ANNEX I

i

GREEN ECONOMY IN BIOSPHERE RESERVES:

A MEANS TO POVERTY REDUCTION, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

THE CASE OF EAST USAMBARA BIOSPHERE RESERVE TANZANIA

PROJECT INCEPTION WORKSHOP REPORT

6 - 7 DEC 2013, TANGA BEACH RESORT

ii

Acronyms

AfriMAB African Network of Biosphere Reserves

BR Biosphere Reserves

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management

COSTECH Commission for Science and Technology

EES Ecology and Environmental Science

EUBR East Usambara Biosphere Reserve

GEBR Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves

HQ Headquarters

ITV Independent Television

IRA Institute of Resource Assessment

KOICA Korea International Cooperation Agency

LGAs Local Government Authorities

MAB Man and Biosphere Programme

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

NATCOM Tanzania National Commission for UNESCO

NEMC National Environment Management Council

NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty

PMO RALG Prime Minister’s Office Regional And Local Governments

RC Regional Commissioner

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TANAPA Tanzania National Parks

TFCG Tanzania Forest Conservation Group

TFS Tanzania Forest Services Agency

UDSM University of Dar es Salaam

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

WNBR World Network of Biosphere Reserves

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Table of Contents

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iii

List of Plates .............................................................................................................................. iv

1. BACKGROUND TO THE WORKSHOP ...................................................................... 1

1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Scope of the Note ............................................................................................................ 1

2. WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS ...................................................................................... 2

3. STATEMENTS AND PRESENTATIONS .................................................................... 3

3.1. Statements ....................................................................................................................... 3

3.1.1. Opening Speech by Tanga RC, Hon. Chiku Gallawa ..................................................... 3

3.1.2. Statement from UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office by Abdoul Wahab Coulibaly .......................... 3

3.1.3. Congratory Remarks on GEBR Project Inception from KOICA by Mr. Shinyoung Pyeon ........ 4

3.1.4. Statement from NEMC by Eng. Bonaventure Baya .................................................................... 5

3.1.5. Statement from UNESCO-NATCOM by Joel Samuel ................................................................ 5

3.2. Presentations .................................................................................................................... 6

3.2.1. Man and the Biosphere Programme by Noeline R. R - UNESCO HQ ........................... 6

3.2.2. MAB implementation in Tanzania by Mapinduzi A.L - NEMC ................................................. 6

3.2.3. GEBR Project Overview by Gabriela L. - UNESCO Dar es salaam Office ................................ 7

3.2.4. East Usambara Biosphere Reserve Background, Opportunities, Challenges and Recommendation By Mwanaidi S. K - EUBR ............................................................................ 9

4. DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................................. 10

4.1. General Discussion on Presentations ............................................................................ 10

5. CLOSURE ..................................................................................................................... 22

6. FIELD VISIT ................................................................................................................ 22

6.1. Butterfly farming at Fanusi Kisiwani village ................................................................ 23

6.2 Amani Information centre ............................................................................................. 26

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6.3 Amani botanical garden, Tea plantations and African Violet Flower ........................... 27

7. ANNEXES .................................................................................................................... 29

Annex I: Speech by Hon. Chiku as Gallawa, Tanga Regional Commissioner ........................ 29

Annex II: Statement by Abdoul Wahab Coulibaly OIC UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office ...... 32

Annex III: Congratory Remarks on GEBR Project Inception Workshop from KOICA ......... 34

Annex IV: Statement from NEMC by Eng Baya, DG NEMC ................................................. 36

Annex V: Statement from UNESCO-NATCOM by Joel Samuel ........................................... 40

Annex VI: Presentation on Man and Biosphere Programme By Neoline ................................ 43

Annex VII: MAB Implementation in Tanzania by Mapinduzi A.L. NEMC ........................... 49

Annex VIII: GEBR Project Overview by Gabriela Lucas (UNESCO).................................... 54

Annex IX: East Usambara Biosphere Reserve ......................................................................... 58

Annex X: List of Participants ................................................................................................... 64

List of Plates

Plate 1: Local methods of protecting butterfly from pests ....................................................... 23

Plate 2: One of the houses built from the butterfly farming earnings ...................................... 25

Plate 3: Local methods of protecting butterfly from pests ....................................................... 26

Plate 4: A model for environment friendly economic activities for communities ................... 27

Plate 5: A view of the tea plantations ....................................................................................... 28

Plate 6: The African violet flower ............................................................................................ 28

ANNEX I

1

1. BACKGROUND TO THE WORKSHOP

1.1. Introduction

The relationship between poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation has been the

subject of intense debate amongst researchers and development practitioners for several

decades because local and indigenous people, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),

mostly rely on biodiversity for their livelihood through subsistence agriculture, game hunting,

extraction of resources like firewood and so on. Faced with this challenge and based on the

evidence of the services offered by biodiversity for many developing local economies, the

general consensus is that biodiversity business development is a viable tool for conservation,

while at the same time contributing to sustainable development. Hence UNESCO, through the

Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB), established the three-country (Tanzania, Ghana and

Nigeria) project “Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves (GEBR): A Means to Poverty

Reduction, Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in sub-Saharan Africa”.

This report describes a project inception workshop that brought together various stakeholders

from biodiversity conservation and environmental conservation as one of the project

activities, whilst discussing the draft project document for Tanzania in the case of the East

Usambara Biosphere Reserve (EUBR). The workshop was organised by the UNESCO Dar es

Salaam Office in collaboration with the National Environment Management Council (Chair of

the National MAB Committee). It was held in Tanga Beach Resort, Tanga region, Tanzania

from the 6 – 7 December, 2013.

1.2. Scope of the Note

This report summarizes the proceedings of the inception workshop as described above. It

draws upon the speeches, presentations and discussions that took place. It also describes the

field excursion that took place on day two of the workshop. The report contains the following

sections:

(1) Background to the workshop

(2) Description of the workshop proceedings

(3) Statements and presentations from key stakeholders

(4) An account of the key issues discussed at the workshop

(5) Description of the field excursion to the project site

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2. WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

The workshop began with an opening ceremony where a speech from the guest of honour -

the Regional Commissioner of Tanga region, Hon. Ms Chiku Gallawa - was delivered. This

was followed by statements from UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office; Korea International

Cooperation Agency (KOICA), National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and

UNESCO-National Commission (UNESCO-NATCOM).

The opening ceremony was succeeded by the following presentations; Man and the Biosphere

Programme by Noeline Raondry Rakotoarisoa of UNESCO HQ, MAB in Tanzania by

Arnold Mapinduzi (NEMC), Project Document by Noeline Raondry Rakotoarisoa on behalf

of Gabriela Lucas (UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office) and East Usambara Biosphere Reserve:

Background, Opportunities, Challenges and Recommendations by Mwanaidi S. Kijazi

(Manager of EUBR).

The presentations were followed by two part discussions with the first part involving general

discussions on the presentations made. The second part focused more specifically on the

review of project documents. Participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and/or

give their comments/suggestions/recommendations on both the presentations and project

document.

To mark the end of the first day, votes of thanks from representatives from the Tanzania

Forest Services Agency, TFS and NEMC were delivered.

Day two of the workshop entailed a field excursion to the project site. The purpose of this trip

was to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to see the ongoing economic and

conservation activities taking place in the project site - the EUBR. They were also able to

observe areas that need immediate action despite there not being enough time to visit the

whole of the EUBR. It would also give them a chance to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the

East Usambara Mountains and its biological richness.

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3. STATEMENTS AND PRESENTATIONS

3.1. Statements

3.1.1. Opening Speech by Tanga RC, Hon. Chiku Gallawa

The RC thanked both UNESCO and the National MAB Committee for choosing the EUBR

for the GEBR project and for soliciting funds, on behalf of the United Republic of Tanzania

and the people of Tanga Region. She thanked KOICA for funding the project, and workshop

organizers for inviting her to chair the workshop.

The RC recognized that Tanzania is endowed with an array of diverse natural resources and

that the majority of Tanzanians depend on these resources to maintain their livelihoods. This

dependence, coupled with a population increase, heightens the pressure on natural resources

and threatens their sustainability. She acknowledged the project as being a highly needed

intervention, regarding the afore mentioned environmental challenges, as it will improve local

communities’ livelihoods and have positive impacts on conservation. She called for a team

work spirit, seriousness, creativity and the commitment of all stakeholders as well as ensuring

her office’s full support, cooperation and close follow-up of the project (For a complete RC’s

speech, see Annex 1).

3.1.2. Statement from UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office by Abdoul Wahab Coulibaly

Mr Coulibaly welcomed the participants to the workshop and assured them of UNESCO’s

support in implementing the outcomes and recommendations that would arise from the

workshop. He introduced the project as being a new, regional project implemented in 3

African countries; Tanzania (East Usambara Biosphere Reserve), Nigeria (Omo Biosphere

Reserve) and Ghana (Bia Biosphere Reserve). He indicated that it is funded by KOICA.

He informed the participants that biodiversity business1 development is a viable tool for

conservation, whilst contributing to sustainable development and toward the achievement of

the MDG’s through the equitable sharing of generated benefits. He explained that the GEBR

project came as a response to each country’s national priorities as it seeks to diversify the

1 Biodiversity business is defined as a commercial enterprise that generates profits through production processes which conserve biodiversity, use biological resources sustainably and share the benefits arising out of it equitably

4

economy of local communities through improved and alternative biodiversity related

livelihoods, reduce the pressure on forest resources, build capacity in a holistic manner to

ensure the sustainability of the biodiversity businesses and promote the resource-base

conservation of their businesses.

The speech concluded by thanking KOICA for funding the project; the organizers at

UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office, UNESCO Headquarters and the implementing partner(s) for

all their efforts in bringing the stakeholders together to cooperate towards the fulfilment of a

common goal (For a complete UNESCO Country office’ speech, see Annex II).

3.1.3. Congratulatory Remarks on GEBR Project Inception from KOICA by Mr.

Shinyoung Pyeon

Mr Pyeon informed the participants of his great pleasure to be at the workshop on behalf of

Mr. Kim, the Resident Representative of KOICA Tanzania Office. He acknowledged the

project’s special significance to KOICA, as it aims to simultaneously improve the income

level of beneficiaries and biodiversity conservation thus reflecting sustainability, as

emphasized in the Rio Earth Summit (1992). The project is equally meaningful to Korea,

which is currently trying to shape its position as a leader in Green Growth. He announced that

this is the first KOICA project in collaboration with an International Organization in the field

of Green Growth.

The GEBR workshop was recognised as being crucial to the project since it involves all key

stakeholders of the GEBR project. He called for them to re-examine the project's feasibility

and discuss how to best maximize the result and impacts of the project using limited

resources. He explained that in assessing the feasibility of the project, KOICA Tanzania

office’s initial thought was that the project had many challenging targets. He wanted

participants to clearly examine what could be achieved within the project and if necessary,

redesign it to reflect a more realistic perspective. He also emphasized the ‘Value for Money’

concept, reiterating that the core funding of the project comes from Korean tax payers’

money. He concluded by reminding participants that sustainable development through

environmental improvement could provide a better life for future generations and thus hoped

the workshop would open a new chapter to the GEBR project (For a complete statement see

Annex III).

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3.1.4. Statement from NEMC by Eng. Bonaventure Baya

Eng. Baya informed the participants that Tanzania is one of the countries implementing the

Biosphere Reserve (BR) concept. These sites harbour high biodiversity, represent some of the

most famous tourist attractions in the world, and play a significant role in social economic

development and environmental conservation. He informed participants that despite their

importance, biosphere reserves are facing certain conservation and management challenges

caused by pressures from anthropogenic activities. Those challenges are complex and cross-

sectoral in nature; hence, call for multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches.

He continued to say the GEBR project would largely contribute in building the capacity of

stakeholders in addressing the above challenges; thus, reducing pressure on the ecosystems

and ecosystems services in the EUBR. He urged all the managers in the EUBR to work hard

in a collaborative manner to ensure successful implementation of the project in addition to

assuring participants of NEMC’s commitment as an environmental technical institution as

well as a National MAB Committee Chair (For a complete NEMC’s statement see Annex IV).

3.1.5. Statement from UNESCO-NATCOM by Joel Samuel

Mr Samuel informed the participants that the UNESCO-NATCOM both strongly commends

and supports efforts made in ensuring the Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves (GEBR)

project takes place in Tanzania. He recognized the project as an indication of UNESCO

valuing Tanzania’s efforts to eradicate poverty through the improved and sustainable use of

valuable natural resources.

He called for the recognition of Green Economies as a viable new direction and exemplary

model of sustainable development initiatives. He hoped the project would open doors for

more of such projects to take place in Tanzania and change society’s mind-set to see the

world through a new window of hope, cooperation and introduce an attitude of educated

awareness and environmental conservation. He mentioned UNESCO-NATCOM’s strong

beliefs regarding the creation of holistic policies capable of addressing the social,

environmental and economic dimensions of sustainable development subsequently

reaffirming the founding principles of the project and its expected results. He concluded his

speech by promising the commission’s full participation in ensuring the project takes place

within the stipulated time and the required standard (For a complete Statement from

UNESCO-NATCOM see Annex V).

6

3.2. Presentations

3.2.1. Man and the Biosphere Programme by Noeline R. R - UNESCO HQ

This presentation covered a range of topics, describing: The Man and Biosphere programme;

Use of Biosphere reserves as Learning Site for Sustainable Development; World Network of

Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) Cooperation and Partnerships; and African Network of BR’s

(AfriMAB). It gave the objective of MAB as “reconciling [the] conservation of biological

diversity with human development through a better understanding of the relationships

between the socio-economic needs and cultural values of human beings and their

environment”. It explained that the programme is dedicated to addressing sustainable

development issues and challenges.

It was indicated that the BR concept and structures go beyond protected areas. It touches three

important areas which are: Conservation and the sustainable use of ecosystems, species and

genetic resources; Fostering economic and human development; and supporting the use of

education, training, monitoring and any other interventions to establish and sustain specific

relationships between conservation and development.

Participants were informed that the MAB programme involves cooperation at tiered scales of

local, sub-national, national, regional and global, and represents a unique tool for international

co-operation through sharing knowledge, exchanging experiences, building capacity and

promoting best practices. The Africa network of BRs (AfriMAB) targets the promotion of

biosphere reserves as sites for testing the conservation and sustainable management of our

biological diversity. The AfriMAB is faced with the following challenges: Poor rural

population that relies on natural resources; Threats to biodiversity and natural resources; Lack

of infrastructures; Climate change; Young unemployed population; Conflicts / Post conflict

situations; and lack of sustainable financing (For more information on MAB presentation go

to Annex VI)

3.2.2. MAB implementation in Tanzania by Mapinduzi A.L - NEMC

In his presentation, Mr Mapinduzi informed participants that the MAB programme in

Tanzania was adopted in 1981. The country currently has 3 BRs, all with a conservation

status. These are Lake Manyara and Ngorongoro-Serengeti BR’s, which are both under

Tanzania National Parks TANAPA, and the East Usambara BR under TFS. He added that

7

BR’s coordination in Tanzania is facilitated by the National MAB Committee, whose

members are drawn from various stakeholders including Ministries, Departments, Authorities,

Research, Academia and UNESCO-NATCOM. NEMC is the chair for The National MAB

committee.

The National MAB Committee is faced with challenges of low level of awareness and/or

understanding of the concept of BRs and its values; inadequacy in data availability; high

dependency on nature; poverty; and unavailability of funds. The presentation called for the

promotion of research activities and capacity building as a way forward for the MAB

programme in Tanzania. He further called for more BRs to be nominated, especially those

with critical ecosystems; exchange visits to BRs within and outside Tanzania and UNESCO’s

assistance in fund mobilisation (For more information on MAB Implementation in Tanzania,

see Annex VII).

3.2.3. GEBR Project Overview by Gabriela L. - UNESCO Dar es salaam Office

The main goal of the project is to conserve biodiversity, reduce poverty and contribute to

sustainable development through biodiversity businesses in biosphere reserves. Its specific

objectives are: the diversification of the economy through improved and alternative

biodiversity related livelihoods, reducing the pressure on forests as a result of fuel wood

extraction for heating and cooking purposes and, building the capacity of communities in a

holistic manner to ensure the sustainability of the biodiversity businesses and to conserve the

resource-base of their business.

The project contributes to the national priorities identified in National Strategy for Growth

and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP), Tanzania Development Vision 2025, The National

Environmental Policy (NEP) 1997, The Millennium Development Goal 7 and it will also

contribute to the upcoming Post 2015 Development Agenda goals.

The project’s expected outcomes are: capacity of local communities built and engaged to

conserve biodiversity and reduce pressure on forest resources, and the socio-economic status

and livelihoods of the local communities improved to promote sustainable development. The

expected outputs are: incentives for conservation of biodiversity are effective; local

community livelihoods are diversified; and biodiversity business are established and running

profitably.

8

The major output indicators are:

a. About 80% of beneficiaries who used to depend heavily on the forest resources for

livelihood, adopt biodiversity friendly alternative sources of livelihood

b. About 50% reductions on fuel wood dependency & the excessive harvesting of non-

timber forest products

c. Local community livelihoods are diversified. About 40% of stakeholders who depend

on one kind of activity have an alternative/additional source of livelihood

d. Biodiversity businesses are established and run profitably, 20% increase in profit

margins of business.

To fulfil its objectives, the project has proposed the following activities;

i. Assessment and biological inventory exercise for in-depth biodiversity assessment and

inventory

ii. Stakeholder mapping, consultation and needs assessment:

a. bringing together all relevant stakeholders, understanding their motivation and

developing a shared vision for the biodiversity business

iii. Socio-economic and Market Studies for analyses of the opportunities and limitations

involved with the biodiversity business

iv. Capacity Building which will involve the design and validation of specific alternative

livelihood activities; Training and education in biodiversity conservation; and

Environmental education and sensitization as well as other programmes that will be

identified during the community consultation meetings

v. Operationalizing Business

vi. Monitoring, Performance Assessments and Evaluation

vii. Inception and Review Meeting

The participants were informed of the possible suggested biodiversity businesses:

Domestication of Allanblackia stulhmanii which is used for producing cooking oil; Fish

farming; Sugarcane farming; Butterfly farming and Local rafts making. Others include: eco-

tourism, beekeeping, development of nurseries for herbs and trees and spice making.

The project’s target beneficiaries are the local communities in the EUBR and the reserve

administrators. It will be jointly managed by UNESCO HQ and UNESCO Office in Dar es

9

Salaam, and the main implementing partner is the Tanzania National MAB Committee,

comprised of government, Academic Institutions, Research & Development Institutions. (For

more on GEBR project overview presentation, see Annex VIII)

3.2.4. East Usambara Biosphere Reserve Background, Opportunities, Challenges and

Recommendations By Mwanaidi S. K - EUBR

Ms Kijazi introduced the EUBR as part of the Eastern Arc Mountain Range which is

considered as one of the 25 biodiversity hot spots in the world. It is globally renowned for its

diversity of flora and fauna, and the exceptionally high degree of endemic plants and animals

found in its forests. These rain forests also secure the water supply for the surrounding local

community, the Tanga city population of more than 273,332 people and industrial use. In

addition, local people in the mountains depend on the forests for many of their daily needs.

She declared that in November 2000, the East Usambara Mountain forest area was designated

as a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, and named the East Usambara

Biosphere Reserve (EUBR). Administratively, the EUBR falls under the jurisdiction of three

districts’ authorities namely; Korogwe, Muheza and Mkinga in Tanga Region.

The EUBR comprises three land management zones: the core area, buffer zone, and

transitional area. The transition area of the biosphere reserve provides a living environment

for over 80 villages. This zone includes sisal and tea plantations. Small scale farming and

cattle breeding are important economic activities in the area.

The following are opportunities for the MAB programme in the EUBR:

i. EUBR is internationally esteemed, thus attracting more researchers and eco-tourists

leading to an increase in income and priority in conservation (like access to UNESCO

sources of fund)

ii. Ecotourism is currently already practiced at the Southern and Northern west blocks of

the biosphere reserve (Amani and Nilo Nature Reserve)

iii. It is a training centre for tropical forests and a place where Universities do their studies

and practicals. Some results of research works include the butterfly farming project.

The following challenges were identified: Fragmentation of the core area that harbours the

endemic, endangered and threatened species as a bottleneck to gene flow; loss of biodiversity

resources caused by human activities like illegal gold mining and timber smuggling in the

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core areas; inadequate awareness on ecosystem values in the MAB context; and poverty

among surrounding rural communities as a result of inadequate income generating activities.

Others include: excess workload to vulnerable marginalised groups like women and children;

lack of funds; inadequate capacity building for staff on the MAB concept and a lack of clear

legal backing /policy.

To promote the EUBR conservation and development of the surrounding community, the

following tasks were recommended:

a. Multidisciplinary research effort so as to help formulate policy recommendations for the

EUBR governance in the near future

b. Capacity building to local communities, staff and actors on the management of the EUBR

resources

c. Improving land use methods and intensifying the alternative sources of income to local

communities surrounding the EUBR so as to reduce dependency on the biodiversity

d. Intensifying stakeholders’ participation in the management of the EUBR resources from

grassroots, national to international development partners (For more information see

Annex IX).

4. DISCUSSIONS

4.1. General Discussion on Presentations

Participants were given an opportunity to give comments/feedback, suggestions or ask

questions on the presentations made. These are presented below in the form of a question and

answer:

4.1.1. MAB Concept and overview of MAB in Africa

i. The presentation on the MAB Concept and overview of MAB in Africa, mentioned

support for BRs in Africa. Does UNESCO support research in BR?

Responses

a) MAB is a research programme so there is support for research in BRs. However,

there is neither a specific line of financial support nor resources directly

earmarked for that. The support depends on available budget or can be provided

through projects like in the case of GEBR. However, financial support is not the

only form of support. Technical support is also provided.

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b) UNESCO-NATCOM sometimes has funds for research projects. These funds are

usually limited, competitively based and target a specific area of interest. These

opportunities, whenever available, are posted on the UNESCO-NATCOM website

(http://www.natcom.go.tz/).

ii. The presentation on the MAB Concept and overview of MAB in Africa, mentioned

youth population as a threat. Is it correct to consider them as a threat rather than an

opportunity?

Response

Youth are not a threat. They are an opportunity. The challenge is how to address their

issues and problems.

iii. Since population growth around BRs is seen as a threat to their continuing existence,

are there any international policies or laws that govern population growth around these

sites?

Response

No, there are none and it is not easy to have such a policy/law. Population growth

issues must be handled nationally.

4.1.2. MAB Implementation in Tanzania

i. There has been very little progress in implementing the MAB programme in Tanzania.

The programme was adopted in 1981 with the establishment of 2 biosphere reserves. It

took 20 years to establish the third. What is the reason behind this slow progress? Are

the implementers doing the needed awareness raising activities?

Response

Awareness raising has been done and is vital for MAB implementation. For effective

awareness rising, the MAB National Committee needs to be dynamic. We recognize

this and so have formed a strong and interdisciplinary National MAB Committee

involving all important stakeholders including representatives from the local

government and communities.

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ii. Were all stakeholders consulted during the establishment of the National MAB

Committee?

Response

Consultations were done. Initially, the target was for heads of institutions to be the

committee members. However, this became a challenge in follow up and the continuity

of activities. The system changed from Feb 2013. Heads of institutions nominated a

representative (focal persons) for the National MAB Committee. The focal points

attend all MAB activities in their respective institution/organisation/agency.

iii. Are all stakeholders informed of this project?

Response

Stakeholders have been informed and this inception workshop is part of it. In addition,

the project is expecting to identify some green economies, and this will involve

stakeholders at the local level/the local communities.

4.1.3. EUBR: Background, Opportunities, Challenges and Recommendations

i. How does butterfly farming benefit communities involved?

Response

The butterfly farming business benefits the local community. It increases the household

income as well as the income of the village government. About 7% of profit goes to the

village government. One of the villages practising the business (Fanusi-Kisiwani) has

managed to bring tap water to the village through the 7% contributions from the

butterfly farming business

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4.2. Review of the Project Document

The participants went through the project document, chapter by chapter and gave their

comments, suggestions and/or asked for clarification where needed as shown below:

General Comment on the Project Response

This project is very interesting and we are looking

forward to its outputs. Implementers need to note that

we have seen a lot of similarprojects in Sub-Saharan

Africa but it was not easy to change people’s

behaviour

Noted

Chapter 1: Background

Comment/suggestion/question Response

1.1 The brief country analysis

i. (About 38 percent of Tanzania’s total land

area is covered by forests ……..deforestation at

a rate of between 130,000 and 500,000

hectares per year……..).

These figures have changed. Project writers are

advised to consult TFS and NAFORMA

(Mbwambo and Kigula) for the recent data and

update the whole chapter.

Noted and will be updated

1.2 East Usambara Biosphere Reserve

i. The scientific names are not written correctly.

Noted and will be revised

accordingly.

Chapter 2: Goal and Objectives

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2.2: Objectives

i. Objective 1: (Diversification of the economy

through improved and alternative biodiversity

related livelihoods).

Rephrase the objective especially the term

economy, e.g. Can be presented as

“Diversification of livelihood options through

the utilization of other biodiversity related

activities”

The project is a three country

project. This limits room for

changes in objectives. However we

will work on the suggestions and see

to what extent they can be

accommodated

ii. Objective 2: (Reduce the pressure on forest as

a result of fuel wood extraction for heating and

cooking purposes).

Rephrase the objective. E.g. can be presented

as “Reduce pressure on forests for fuel wood

extraction”.

iii. The project should consider other factors

causing pressure to the forests.

Same as above

The project targets certain pressures

only, not all kinds of pressure.

2.3 Alignment of the Project with Country’s

National Development Plans

i. The project document presentation mentioned

post 2015 goals. This should appear in this

chapter

Noted

2.8 Sharing of Best Practices

i. The project will also do some inventory of

species in the project site through TANRIF.

Noted

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This data should also be shared.

2.9 Partnership with KOICA

The official name for KOICA office in

Tanzania is not KOICA in Dar es Salaam but

KOICA Tanzania office.

Noted

Chapter 3: Planned Project Activities

3.1 Assessment and Inventory Exercise

i. The term Biodiversity is missing in the title.

Also specify which level of biodiversity

(ecosystem, species or genetic level).

ii. MAB stakeholders’ responsibilities are not

very clear. UDSM has a lot of experts in

Biodiversity Conservation. They can be

engaged in biodiversity assessment and

inventory.

iii. Before doing the biodiversity inventory

exercise, it is important to go through existing

biodiversity inventories of the area so as to

avoid repetitions e.g. UDSM-CONAS has

biodiversity inventories on the area so it would

be good to know what they have.

Noted

The project will be implemented by

the National MAB Committee. The

specific expert or organisation to

implement a specific activity will be

identified by following UNESCO’s

procedures.

Agreed

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iv. The project should consider engaging students

in the exercise. They can do the exercise as part

of their thesis/dissertation.

To be considered.

3.2 Stakeholder Mapping, Consultation and Needs

Assessment

i. The chapter has to explain the baseline survey.

Also information about the baseline survey has

to be shown in the logical framework.

Baseline survey is part of the

stakeholders’ mapping and

consultations. It will be included in

the logical framework.

3.4 Capacity Building

i. No activity directly linked to objective 2

Capacity building and business

support are some of the two main

activities that are linked to objective

two. Sub activities have been

designed under these, of which

objective two will be fulfilled.

3.4 Capacity Building

i. The project presentation mentioned some green

businesses. Were all stakeholders consulted

during the identification of these businesses?

ii. Development of alternative sources of energy

has to appear as one of the potential green

The mentioned businesses are some

of the proposed potential green

economy businesses. Actual

identification of the project

businesses has not yet been done. It

will be done during the stakeholder

mapping and consultations as

identified in the project document.

17

business.

iii. Is it correct to consider briquettes making as a

green economy/biodiversity resource?

iv. Another possible alternative energy source is

the use of energy saving stoves. It is important

to analyze the general situation of the area and

determine the most appropriate energy source

to be promoted as green economy.

v. What is the specific targeted community for

capacity building? Is it the community inside

the reserve or even those outside the reserve

who make use of the resources including those

involved in timber business?

vi. Is there a possibility of training local guides so

that they may participate in preventing

intruders?

Briquette making has been

mentioned as one of the alternatives

for firewood. It is also an alternative

source of energy.

Yes. If made from waste e.g.

sawdust, and has a positive impact

on conservation.

Comment - energy saving stoves are

not an alternative source of energy

but are used for energy saving

purposes.

The project aims at improving

community livelihoods so as to

reduce the pressure on BR

resources. It will involve

communities in and around the

biosphere reserve. However,

beneficiaries will have to be well

identified.

The project can adopt various

approaches. However, since funds

may be limiting, this project can be

considered a pilot project. Seeking

18

additional funds might also be

considered.

Chapter 4.0 Expected Outcomes and Indicators

i. The figures in major output indicators are too

high/ambitious to achieve over a 2 year period.

ii. Since the high level of poverty results in a

higher dependency on natural resources, the

project can also consider taking control of

households and thus measure economy levels

from this control.

iii. Several other related initiatives have been/are

going on in the project site. It is important to

consider them when determining changes

resulting from project activities.

The project needs a very good

baseline survey. This will identify

beneficiaries and make sure they are

the ones to be targeted. It is possible

to alter figures with accurate

argumentation. After baseline,

mapping and needs assessments the

figures can be changed.

The presented document is a draft

and not a final document. Changes

to figures can be considered after the

baseline survey.

Noted

Noted

Chapter 7: Risks and Assumptions

i. What is the difference between village leaders

and community leaders?

Village leaders are those in the

Local Government Authority and

19

ii. The presentation mentioned lack of political

will as one of the risks. At what level of

political administration is this risk expected?

ii. (Lack of political will of ward, village and

community leaders and the government of the

United Republic of Tanzania to .....). Recast to

“lack of political will at national and local

level”. No need to mention all those levels

separately.

iii. Time availability of resources should be one of

the risks unless there is a certainty that

resources will be distributed on time.

community leaders come from

communities.

When talking about conservation, it

is placed directly under the

environmental sector. However,

environmental issues are multi-

sectoral and touch on various

sectors, including Infrastructure and

Energy, hence the challenge.

Noted

Noted

Chapter 8.0 Project Budget, Duration

i. Budget Annex is not shown in the provided

project document. Is this by mistake or are the

participants not supposed to see it?

There has been an overlook/mistake

during compilation of the document

for the workshop. The budget is

USD 430,000 and is divided

according to the project activities

Chapter 10: Project Implementation Plan

20

i. Project implementation and management is not

clear. The roles of different stakeholders are

not clarified. It is important to clarify this

during compilation of the final document.

ii. When will the project start?

iii. What calendar will the release of project funds

follow? The calendar year or the government

budget year? It would be good to follow the

government calendar. The funds will be

released in line with the government funds for

sectoral development. This will provide a

smooth operation of activities as they can go

hand in hand with governmental plans.

iv. How will the project funds be dispersed,

quarterly, annually or Bi-annually?

The project will be implemented by

the National MAB Committee.

Specific experts or organisations to

implement a specific activity will be

identified by following UNESCO’s

procedures.

This is the project inception

workshop which marks the

beginning of the project.

At this stage, the document is still

premature; for that reason, it is

difficult to know when exactly it

will be put in the country budget

cycle. However, this should not be a

problem as long as we follow the

financial rules of UNESCO and

KOICA. If every

stakeholder/implementer fulfils their

duties at due time, there will be no

problem. For the implementer to

receive the funds, they will have to

report what they have done first,

otherwise there will be no funds.

This is an Extra Budget Project.

Funds will be released, depending

on the activity to be implemented,

and disbursed directly to the

21

v. Where will the money be channelled? Will it

follow the normal government system?

expert/partner. The payments will be

in instalments according to what

must be delivered by the

implementer. Timing will not be the

problem. The funds can be released

at any time of the year.

The money will be disbursed

directly to implementers after

signing a contract such as the

Implementation Partners

Agreement. However, the amount

disbursed to the implementing

partners will be reported to the

ministry of finance (Government) by

UNESCO.

Chapter 12: Monitoring and Evaluation

i. How will the project monitoring be carried

out? Will it be through midi project reviews or

independent entities?

ii. Can MAB National Committee also participate

in monitoring?

This project is implemented in three

different countries. There will be

two types of reviews; midi project

reviews and final reviews. The final

review will account for the whole

project and will be carried out by an

independent reviewer. The midi

project reviews will be performed at

the national level by UNESCO and

KOICA

The National MAB Committee will

receive reports. Project activities

will be implemented by the same

22

iii. Some of the acronyms used are not shown in

the list of acronyms. The secretariat has to go

through the document again and work on all

those editorial issues.

iv. The UNESCO office has been mentioned as

the UNESCO office in Dar es Salaam. It is

important to use the official name, UNESCO

country office

person, depending on their expertise

and contracts which will be set by

UNESCO. Reports will be sent to

the committee before going to

UNESCO.

Noted

Noted. However the official name is

the same – UNESCO Dar es Salaam

Office

5. CLOSURE

The workshop was closed by a vote of thanks from Frank Chambo of TFS. He appreciated the

selection of EUBR from other BRs in Africa for the project and thanked UNESCO for

soliciting funds and KOICA for funding the project. He assured the stakeholders of TFS’s full

support in project implementation.

The director of research at NEMC Dr. Fadhila Khatibu also gave a vote of thanks on behalf of

NEMC. She thanked all participants for their active participation in the workshop and special

thanks were given to UNESCO for soliciting the funds and KOICA for funding the project.

She also gratified the DC of Mkinga, Mr Mrisho Gambo for dedicating the whole day to the

workshop. She called for all stakeholders to work hard to ensure the project’s success.

6. FIELD VISIT

Day two of the workshop was dedicated to a field visit. Participants visited the project site and

were able to see some of the economic activities taking place in the area. They had a chance

to witness the butterfly farming in the Fanusi - Kisiwani village, visit the information centre at

23

Zigi station of the Amani Nature Reserve, and view tea estate landscaping as well as the

African violet flower, otherwise considered a signature of the reserve at Kwamkoro.

6.1. Butterfly farming at Fanusi Kisiwani village

Participants visited a butterfly farm and spoke with farmers. Mr Msuya, the farmers’ leader,

briefed the participants on what the farming business entailed. He informed participants that

the Amani butterfly farming is one of the most important livelihood projects currently

implemented in the EUBR by the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group. It was introduced in

2001 with three objectives of promoting butterfly farming in the EU Mountains; promoting

the conservation of the biodiversity hotspot; and creating a model for future insect/butterfly

farming projects in other areas of Tanzania. The project started with four pilot villages

becoming fully operational in 2003. In 2006 two more villages joined the project, increasing

the number of villages to six and involving 210 farmers. Currently, 106 households are

practising the business in Fanusi-Kisiwani.

The project aims to provide the community within the area with a way of earning income

without damaging the BR ecosystem. Farming is done by individual households under the

supervision of the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). The TFCG is also

responsible for sourcing the right markets for the products.

The butterflies are grown in huts made of net. However, some can grow outside these huts

and are taken care of right where they are. Each household practising the business has an

average of one hut.

Plate 1: Local methods of protecting butterfly from pests

24

The primary target markets are butterfly exhibits in Europe and the USA. These exhibits have

an insatiable desire for new species and so are willing to pay considerable amounts of money.

For the live butterfly exhibits, butterflies are sold at their chrysalis2 or pupae phase. After

arriving at their destination, the butterflies emerge from their pupae. The butterfly houses then

charge tourists to see butterflies from tropical countries. Some of the butterflies are sold dry

for ornament making. The Amani butterfly project also sells dried butterflies to dealers and

collectors.

Depending on the species, each pupa is worth between 1500 Tshs (Approximately 1 USD) to

4500 Tshs (Approximately 3 USD). The sales and payments made to butterfly farmers from

2004 to 2009 ranged from 19,470.60 and 16,728 USD to 89,200 and 57,150.820 USD

respectively. Of these earnings, 65% goes to the farmer, 28% to the project office and the

remaining 7% is used for village development. From these contributions for village

development (7%), the Fanusi-Kisiwani village has managed to bring tap water to the village.

Some of the interviewed farmers reported that they can earn between 300,000 Tshs

(Approximately USD 200) to 750,000 Tshs (Approximately USD 500) per month from the

business. However, business is not done throughout the year with business high seasons

unfolding from March to October (summer in market countries). There is little business

during winter as weather in the market countries does not allow for the emerging of butterflies

from their pupae.

2 Chrysalis an insect at the stage of changing from larva to adult, during which it is inactive and encased in a

hard cocoon

25

Plate 2: One of the houses built from the butterfly farming earnings

Mr Msuya informed the participants that the community’s engagement in butterfly farming

has had some positive impacts on the conservation process. For example before this business,

the community would engage in illegal timber harvesting and charcoal production as some of

their major economic activities. Butterfly farming was introduced as an alternative economic

activity, and so many families shifted to it from the previous environment destructing

economic activities. By providing people in the EUBR with a livelihood dependent on healthy

forests, the butterfly project therefore creates a strong economic incentive for people to

conserve forests, which will in turn conserve other animals in the area as well.

The major challenges facing butterfly farming in the area include pests: (ants), market,

drought and cold weather. To avoid ants from reaching plant parts with eggs and larvae, the

farmers use local methods like polishing tree branches with oil, and covering the eggs with

plastic bags to prevent the ants from reaching the plant leaves housing eggs.

26

Plate 3: Local methods of protecting butterflies from pests

6.2 Amani Information centre

Upon leaving the butterfly farm, participants visited the Amani Nature Reserve Information

Centre. The centre had been rehabilitated from an old German Station master's house, built

between 1905 and 1910. This centre is one of the most important tourist attractions in the

area.

The centre contains information about the flora, fauna and culture of the EUBR. One

interesting feature found at the centre is the model for environmentally friendly economic

To avoid ants, farmers polish tree branches with oil and cover the eggs with plastic bags

27

activities for communities around the BR. This model demonstrates potential green economic

activities that can be practised and adopted by the communities. These include tree nurseries,

bee keeping and zero grazing. The model also illustrates another green alternative source of

energy; energy saving stoves.

Plate 4: A model for environmentally friendly economic activities for communities

6.3 Amani botanical garden, Tea plantations and African Violet Flower

After the Amani Information Centre, participants then headed to Kwamkoro station. Along

the way they had a view of the Amani botanical garden and the tea plantations. At

Kwamkoro, they were given the chance to see the African violet flower. This flower is native

to Tanzania, despite being currently spread all over the world, and it is used for ornamental

purposes.

Butterfly

Tree nursery

Zero grazing

Energy saving stove

28

Plate 5: A view of the tea plantations

Plate 6: The African violet flower

29

7. ANNEXES

Annex I: Speech by Hon. Chiku as Gallawa, Tanga Regional Commissioner

1. Hon. Mboni M. Mgaza - Mkinga District Commissioner

2. Hon. Subira Mgalu - Muheza District Commissioner

3. Hon. Mrisho Gambo - Korogwe District Commissioner

4. Eng. Bonaventure T. Bya, Director General - National Environment Management

Council (NEMC) and Chairman of the Tanzania National MAB Committee

5. Ms. Noeline Raondry Rakotoarisoa, UNESCO HQ

6. Mr. Abdoul W. Coulibaly, OIC, UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office

7. Representatives of the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

8. Mr. Sheha Mjaja - Environment, First Vice-President's Office Zanzibar

9. Prof. Alexander Songorwa - Director of Wildlife – Ministry of Natural Resources and

Tourism

10. Juma S. Mgoo - Chief Executive - Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS)

11. Workshop facilitators and participants

12. Invited Guests,

13. Members of Press, Ladies and Gentlemen

Good morning!!

Distinguished Participants,

On behalf of the United Republic of Tanzania, specifically the people of Tanga Region, I

would like to take this opportunity to first thank God for making it possible for us to gather

here in Tanga for this important workshop. Allow me to extend my sincere gratitude to

UNESCO first and foremost for choosing Tanzania, particularly the East Usambara Biosphere

Reserve, in collaboration with the National MAB Committee and also for soliciting funds.

Most importantly the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) for funding this

important project. Lastly, I am deeply grateful to the workshop organizers for inviting me to

officiate the opening ceremony of this workshop.

Distinguished Participants,

30

We are aware that our country is endowed with a high diversity of natural resources, making

it one of the 12 mega-diverse countries with high endemism in the world. It is one of the

world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots and home to a huge assortment of flora and fauna. The

Eastern Arc Mountains, of which the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve is part, together with

the Coastal Forests are the major ecosystems of this diversity.

On one hand, the vast majority of Tanzanians depend solely on natural resources for their

livelihoods. On the other hand, the increasing human population, along with their livestock,

have rapidly depleted these resources. This project comes when the environmental challenges

mentioned need urgent interventions. The availability of funds will not only improve local

communities’ livelihood through income generating activities, but also provide them with an

opportunity to become more aware of conservation issues and actively participate in said

conservation.

For these reasons I am extremely delighted to be associated with this initiative that targets

poverty reduction, biodiversity conservation and the insurance of sustainable development. I

would like to assure you all of the Tanzanian Government’s full support in implementing this

project.

Ladies and gentlemen

For many years now Tanzania has been implementing UNESCO’s MAB Programme through

its National MAB Committee who is here today. The Biosphere Reserve Concept was first

conceived and adopted in Tanzania in 1981 with the establishment of Lake Manyara and

Ngorongoro-Serengeti Biosphere Reserves. The youngest one is the East Usambara Biosphere

Reserve which was designated in 2000.

Still, allow me to express my sincere gratitude to the Chairman of the National MAB

Committee and his members for the ongoing initiatives set to establish the Saadani National

Park Biosphere Reserve. It is our belief that the success of their initiatives will improve

resource conservation, increase tourist numbers and community livelihoods. We all agree that

existing biosphere reserves represent some of the world’s most famous tourist attractions thus

I take this opportunity to request UNESCO to continue supporting these initiatives to

make the Saadani Biosphere Reserve happen.

31

Ladies and gentlemen;

The attainment of UNESCO’s objective, which is maintaining Green Economy in Biosphere

Reserves as a means to poverty reduction, biodiversity conservation and sustainable

development in the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve, highly depends on the team work

spirit, seriousness, creativity and commitment of the Leadership and experts in areas where

this project will be implemented. These areas are the Mkinga, Korogwe and Muheza Districts

as well as Conservators in Nilo and Amani Nature Reserves.

I for that reason hope that this workshop will help provide a broader understanding to all

participants, as well as a platform on which to exchange knowledge and share experiences, so

that they can innovate both conservation and income generating projects that will bring Big

Results in terms of conservation and community livelihoods. It is my knowledge that this

workshop will be followed by a field visit to the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve; my belief

is that you will see areas that need immediate action and yet also enjoy the beautiful scenery

of the East Usambara Mountains in its biological richness.

Nevertheless I encourage you to visit the beautiful tourist attractions in the Tanga Region

which are: the Amboni Caves, the hot water sulphur spring, Amani, Nilo and Magamba

Nature Reserves, the butterfly project in Amani NR, Tongoni ruines, unspoiled sandy beaches

in Pangani, Saadani NP and Mkomazi NP.

Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen,

Let me conclude by assuring UNESCO, KOICA and invited guests on behalf of myself and

the leadership and experts in project areas, of full support, cooperation and close continued

follow-ups of this project to render its implementation successful.

I now declare that the Inception Workshop on Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves:

The Case of East Usambara Biosphere Reserve in Tanga Tanzania is officially opened.

I thank you all for your kind attention and henceforth look forward to a real commitment in

establishing green businesses.

32

Annex II: Statement by Abdoul Wahab Coulibaly OIC UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office

The Honourable Guest of Honour, Ms. Subira, representative of the Regional Commissioner

of Tanga Region

Mr. Biya, Director of NEMC

Deputy Director of KOICA, Tanzania

Samuel Joel, representative of the SG/NATCOM, Tanzania,

Members of the media

Distinguished Participants and Colleagues

Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is both an honour and a pleasure for me to welcome you to the Inception Workshop on

Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves (GEBR): A Means to Poverty Reduction, Biodiversity

Conservation and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, the case of East Usambara

Biosphere Reserve in Tanzania. We assure you all of our support in implementing the

outcomes and recommendations arising from this workshop.

Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves is a new regional project implemented in 3 African

countries; Tanzania (East Usambara Biosphere Reserve), Nigeria (Omo Biosphere Reserve)

and Ghana (Bia Biosphere Reserve). It is funded by the Korea International Cooperation

Agency (KOICA) who has kindly agreed to support the project by hiring a Korea Multilateral

International Cooperation Officer (KMCO) at their cost who will be sited at the UNESCO Dar

es Salaam Office to assist/oversee implementation of this project.

Distinguished Participants,

In developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa, livelihoods and the security of the

people are intimately linked with their surrounding biological resources. However, the

diversity of these biological resources, termed “biodiversity”, is being rapidly lost mainly due

to human population growth and its associated increase in consumption and subsequent drive

to extract more resources such as timber, minerals and food. In some cases, biodiversity

33

resources are utilized in an unsustainable way because communities in and around the

resources are poor, displaced, marginalized and are unlikely to have alternatives.

Faced with these challenging realities, and based on the evidence of the services offered by

biodiversity for local economies, biodiversity business3 development is a viable tool for

conservation whilst contributing to sustainable development and subsequently toward the

achievement of the MDG’s. A well-developed biodiversity business has the potential to

generate investments for conservation and contribute to sustainable development through the

equitable sharing of generated benefits.

Ladies and gentlemen;

UNESCO’s MAB Programme has embodied UNESCO’s unique multidisciplinary approach

in addressing the challenges posed by the sustainable management of natural resources which

requires sustainable management of the existing resources. The MAB Programme develops a

basis within the natural and social sciences for the rational and sustainable use and

conservation of the biosphere resources and for the improvement of the overall relationship

between people and their environment. It predicts the consequences of today’s actions on

tomorrow’s world, thereby increasing people’s ability to efficiently manage natural resources

for the well-being of both human populations and the environment.

Ladies and Gentlemen;

This project comes as a response to the national priorities regarding the environment. The

Tanzania’s National Environmental Policy (1997) identifies land degradation, loss of wildlife

habitat & biodiversity, ecosystem deterioration and deforestation as critical environmental

problems requiring urgent intervention. The impact of poverty and climate change is likely to

further aggravate these problems, thus increasing the vulnerability of both urban and rural

communities, particularly women and girls. Based on these facts, the GEBR project is of great

importance towards alleviating the current challenges as it seeks to diversify the economy of

the local communities through improved and alternative biodiversity related livelihoods.

Furthermore it targets the reduction of the pressure on forest resources for fuel wood

extraction and most importantly communities’ capacity building in a holistic manner to ensure

3 Biodiversity business is defined as a commercial enterprise that generates profits through production processes which conserve biodiversity, use biological resources sustainably and share the benefits arising out of it equitably

34

the sustainability of the biodiversity businesses and to conserve the resource-base of their

businesses.

Honourable Guest and Participants,

In closing, please allow me to repeat that I am extremely pleased and humbled by your

presence and I assure you, on behalf of UNESCO, of our full support and cooperation.

I would like to take this opportunity to extend my thanks to KOICA for funding this project.

Thanks to the organizing committee members at UNESCO offices in Dar es Salaam,

UNESCO Headquarters and our implementation partners for their efforts in gathering us here

to cooperate towards a common goal.

Before I close my statement, I would like to relay Ms. Gabriela’s sincere apology to you, who

is our colleague in the field of Science who could not be with us today. She is currently

attending another workshop in Dar that she organized and will be with you during other

workshops.

I wish you beneficial and fruitful discussions

Thank you!

Annex III: Congratulatory Remarks on GEBR Project Inception Workshop from

KOICA by Deputy Representative of KOICA office, Mr Shinyoung Pyeon

Honourable guest of Distinguished Participants,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is my great pleasure to be here with you today on behalf of Mr. Kim, the Resident

Representative of KOICA Tanzania Office. Thank you all for your presence today, especially

Madam Noeline’s participation in this workshop. I would also like to express special gratitude

to the Tanzanian NEMC (National Environment Management Council), UNICEF Tanzania

Office, and the MAB national committee for organising this special workshop.

The UNESCO GEBR project has special significance to KOICA.

Firstly, this project aims to achieve two crucial purposes at the same time. Through the GEBR

project, we aim to improve the income level of beneficiaries and conserve biodiversity. In that

35

sense, the true meaning of sustainability originated from Rio Earth Summit back in 1992 will

be reflected in this project.

Secondly, this project is meaningful to Korea in trying to shape its position as the fore runner

of Green Growth. This project is the first KOICA project in collaboration with an

International Organization in the field of Green Growth.

The Republic of Korea has recently been initiated into the Green Growth Development. In

2010, Korea founded GGGI (Green Global Growth Institute) which assists environmental and

sustainable economic development in developing countries. GGGI shapes the new

development paradigm; Green Growth. Furthermore, Korea also finances W.B. through the

creation of a Green Growth Development Trust Fund, investing 40 million USD over a four

year period.

In addition, KOICA, as a governmental Official Development Assistance agency, makes an

effort to tackle climate change issues. Through the "East Asia Climate Partnership", Korea

committed itself to a 200 million USD assistance package from 2008 to 2012 for developing

countries in East Asia and beyond. From this partnership, KOICA has implemented many

projects such as afforestation and anti-desertification, as well as eco-friendly energy

development projects in many countries.

KOICA has a broad selection of tailor-made projects. For Tanzania, as well as Ghana and

Nigeria, the Agreement implementing the GEBR Project was signed in June this year

(2014).Upon this workshop, project implementation will be accelerated.

Ladies and gentlemen,

This inception workshop holds significant meaning. Firstly, it invites every stakeholder of the

GEBR project to unite and interact with one another. Throughout this session, we can re-

examine the project's feasibility and discuss how to best maximize the results and project

impacts using limited resources. Thus, I encourage you to brain storm with ideas, thoughts

and lessons acquired from previous projects to make our project better.

Secondly, I would like to emphasize the ‘Value for Money’ concept. We all know that the

core funding of this project is derived from Korean tax payers’ money. Moreover, the concept

of RBM (Result Based Management), is gaining increasing importance in International

Development. Although I have not yet visited the project site, our initial thought when

36

assessing the feasibility of this project, was the numerous challenging targets. What can be

achieved through this project should be studiously examined and if necessary, redesigned to

reflect a more realistic perspective. In that concern, I look forward to hearing your candid

opinions and active participation.

Distinguished Participants,

Sustainable development through environmental improvement can promise a better life to

future generations. It is my sincere hope that this workshop will open a new chapter to the

GEBR project. I would like to thank all the participants here today; I am sure each and every

one of you will continue to play a valuable role towards creating a better and more sustainable

future. I hope we gain all the fruitful results expected at the end of the workshop. Thank you!

Asante Sana!

Annex IV: Statement from NEMC by Eng Baya, DG NEMC

Honourables:

Guest of Honour: RC – Tanga Region;

District Commissioners – Muheza, Korogwe and Mkinga;

District Executive Director – Muheza, Korogwe and Mkinga;

Representative of UNESCO Headquarters, Ms. Noeline Rakotoarisoa;

Representative: KOICA;

Director: UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office – Dr. Abdul Wahab Coulibaly;

Representatives: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism;

National MAB Committee Members;

Distinguished Delegates;

Ladies and Gentlemen;

On behalf of my country Tanzania, and specifically as Chairman of the Tanzanian National

Man and Biosphere Reserves (in short MAB) Committee, as well as the DG of the National

Environment Management Council (NEMC) – the National Focal Office for MAB activities

in the country; let me take this opportunity to thank almighty God for enabling us to gather

here this morning in the beautiful city of Tanga. I must say I feel greatly honoured to be given

the opportunity to deliver this statement.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

37

Tanzania is one of the countries implementing the Biosphere Reserve (BR) Concept. The

country is endowed with a variety of natural resources and/or ecosystems, making it one of

the 12 mega-diverse countries in the world with high endemism. The Eastern Arc Mountains,

of which the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve (EUBR) is part, is among the 34 global

biodiversity hotspots. A biodiversity hotspot is a site that contains unusually high

concentrations of endemic plant and animal species, and has experienced significant loss in its

historical vegetation.

Conservation of the Tanzanian natural resources can be categorised into Nature Reserves,

National Parks, Marine Parks, Forest Reserves and Game Reserves.

Ladies and Gentlemen;

The BR concept in Tanzania was initially conceived and adopted in 1981 following the

establishment of two biosphere reserves, namely; Lake Manyara and Ngorongoro-Serengeti

BRs. The youngest one is the East Usambara Mountains which was designated in 2000. These

biosphere reserves not only harbour high biodiversity, but represent some of the most famous

tourist attractions in the world such as the Ngorongoro-Serengeti ecosystems.

Mr. Chairman,

Biosphere reserves have played a significant role in social economic development and

environmental conservation in general. The economic base of Tanzania, like many other

developing countries, depends on the use of natural resources, rain fed agriculture, livestock

keeping and biomass for house hold energy. In many cases the biosphere reserves have

provided nearly all these resource requirements, primarily from the transition and/or buffer

zones. Communities living in and around the biosphere reserves have largely benefited from

various economic activities and therefore contribute effectively in achieving one of the

MKUKUTA goals i.e. reducing income poverty. Furthermore, ecologically the biosphere

reserves are extremely vital in terms of provision of ecosystem services such as biodiversity

conservation, food, water, energy, medicine, climate regulation, forest and non-forest

products and other products which are critical for human survival.

Mr. Chairman;

Despite the fact that there are a number of benefits accrued from the biosphere reserves, these

sites are facing unprecedented management challenges. Some of these challenges are largely

38

anthropogenically induced, like rapid population growth in and around the biosphere reserves

resulting in increased resource demand hence, exerting pressure on the existing natural

resource base. Other factors contributing to environmental degradation in biosphere reserves

are illegal hunting of wildlife, overharvesting of forest resources, encroachment and

sometimes blocking of the wildlife corridors resulting in habitat fragmentation. Recently,

cases of illegal mining, especially by artisanal miners, have also resulted in environmental

degradation in some of the biosphere reserves; the East Usambara BR being one of them.

Mr. Chairman;

It is clear that these important ecosystems have become more vulnerable following adverse

impacts of climate change and climate variability, which now call for urgent actions on

mitigation and adaptation. As a result, biosphere reserves are faced with the serious

environmental challenge of maintaining ecological integrity whilst ensuring that communities

in and around the sites continue to benefit from the resources, especially in the buffer and

transition zones. However, addressing these environmental challenges requires managers and

technical experts involved in the management of biosphere reserves to be equipped with the

appropriate knowledge, tools and skills to ensure that they are sustainably managed and

conserved so that they may continue to offer these ecosystem services.

Mr. Chairman;

Let me reiterate that low levels of awareness, education, lack of alternative sources of income

and energy, combined with low levels of stakeholder involvement, less cultural consideration

and gender imbalances have all exacerbated the existing challenges.

Mr. Chairman;

It is obvious that the management challenges I have just mentioned are complex and cross-

sectoral in nature; hence, addressing them calls for both multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral

approaches. Tanzania strongly believes in and is committed to the implementation of the basic

functions on which biosphere reserves were established. These functions (both

complementary and mutually enforcing) are:

• a conservation function - to contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems,

species and genetic variation

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• a development function - to foster economic and human development which is socio-

culturally and ecologically sustainable

• a logistic function - to provide support for research, monitoring, education and

information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and

development.

Mr. Chairman;

I understand that Tanzania is one of the beneficiaries to the project we are launching today

entitled “Green Economy in the Biosphere Reserves: A Means to Poverty Reduction,

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Sub Sahara Africa”; others being

Ghana and Nigeria. Regionally the project was launched in Ghana during the AfriMAB

meeting held in Accra from the 24th to 27th September 2013.

The project will be implemented in the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve (EUBR) and is

intended to conserve biodiversity, reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development

through biodiversity businesses in biosphere reserves. This is reflected in the project

objectives which are:

1. Diversification of the economy through improved and alternative biodiversity related

livelihoods

2. Reduce the pressure on forests as a result of fuel wood extraction for heating and cooking

purposes

3. Build the capacity of communities in a holistic manner to ensure the sustainability of the

biodiversity businesses and to conserve the resource-base of their business.

Therefore, implementation of this project will highly contribute to building the capacity of

stakeholders in addressing the above challenges; thus, reducing pressure on both ecosystems

and ecosystems services in the EUBR. In that spirit I would like to urge all the managers in

the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve to work hard and in a collaborative manner to

guarantee successful implementation of the project. NEMC commits itself to this task as an

environmental technical institution as well as National MAB Committee Chair.

Mr. Chairman;

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Before I conclude, let me once again, on behalf of the Government of the United Republic of

Tanzania, extend our heartfelt appreciation to the Government of Korea for funding the

project through KOICA; UNESCO for their commitment and continued cooperation in the

area of conservation and particularly for their assistance in accessing the funds for this

project.

Allow me to reiterate that, the third pillar of the MAB concept is logistical support. May I also

take this opportunity to kindly request that UNESCO and KOICA assist in soliciting more

funds for promoting research and monitoring, especially in MAB sites, to ensure biodiversity

conservation and sustainability. This is in terms of capacity building, equipment and technical

support. Last but not least, I would like to cordially request that UNESCO ensures close

collaboration and consultations with the Council in implementing the project.

Ladies and Gentlemen;

I wish to end my statement by thanking you for listening to me, as I look forward to a fruitful

meeting and overall project implementation.

AHSANTENI SANA, THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MERCI

May God bless us all

Annex V: Statement from UNESCO-NATCOM by Joel Samuel

Honourable Guest of honours Tanga Regional Commissioner

Honourable District Commissioner (Muheza, Tanga and Korogwe)

DG NEMC

Dr Coulibaly UNESCO.

KOIKA representative

Madame Noeline from UNESCO HQ

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen;

Ladies and gentlemen

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May I start by introducing you all to the National Commission of UNESCO Tanzania. This

introduction is important because it will help create awareness of this important commission

to you; our important stakeholders and developing partners.

The National Commission is a government agency with the purpose of involving UNESCO

activity in Tanzania, through various ministerial departments, agencies and institutions. These

activities are anticipated advancements in a variety of fields: education, science, technology,

culture, and information & communication. The National Commission of UNESCO is readily

available, therefore ensuring that Tanzania is contributing to the maintenance of humanity.

This is done by participating in UNESCO’s activities of peace and the common welfare of

humanity. The UNESCO activities aim to advance mutual knowledge sharing and

understanding of people, appropriate education to the wider population as well as spread the

message of culture, peace, sustainable development, preservation and the sharing of

knowledge. The National Commission provides an ever increasingly important role to

UNESCO’s work, particularly in realizing its ideals and in the formulation, execution and

evaluation of its programme.

The National Commission of UNESCO commends and strongly supports efforts made in

ensuring that the Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves (GEBR) project occurs in Tanzania.

NATCOM understands that it has not been a simple task to plan and start such a project, but it

is an indication that UNESCO values the efforts of Tanzania in eradicating poverty through

the better use of its valuable natural resources. NATCOM is happy to see that the project is in

line with its mandate of sustainably developing individuals and societies, whilst taking care of

peace and developmental issues it is also in line with National Development Goals.

Distinguished guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

The National Commission appreciates KOICA’s readiness to sustainably support the

community, especially in such a project and in other reports. The National Commission

welcomes developing partners in collaborating with Tanzanian communities to inculcate

sustainable development and poverty eradication through the proper use of natural resources.

In same vein, the National Commission appreciates the UNESCO country office and the

MAB National Committee for designing the project and their readiness to ensure that the

project takes place. NATCOM also appreciates the role played by NEMC as being the focal

point of the MAB activities in Tanzania.

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Distinguished guest ladies and gentlemen

Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves being new concepts for most of us, should be our new

direction as a good example of possible sustainable development initiatives. The National

Commission is hoping that the project will open doors for many more similar projects to take

place in Tanzania. NATCOM also expects the project to not only diversify the economy

through improved and alternative biodiversity related livelihoods, but to reduce the pressure

on forests as a result of fuel wood extraction for heating and cooking purposes as well as

building the capacity of communities in a holistic manner to ensure the sustainability of the

biodiversity businesses and to conserve the resource-base of their business. The most

important element is that the project will change societal mind sets so locals may see the

world in new window of hope, cooperation, along with educational understanding and

implementation regarding environmental conservation.

NATCOM strongly believes in the creation of holistic policies that are capable of addressing

the social, environmental and economic dimensions of sustainable development. This new

thinking on sustainable development reaffirms the founding principles of the project and its

expected results. The project launch arrived in accordance with the end of the decade of

education for sustainable development. This initiative made use of education as a means of

providing sustainable development to society.

Ladies and gentlemen, with this being the golden chance, it has to be fully utilized for the

benefit of society and upcoming generations.

Ladies and gentlemen, NATCOM will work closely with the National MAB committee and

other development partners to ensure that the project is taking place in the set speed and to the

required standard.

I thank you for listening and God bless you.

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Annex VI: Presentation on Man and Biosphere Programme By Noeline

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Annex VII: MAB Implementation in Tanzania by Mapinduzi A.L. NEMC

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Ahsanteni sana Thank you very much Merci

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Annex VIII: GEBR Project Overview by Gabriela Lucas (UNESCO)

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Annex IX: East Usambara Biosphere Reserve: Background, Opportunities, Challenges

and Recommendations by Mwanaidi S.Kijazi; Conservator Amani NR and Manager

EUBR -Tanzania Forest Services

1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EAST USAMBARA

East Usambara is part of the Eastern Arc Mountain Range which is considered one of the

twenty five biodiversity hotspots in the world.

The East Usambara Mountains are globally renowned for their diverse flora and fauna, as well

as the exceptionally high degree of endemic plants and animals found in the forests. Their

biological significance has been compared to the Galapagos Islands.

The rain forests secure the water supply for the surrounding local community and Tanga city

population of more than 273,332 people (URT, 2012). Water for industrial use in Tanga city

also originates from these rain forests. Local people in the mountains depend on the forests

for many of their daily needs.

In 1975, the Forest and Beekeeping Division under the Ministry of Natural Resources and

Tourism set aside potential forest areas for water catchment value, together with high

biodiversity value, with the East Usambara rain forests being one of these areas. However,

with these efforts, mechanized logging with major consignments with ply wood industrial in

Tanga has been taking place in these forests. In 1989 the mechanized logging was abandoned

due to Forest Inventory results indicating a tragedy of commons if the mechanized logging

continued. As a result, the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project was initiated in 1991 and

sustained until 2002. One of the objectives of the project was to place the East Usambara’s

unique value of ethenobotany, high biodiversity and endemism into safe custody like the

establishment of the Amani Nature Reserve in 1997. Unfortunately that did not suffice since

Amani is only 8,380 ha and so a broader approach was adopted in nominating East Usambara

as one among the Man and Biosphere Reserve programme.

The MAB Programme proposes both an interdisciplinary research agenda and capacity

building activities that target the ecological, social and economic dimensions of biodiversity

loss and the reduction of this loss. Being concerned with problems at the interface of

scientific, environmental, societal and development issues, MAB combines natural & social

sciences and economics & education to improve human livelihoods and safeguard natural

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ecosystems, hereby promoting innovative approaches to economic development that is

socially and culturally appropriate as well as environmentally sustainable.

November 2000, the East Usambara Mountain forest area was designated as a UNESCO Man

and the Biosphere (MAB) Reserve, and named the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve

(EUBR) with an area of approximately 83,600 hectares. The World Network of Biosphere

Reserves currently counts 621 biosphere reserves in 117 countries all over the world, one

being EUBR in Tanzania. Administratively, EUBR falls under the jurisdiction of three

districts’ authorities: Korogwe, Muheza and Mkinga in Tanga Region. Nationally, the core

protected forest blocks fall under Tanzania Forest Services, Ministry of Natural Resources

and Tourism authorities.

2.0 ZONATION

The EUBR comprises three land management zones namely the core area, buffer zone, and

transitional area (see map below) all of which ought to have their own separate management

MAB plans:

The core area of the biosphere reserve, which is the site of extensive biodiversity research and

training, includes the Amani Nature Reserve, Nilo nature reserve and Amani Botanical

Garden. It is characterized by high concentrations of endemic flora (including many medicinal

plants) and is home to thirteen endangered bird species. The remaining part of the core area

includes 14 protected forest reserves namely Semdoe, Derema corrdor, Kambai, Manga,

Mlinga, Kwamarimba, Segoma, Kwamngumi, Mlungui, Bamba Ridge, Mtai, Mgambo,

Bombo East I and II.

The buffer zone includes commercial forest plantations like Longuza Teak Project, patches of

natural forest where local communities turned to Village forest reserve (like Mpanga,

Kizingata, Kizee, Handei and Mfundia) and some tree crop in their farms.

The transition area of the biosphere reserve includes sisal and tea plantations. It also offers a

living environment for more than 80 villages. Small-scale farming (rice farm plate no.1) and

cattle breeding form two important economic activities of the estimated 170,000 people in the

area (2012).

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Plate no.1: Rice farms for local livelihoods’ security

3.0 Opportunities for MAB

• In short, an MAB Reserve is intended to be a flexible tool for the advancement of

better forest governance i.e. to reconcile various interests and actors

• The basic idea behind these areas is to conserve the diversity of our living biosphere

whilst meeting the material needs and aspirations of an ever increasing population

settling in these areas through participatory approaches. This means actively seeking

the participation of residents and neighbouring populations in their decision-making

forestry activities

• EUBR is a potential carbon sink

• The International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) has classified both the sub-

montane and lowland forests of the East Usambara Biosphere Reserve as Endemic

Bird Areas (EBA). Thirteen globally endangered species of birds are found there

• Thus biosphere reserves are extraordinary for their nature, but are also established to

combine the interests of local people, administration, scientists, NGOs and others into

comprehensive development strategies for these areas

• Its reputation is elevated internationally, (like access to UNESCO sources of fund)thus

attracting more researchers and eco tourists who in turn bring more money to the area

and its conservation. This is enhanced by promoting non-consumptive values of

biodiversity as an alternative or additional source of income for local populations

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eg. Ecotourism is practiced at the Southern and Northern west blocks of the

biosphere reserve (Amani and Nilo Nature Reserve) (see plate no 2, 2, 4 of rare

and endemic species and some developed trails plate 5)

Within EUBR these practices include a centre of training for tropical forests

where Universities do their studies and practicals. Some results of research

works include the butterfly farming project where local communities practice

the project and reap the benefits

Plate no.2: Saintpaulia (African violet flower Plate no 3: Long billed tailorbird

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Plate no.4: Chameleon deremensis Plate no.5: Nature trails

4.0 Challenges

• Fragmentation of the core area that harbours the endemic, endangered and threatened

species as a bottleneck to gene flow

• Loss of biodiversity resources caused by human activities like illegal gold mining and

timber smuggling in the core areas

• Inadequate awareness on ecosystem values in the MAB context

• Poverty among surrounding rural communities from inadequate income generating

activities

• Large workload to vulnerable marginalised groups like women and children

• How could the MAB system benefit the East Usambara in the way that both the local

inhabitants’ development needs and the global conservation aims are fulfilled?

• Financing the mechanism of EUBR to address the challenges

• Inadequate capacity building to staff in MAB concept

• Lack of clear legal backing /policy

Way forward /Recommendations

• Multidisciplinary research effort so as to help formulate policy recommendations for

the EUBR governance in the near future. This research combines the forest adjacent

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communities to regional and national level forest governance issues, and ultimately, to

global biodiversity conservation interests.

• Capacity building to local communities, staff and actors regarding the management of

the EUBR resources

• Improving very poor land use methods and intensifying alternative sources of income

to local communities surrounding the EUBR so as to reduce dependence on

biodiversity. (e.g. through agro forestry, zero grazing, improved cooking stoves,

beekeeping, fishponds, butterfly farms, ecotourism and domestication of Allanblackia

tree species in farmers’ land, spice cultivation like cloves, cinnamon)

• Intensify stakeholders’ participation in the management of EUBR resources from

grassroots, National to International development partners

• Project development and implementation like the Green Economy in Biosphere

Reserve; a means to Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

Annex X: List of Participants

S/No Name Organisation

1 Subira Mgalu DC Muheza

2 Bonaventure Baya NEMC

3 Pyeon Shinyoung KOICA

4 Abdoul Coulibaly UNESCO

5 Noeline Raondry UNESCO

6 Park Ju-hyuan KOICA

7 Joel Samuel UNESCO-NATCOM

8 Mrisho Gambo District Commissioner, Korogwe

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9 Frank Chambo TFS

10 Mbelwa Kimweri TFS Korogwe

11 William Mngazija ITV/Radio One

12 Mwanaidi Kijazi Amani Nature Reserve

13 James Msuya Butterfly project

14 Sihaba H. Vuai Division of Environment, Zanzibar

15 Leonarda Kileo TFS

16 Expedancia Tibasana National Land Use Planning Commission

17 Timotheo Sosiya Regional Commission’s office

18 Emmanuel Mwasilu NEMC

19 Arnold Mapinduzi NEMC

20 Fadhila H.Khatibu NEMC

21 Angela Mwatujoba NEMC

22 Hulda Gideon COSTECH

23 Joseph J.Kigula MNRT

24 Jackson F.Saria TFS

25 Aaron Mrikaria Tanzania Broadcasting Company (TBC)

26 Asia Rweyemamu The guardian

27 Rashidi Shekivunge Forestry

28 Joseph Mchau Forestry

29 Lucina Raymone Korogwe

30 Msumari Msumari Muheza

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31 Zawadi Mbwambo Muheza

32 Sanford Kway PMO RALG

33 Anthony Tambwe Daily news

34 Hassan Namkeleja Wildlife division

35 Benjamin A. Hango Nilo Nature Reserve

36 Dr. Catherine Masao IRA-UDSM

37 Salma Shemweta UNESCO