completes the Standard Model, there remain several questions that cannot be answered within the framework of that model. Notable among these are an explanation for


DISCOVERY YOUNGSTERSStudents are a key asset for the centre. During 2012 several events were arranged by students for students, and with the full support of the centre. Three Dis-covery Youngster Symposia have been held for master and PhD students. During these Symposia, partici-pating students gave short 15 to 20 minutes talks on a topic of their choice; the topic was usually related

to their thesis or current work. The setting for these talks was informal, and they were delivered in such a way that students from other areas of physics could understand.

Events such as these have given students an unique opportunity to improve their presentational skills

All the youngsters of the Discovery Center.

the observed tiny neutrino masses as well the origin and nature of the dark matter and dark energy ob-served today in the Universe. Despite the similar names, these latter two of these concepts are quite separate, and searches are being performed in data taken by the ATLAS experiment for possible dark matter candidate particles. These searches may also reveal further fundamental symmetries in the known laws of nature or, failing that, perform the equally important function of eliminating the possibility that such symmetries exist. Scientists from the Discovery Center are actively involved in many of these search analyses.

We are also using the recent LHC data to search for other possible new features beyond the Stand-ard Model. Such features include structure within quarks, which would indicate that they are not el-ementary particles, and lepto-quarks, which would mediate interactions between quarks and electrons. We have also been searching for evidence of Super-symmetry (SUSY), which under some conditions can provide a candidate for the origin of the dark matter that is known to dominate the Universe. We have been leading the search within ATLAS for such stable massive particles.

Another area in which the Discovery Center performs research into physics beyond the Standard Model is the study of neutrinos, both theoretically and experi-mentally. Christine Hartmann, one of the younger

members of the centre, performs research into the behaviour of neutrinos. Christine studies the pattern of mixing that occurs between the three different fla-vours of neutrino. We have a poor understanding of the origin of this mixing, and Christine’s work pur-sued the idea that a particular symmetry may explain how the neutrino mixing arises.


and practise the communication of their results to others. Students also gained insight into the wide range of research that is carried out at the centre, shared knowledge with other students and developed their social and scientific networks. At these symposia visiting PhD students and post docs have also given talks.

Another forum for informal networking and conver-sation has been frequent coffee meetings for young-sters of the center. These have been very popular dur-ing the year, sparking many interesting discussions about a broad range of subjects, from the origin of the Universe to monopoles in the LHC.

Announcements of events and ad hoc communica-tion between students of the center takes place on a separate mailinglist as well as a facebook group for “Discovery Youngsters”. The Discovery Center itself has a facebook page where photos of events, recent discoveries, graduations etc. are posted and reach a broad audience (e.g. over 375 people were engaged through the post of the Discovery group photo).


Hjalte FrellesvigKristian Anders GregersenLars Egholm PetersenLaura JennichesLotte Ansgaard ThomsenMads SøgaardMartin A. Kirstejn HansenPeter RosendahlRijun HuangSimon J. Franz HeisterkampSune JakobsenThomas SøndergaardValentina Zaccolo

mASTER STUDENTSAlexander KarlbergAnders MøllgaardAnne Mette FrejselAsger IpsenBastian PoulsenBjørn Peter SørensenChristian BierlichChristian CaeserChristian Holm ChristensenChristian MarboeChristine HartmannChristine O. RasmussenEsben Bork Hansen

Gorm GalsterIngrid DeigaardJoachim SandroosKarina Marie Schifter-HolmKristoffer Levin HansenLars Egholm PedersenMads SøgaardMaria HoffmannMikkel SkaarupMitzio Spatafora AndersenMorten Ankersen MediciNiraj ThapaRasmus Normann LarsenSimon Stark MortensenSilvia ArghirTherkel Zøllner Olesen

SCIENTIFIC STAFFAlberto GuffantiAlejandro AlonsoAnders TranbergAnte BIlandizcBjörn Stefan NilssonBørge Svane NielsenCasper NygaardCarsten SøgaardChristian Holm ChristensenDonal Francis O’ConnellFlorian LoebbertFrederik OrrellanaGuido MarcoriniHans BøggildHans Hjersing DalsgaardHao LiuIan BeardenJaiseung KimJames HolmesJens Jørgen GaardhøjeJohn Renner HansenJoyce MyersJørgen Beck HansenJørn Dines HansenKim SplittorfKonstantin ZoubousKristjan GulbrandsenMarek Chojnacki

Marger SimonyanMatti HerranenMogens DamNele M. Philomena BoelaertNiels Emil J. Bjerrum-BohrPavel NaselskyPer Rex ChristensenPeter Henrik HansenPoul Henrik DamgaardRicardo MonteiroRichard CorkeSascha MehlhaseSimon Caron-HuotSimon David BadgerStefania XellaTristan DennanTroels C. PetersenValery YundinYang ZhangWen Zhao

PhD STUDENTSAlexander HansenAlmut PingelAnne Mette FrejselAsk Emil Løvschall-JensenCarsten SøgaardChristine Hartmann

DISCOVERY PEOPLE 2012


Jonathan Heckman, IAS, Princeton, USA, May 2012Juan Garcia-Bellido, University of Madrid, Spain, May 2012Babis Anastasiou, ETH, Zürich, SW, May 2012Bo Feng, Chejiang University, China, June-August 2012Goran Senjanovic, Trieste, IT, June 2012Reinke Iserman, DESY, Germany, June 2012Rutger Boels, DESY, Germany, June 2012Richard Ball, University of Edinburgh, UK, June 2012Harald Ita, UCLA, USA, July 2012Zvi Bern, UCLA, USA, July 2012Alessandro Gruppuso, INAF, Bologna, IT, July 2012Peter Coles, Cardiff University, UK, August 2012Thomas DeGrand, University of Colorado, USA, August 2012John Richard Bond, CITA, CA, August 2012Stefano Forte, INFN, IT, August 2012Zomar Komargodski, Weizmann Institute, August 2012G. Korchemsky, CEA/Saclay, August 2012Chris Quigg, Fermilab, USA, September 2012Peter Skands, CERN, September 2012Anupam Mazamdar, September 2012Paul Steinhardt, September 2012Stephan Stieberger, September 2012Gabriele Travaglini, September 2012Frank Wilczek, September 2012

Rose Lerner, University of Helsinki, FI, October 2012Brian Wecht, Queen Mary, UK, October 2012Nima Arkani-Hamed, Princeton, USA, October 2012Seshadri Nadathur, University of Bielefeld, DE, November 2012Anne Schukraft, University of Aachen, November 2012Guido Festuccia, IAS Princeton, November 2012Arman Shafieloo, APCTP, Korea, November 2012Philipp Mertsch, December 2012

SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS AND COURSES

Nordic Conference on Particle Physics, January 2-7, 2012Conference on Standard Model @ LHC, April 10-13, 2012Workshop on Fundamental Physics with Planck, June 6-8, 2012Conference on Baryogenesis and Quantum Field Dynamics, August 28-30, 2012PhD course in Detector Technology for Particle Physics, October 22-26, 2012PhD course in Advanced Statistics, 5-9 November 2012 – continued January 7-11, 2013

SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATES

Amanda Cooper-Sarkar, University of OxfordAnupan Mazumdar, Lancaster UniversityBo Feng, Zhejiang UniversityElse Lytken, Lund UniversityGuilia Zanderighi, Oxford UniversityHarald Ita, UCLA Ian Hinchliffe, Lawrence-Berkeley Univ.Igor Novikov, Moscow UniversityJames Nagle, Univ. of Colorado, BoulderJürgen Schukraft, CERNKatri Huitu, University of HelsinkiLeif Lönnblad, Lund UniversityLung-Yih Chang, Academia Sinica, TaiwanMaxim Perelstein, Cornell UniversityOleg Verkhodanov, SAO, RussiaPeter Coles, Cardiff UniversityPeter Skands, CERNPierre Vanhove, IHES & SaclayRaju Venugopalan, Brookhaven Nat. Lab.Richard Ball, University of EdinburghRuth Britto, SaclaySlava Mukhanov, Ludwig-Maximillian Univ,

MunichStefano Forte, University of MilanoSubir Sarkar, University of OxfordUrs Wiedemann, CERNValery Rubakov, Brookhaven Nat lab.

Zvi Bern, UCLA

ADVISORY BOARD

Andrei Linde, Stanford UniversityChris Quigg, FermilabJurgen Schukraft, CERNNick Ellis, CERN

DISCOVERY VISITORS

Jonathan Pritchard, Imperial College, UK, February 2012

Carlo Burigana, INAF, Bologna, IT, February 2012Mads Frandsen, Oxford, UK, February 2012Tristan Dennen, UCLA, USA, March 2012Zvi Bern, CERN, March 2012-07-10Gabriele Travaglini, University of London, UK, April 2012V. Parameswaran Nair, City College CUNY, USA, April – June 2012Carlo Burigana, INAF, Bologna, IT, April 2012Giulia Zanderighi, Oxford University, UK, April 2012Chandrasekhar Chatterjee, Chennai, India, May 2012Rob Schabinger, Madrid University, ES, May 2012Subir Sarkar, Oxford University, UK, May 2012Philipp Mertsch, Stanford, USA, May 2012Andreas Hoecker, CERN, May 2012Nigel Glover, Durham University, UK, May 2012

INTERNATIONALT Side 9

Verdensrigeste kvinde

vil styre pressenKULTUR Forsiden

Ny film åbner legendens skufferSPORT Side 13

Dansk idrætskoser domstol

’Guds partikel’ Her ser du en historisk milepæl

N år den økonomiske krise ram-mer, og fyresedlerne flyver i virk-somhederne, skrues der op forpræventionen. Spørg bare i Letland. Da den finansiellekrise skyllede ind over den vestlige ver-den i efteråret 2008, gik landets økonomii koma. Og kort efter holdt lettiske kvin-der nærmest op med at føde børn, og fer-tiliteten – som er antallet af børn en kvin-de får i sit liv – styrtdykkede fra 1,44 i 2008til 1,14 sidste år. Et enormt fald i demogra-fiens verden, hvor ændringer ofte måles imikroskopiske decimaler.

Letland er langt fra unik. I mange af delande, herunder Danmark, hvor den øko-nomiske krise har sat sit spor i ledigheds-tal og nationalregnskaber, er der blevetlængere mellem de glade forældre på lan-dets fødestuer. Det fortæller seniorfor-sker Tomas Sobotka fra Vienna Institute ofDemography.»Det er en klar trend. Efter krisen ramte,er fertiliteten faldet i Europa, USA og enrække andre af verdens rigeste lande. Jegmener, forklaringen er, at den økonomi-ske krise, og den usikkerhed og frygt forarbejdsløshed, der følger med, får mangeunge til at vente med at stifte familie«, si-ger han.

Tomas Sobotkas data taler også dereseget tydelige sprog. I 2008 havde 30 ud afde 31 lande, som han har undersøgt, sti-gende fertilitet. I 2011 er fertiliteten fald-ende i 25 lande, og kun i 5 lande fødes der

flere børn end året før. Mest markant erfaldet i blandt andet Spanien, Græken-land, Estland, Ungarn og Island. Lande,der har det til fælles, at de er blevet ramthårdt af den økonomiske krise. Seniorforsker Mogens Christoffersenfra SFI – Det Nationale Forskningscenterfor Velfærd – er heller i tvivl om, at denøkonomiske usikkerhed har fået mangeunge til at overveje deres fremtidsplaner. »Hvis du har svært ved at finde et job oget sted at bo, så er du også mere tilbage-holdende med at stifte familie«, siger han. Mogens Christoffersen fortæller, atsamme udvikling kunne ses i 1930’erne,hvor datidens unge ventede med at fåbørn på grund af den økonomiske og po-litiske usikkerhed. Til gengæld kom derså et boom i fødselstallene efter AndenVerdenskrig.

Om vi kommer til at se den udviklinggentaget, når og hvis økonomien vender iEuropa, er svært at sige. Men der er en risi-ko for, at de kvinder, der i dag venter medat få børn, bliver fanget af det biologiskeur og aldrig kommer til at ligge i barsels-sengen, påpeger Mogens Christoffersen. Også Danmark er ramt af fødselsreces-sionen. Fra 2008 til 2011 faldt fertilitetenherhjemme fra 1,89 til 1,76.Ifølge professor Jørgen Goul Andersenfra Aalborg Universitet handler den fald-ende fertilitet i Danmark dog mere omden politik, der føres på Christiansborg,end om den økonomiske udvikling. Re-sultatet er dog det samme. Nemlig at Dan-mark, såfremt udviklingen fortsætter i2012, vil se et langtidsfald i arbejdsudbud-det på 10.000-12.000. Hvilket giver færre iden erhvervsaktive alder til at forsørgedet stigende antal ældre.

»De danske tal for 2011 er skræmmende.Hvis udviklingen fortsætter, vil det få me-get stor betydning for den fremtidige ar-bejdsstyrke«, siger [email protected]

Færre børn er politikernes skyld1. sektion side 10

fertilitet

PETER G. H. MADSEN

Før den økonomiske krisesteg fertiliteten, men nufalder den i 25 ud af 31vestlige lande, viser nye tal.Danmark er hårdt ramt.

Krisen fårfødselstal til at falde Festivalen beviser, at fæl-

lesskab skaber dynamik.

I dag skruer årets Roskilde Festi-val op for musikken, når denikoniske Orange Scene åbner.Roskilde Festivalen har for længstslået sin status som en kulturbæren-de søjle fast. Hvert år introduceresnye generationer af unge for et

bredt spektrum af den ypperste kva-litet i rytmisk musik netop nu ogopdrages til at forstå, at det musi-kalske univers er langt dybere endtyggegummipop og pladeselska-bernes nyeste teenagefænomen.

Det er heldigvis stadig musikken,der er i centrum. Men Roskilde Fe-stival er kulturbærende i langt vide-re forstand end rent musikalsk. I entid, hvor det politiske parnas er eni-ge om, at kun skattelettelser og øko-nomiske incitamenter kan motive-re mennesker, er en festival båret affrivillige kræfter en vigtig erindringom, at alt ikke passer ind i matema-tiske modeller.Det er også derfor, at Roskilde Fe-stival virker grænseløst provokeren-de på avantgarden i tidens nybor-gerlige bølge, der i foråret gik vold-somt til angreb mod Roskilde Kom-munes ekspropriation af en nabo-grund, som sikrer, at festivalen ogsåi fremtiden har plads at boltre sig

på. Magtmisbrug. Bestikkelse. Ingenanklage var for langt ude. Men kom-munen blev pure frikendt af stats-forvaltningen.

NÅR ANGREBET bliver så hårdt, erdet fordi festivalen er en umulighedi det nyborgerlige verdensbillede.For de ved jo, at de bedste løsningeraltid skabes af det frie marked. At alinitiativ skabes i jagten på privateprofitter, og at effektivitet er umuliguden markedets usynlige hånd.Tanken om, at tusindvis af frivilli-ge arbejder for at stable festivalen

på benene, passer ikke ind i cost-be-nefit-analyserne. Tanken om, at ennonprofitorganisation kan skabe etprofessionelt arrangement, stem-mer dårligt overens management-kursets visdomsord. Men det er virkelighed hvert ene-ste år på Dyrskuepladsen i Roskilde.At det er fællesskab og ikke ulighed,der skaber dynamik.

CEPOS OG dets efterbyrd af borgerli-ge meningsdannere har forsøgt atforklare paradokset om festivalenssucces med, at den selv er blevet tilbig business. Så passer verdensbille-det igen, og de kan også selv medgod samvittighed blive en del af fæl-lesskabet i nogle få sorgløse dage.For som alle andre er de velkomne iRoskilde.

Realiteten er, at det er lykkedes fe-stivalen at bevare kernen af denånd, der i 1971 for første gang samle-de nogle hippier på en pløjemark,og at udbrede og modernisere den-ne ånd uden at kompromittere den.Det er derfor, det hedder deltageresnarere end kunder i Roskilde. Foruden den enkeltes deltagelse i fæl-lesskabet var der slet ingen festival. Derfor er der grund til at takke detusinder af mennesker, der igen i årviser, at fællesskabet kan skabe storeresultater. Tak for musikken – og takfor deltagelsen. km

Er I der,Roskilde?

politiken mener

Torsdag5. juli 2012Årgang 128. Nr. 275Pris 25,00KundecenterPolitiken 70 15 01 011. udgavewww.politiken.dk

Fundet af Higgspartiklen eret videnskabeligt gennembrud, der på sin vis svarer til opdagelsen af AmerikaTroels C. Petersen, partikelfysiker ved Niels Bohr Institutet

VEJRET Nogen elleren del sol. 19 til 24 grader. Let til jævn vindfra øst og nordøst

Foto: Daniele Badolato/AP, Søren Sielemann, Thomas Borberg

5 7 0 8 7 3 0 9 1 0 1 4 3 72000

WORLD’S BEST DESIGNED NEWSPAPER

Aftenåbent.Nykredit Direkte®

Ring 70 10 90 00, eller tjek nykredit.dk/direkte.

U nge, der vil skifte uddannelsesret-ning efter en bachelor tvinges tilat tage et suppleringskursus, in-den de må fortsætte. Dermed bliver cirka800 årligt forsinket et halvt år – stik imodregeringens hensigt om at få unge hurti-gere igennem uddannelsessystemet. Det rammer blandt andre studerende,

der har en humanistisk bachelor og vilhave en samfundsvidenskabelig kandi-datgrad. Men også unge med en profes-sionsbachelor som lærer eller sygeplejer-ske, der vil tage en kandidatgrad. Kursettager ofte et halvt år ekstra og er uden SU,fordi det ikke er et fuldtidsstudium. »Helt tåbeligt«, siger formand for Dan-ske Studerendes Fællesråd Torben Holm. Uddannelsesminister Morten Øster-gaard (R) vil rydde op i antallet af kurser:»Jeg vil den her supplering til livs, så denbliver fjernet, hvor den er unødvendig«.Og de kurser, der er særligt fagligt be-grundet, skal fremover kunne tages pa-rallelt med den nye kandidatuddannelse. [email protected]

Studerende får frataget SU’en på ... 1. sektion side 5

uddannelse

PERNILLE MAINZ

Forsinkende kurser skalstoppes nu, siger uddannelsesministeren.

Studerende tvinges til et halvt års pause

DAGENS TEMA Side 4Forskere ved det internationale atomforskningscenter Cern har sendt to protonstråler mod hinanden for at genskabe situationen en milliarddel af et sekund efter Big Bang for 13,7 milliarder år siden. Det var præcist i det øjeblik, at sværmene af vildt flyvende partikler opnåede fast form gennem forbindelse med Higgspartiklen. Og det var starten på universet, som vi kender det. Foto: Atlas

Narko Politikere er vrede over politiets gode råd om stoffer på festival. 1. sektion side 3

“The discovery of the Higgs particle reached the front page of most news-papers and magazines in the world. ATLAS spokes person, Fabiola Gianotti was selected as runner-up for Time Magazine person of the year.”

“HISTORICAL events recede in importance with every passing decade. (...) The laws of physics, though, are eternal and uni-versal. Elucidating them is one of the triumphs of mankind. And this week has seen just such a triumphant elucidation.” [The Economist, July 2012]

THE HIGGS DISCOVERY

The hunt for the Higgs particle has been a quest in

particle physics for decades, and one of the pri-

mary reasons for building CERN’s LHC accelerator.

Its discovery marks a final triumph for the now

complete Standard Model, as subsequent analy-

sis of further data (pioneered in part by the Dis-

covery Center) strongly suggests, that it is indeed

the Higgs.

The Higgs discovery not only solidifies the Stan-

dard Model and rejects many alternative models,

but also opens a new window of research both in

particle physics and also into the origins of the

Universe and creation of matter.


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DISCOVERY PUBLICATIONS 2012


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G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for supersymmetry with jets, missing transverse momentum and at least one hadronically decaying lepton in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 714 (2012) 197G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying via H+ -> tau v in top quark pair events using pp collision data at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” JHEP 1206 (2012) 039G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for resonant WZ production in the WZ -> lvl’l’ channel in s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 112012G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for pair production of a new quark that decays to a Z boson and a bottom quark with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (2012) 071801G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for the decay Bs0 -> mu mu with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 713 (2012) 387G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, and at least two tau leptons in 7 TeV proton-proton collision data with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 714 (2012) 180G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of the WW crosssection in s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector and limits on anomalous gauge couplings,” Phys. Lett. B 712 (2012) 289G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for supersymmetry in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV in final states with missing transverse momentum and b- jets with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 112006G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for gluinos in events with two same-sign leptons, jets and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 241802G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of the top quark mass with the template method in the tt -> lepton + jets channel using ATLAS data,” Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 2046G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for heavy neutrinos and right-handed W bosons in events with two leptons and jets in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 2056G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of tt production with a veto on additional central jet activity in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector,” Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 2043G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Jet mass and substructure of inclusive jets in s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS experiment,” JHEP 1205 (2012) 128


G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Study of jets produced in association with a W boson in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 092002G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for anomalous production of prompt like-sign muon pairs and constraints on physics beyond the Standard Model with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 032004G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of inclusive jet and dijet production in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 014022G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for heavy vector-like quarks coupling to light quarks in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 712 (2012) 22G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Observation of a new b state in radiative transitions to (1S) and (2S) at ATLAS,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 152001G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for first generation scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 709 (2012) 158 [Erratum-ibid. 711 (2012) 442G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of D*+- meson production in jets from pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 052005G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for contact interactions in dilepton events from pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 712 (2012) 40G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for scalar bottom pair production with the ATLAS detector in pp Collisions at s = 7 TeV,” Phys.Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 181802G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for production of resonant states in the photon-jet massdistri bution using pp collisions at s = 7 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 211802G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for the Higgs boson in the H -> WW(*) -> lvlv decay channel in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 111802G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for Extra Dimensions using diphoton events in 7 TeVproton- proton collisions with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 710 (2012) 538G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of the WZ production cross section and limits on anomalous triple gauge couplings in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Lett. B 709 (2012) 341

G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], \Search for down-type fourth generation quarks with the ATLAS detector in events with one lepton and hadronically decaying W bosons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (2012) 032001G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], \Search for same-sign top-quark production and fourth-generation down-type quarks in pp collisions at s = 7TeV with the ATLAS detector,” JHEP 1204 (2012) 069G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], \Measurement of the cross section for top-quark pair production in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector using nal states with two high-pt leptons,” JHEP 1205 (2012) 059G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], \Search for anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking with the ATLAS detector based on a disappearing-track signature in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV,” Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 1993G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for pair-produced heavy quarks decaying to Wq in the two-lepton channel at s = 7 TeV with theATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 012007G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for pair production of a heavy up-type quark decaying to a W boson and a b quark in the lepton+jets channel with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 261802G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the decay channel H -> ZZ(*) -> 4l with 4.8 fb-1 of pp collision data at s = 7 TeV with ATLAS,” Phys. Lett. B 710 (2012) 383G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the diphoton decay channel with 4.9 fb-1 of pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with ATLAS,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 111803G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Combined search for the Standard Model Higgs boson using up to 4.9 fb-1 of pp collision data at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC,” Phys. Lett. B 710 (2012) 49G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for decays of stopped, longlived particles from 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector,” Eur. Phys.J. C 72 (2012) 1965G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Search for excited leptons in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector,” Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 072003G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Rapidity gap cross sections measured with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV,” Eur. Phys.J. C 72 (2012) 1926G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], “Measurement of the top quark pair production cross-section with ATLAS in the single lepton channel,” Phys.Lett. B 711 (2012) 244


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B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Measurement of Event Background Fluctuations for Charged Particle Jet Reconstruction in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN = 2:76 TeV” JHEP 1203, 053 (2012)B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Light vector meson production in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV” Phys. Lett. B 710, 557 (2012)B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC” JHEP 1207, 116 (2012)B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton- proton collisions at s = 7 TeV” JHEP 1201, 128 (2012)B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “J/psi polarization in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 082001 (2012)K. Aamodt et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Particle-yield modication in jet-like azimuthal di-hadron correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN = 2.76TeV”Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 092301 (2012)K. Aamodt et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Harmonic decomposition of two-particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV” Phys. Lett. B 708, 249 (2012)K. Aamodt et al. [ALICE Collaboration]. “Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive J/psi production in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV” Phys. Lett. B 704, 442 (2011), [Erratum-ibid. B 718, 692 (2012)]P. Naselsky, C. H. Christensen, P. R. Christensen, P. H. Damgaard, A. Frejsel, J. J. Gaardhoje, A. Hansen and M. Hansen et al., “Morphology of High-Multiplicity Events in Heavy Ion Collisions,” Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 024916B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration], “Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb- Pb collisions at sNN = 2:76 TeV,” JHEP 1209 (2012) 112B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration], “J= Production as a Function of Charged Particle Multiplicity in pp Collisions at s = 7 TeV,” Phys. Lett. B 712 (2012) 165M. Hansen, J. Kim, A. M. Frejsel, S. Ramazanov, P. Naselsky, W. Zhao and C. Burigana, “Can residuals of the Solar system foreground explain low multipole anomalies of the CMB ?,” JCAP 1210 (2012) 059V. Mukhanov, J. Kim, P. Naselsky, T. Trombetti and C. Burigana, “How accurately can we measure the hydrogen 2S->1S transition rate from the cosmological data?,” JCAP 1206 (2012) 040J. Kim, P. Naselsky and N. Mandolesi, “Harmonic in-painting of CMB sky by constrained Gaussian realization,” Astrophys. J. 750 (2012) L9

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DISCOVERY FINANCING

The Discovery budget for 2012 from the Danish National Research Foundation is 9.109.224 DKK (including overhead). This amount was also in 2012 supplemented by a large number of other grants and by Copenhagen University contributions. In the fig-ure below overhead is not included.

EXTERNAL GRANTS

The Lundbeck Junior Group Leader grant kicked in during 2012, where it was used to make new post-doc hires. Also the Villum Young Investigator Grant was used to make the first post-doc hire in addition to providing salary for the young P.I. himself. Two young post-docs (from UCLA and IAS in Princeton) both received grants from the Danish Science Re-search Council which will pay for their salaries for the next two years. A young post-doc was granted a STENO stipend to cover 4 years salary. The Dis-covery theory group also received a framework grant from the Danish Science Research Council through its association with the Niels Bohr International Academy. One of our PhD-students was awarded an EU fellowship to spend 9 months at CERN. Finally, Professor Subir Sarkar, one of our Scientific Associ-ates, received a most prestigious grant (Niels Bohr Professorship) from the Danish National Research Foundation for the next five years.

DISCOVERY FINANCING The Discovery budget for 2012 from the Danish National Research Foundation is 9.109.224 DKK (including overhead). This amount was also in 2012 supplemented by a large number of other grants and by Copenhagen University contributions. In the figure below overhead is not included.

EXTERNAL GRANTS BY DISCOVERY SCIENTISTS IN 2012 The Lundbeck Junior Group Leader grant kicked in during 2012, where it was used to make new post‐doc hires. Also the Villum Young Investigator Grant was used to make the first post‐doc hire in addition to providing salary for the young P.I. himself. Two young post‐docs (from UCLA and IAS in Princeton) both received grants from the Danish Science Research Council which will pay for their salaries for the next two years. The Discovery theory group also received a framework grant from the Danish Science Research Council through its asso‐ciation with the Niels Bohr International Academy. One of our PhD‐students was awarded an EU fellowship to spend 9 months at CERN. Finally, Professor Subir Sarkar, one of our Scien‐tific Associates, received a most prestigious grant (Niels Bohr Professorship) from the Danish National Research Foundation for the next five years.

Salaries staff3.925.650(62%)

Salaries PhD 1.550.200(24%)

Travels +workshops730.000(12%)

Equipment120.000(2%)

K. Enqvist, R. N. Lerner, O. Taanila and A. Tranberg, “Spectator field dynamics in de Sitter and curvaton initial conditions,” JCAP 1210 (2012) 052J. O. Andersen and A. Tranberg, “The Chiral transition in a magnetic background: Finite density eects and the functional renormalization group,” JHEP 1208 (2012) 002A. Tranberg and B. Wu, “Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis in the Two Higgs-Doublet Model,” JHEP 1207 (2012) 087P. M. San and A. Tranberg, “Dynamical simulations of electroweak baryogenesis with fermions,” JHEP 1202 (2012) 102T. Brauner, O. Taanila, A. Tranberg and A. Vuorinen, “Temperature Dependence of Standard Model CP Vio- lation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 041601T. Sondergaard, “Perturbative Gravity and Gauge Theory Relations: A Review,” Adv. High Energy Phys. 2012 (2012) 726030A. De Felice, S. Nesseris and S. Tsujikawa, “Observational constraints on dark energy with a fast varying equa- tion of state,” JCAP 1205 (2012) 029C. Hartmann. “The Frobenius group T13 and the canonical see-saw mechanism applied to neutrino mixing” Phys. Rev. D 85, 013012 (2012)A. Avgoustidis, G. Luzzi, C. J. A. P. Martins and A. M. R. V. L. Monteiro. “Constraints on the CMB temperature redshift dependence from SZ and distance measurements” JCAP 1202, 013 (2012)

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