Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA

Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USAand L.P. Madin – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., USA

CMarZ Symposium and Steering Group MeetingOcean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan

November 6, 2006

CMarZ General Introduction

Census of Marine Life in Broad View

CoML is a global network of researchers in more than 70 nations engaged in a ten-year initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life in the oceans -- past, present, and future.

Through 2010, scientists worldwide will work to quantify what is known, unknown, and what may never be known about the world's oceans.

CoML is guided by the questions: What lived in the oceans? What lives in the oceans? What will live in the oceans?

• J. Frederick Grassle (Chair), Rutgers University, USA• Victor Ariel Gallardo (Vice Chair), COPAS, Chile• Vera Alexander, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA• D. James Baker, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, USA• D. Chandramohan, National Inst. Oceanography, India• David Farmer, University of Rhode Island, USA• Carlo Heip, Netherlands Inst. Ecology, Netherlands• Poul Holm, S Denmark University, Denmark• Ian Poiner, AIMS, Australia• Yoshihisa Shirayama, Kyoto University, Japan• Myriam Sibuet, Ifremer, France• Michael Sinclair, BIO, Canada• Sun Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China• Meryl J. Williams, CGIAR, Australia/Malaysia

CoML International Scientific Steering Committee

Human Edges - Natural Geography in Shore Areas –

NaGISA - Gulf of Maine Area Program – GOMAHidden Boundaries - Abyssal Marine Life – CeDAMarCentral Waters - Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking – POST - Tagging of Pacific Pelagics – TOPP - Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems – MAR-ECOActive Geology - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems – ChEssRegions & Habitats - Arctic Ocean Diversity – ArcOD - Life on Seamounts – CenSeam - Coral Reef Ecosystems – CREEFS - Continental Margin Ecosystems – CoMargE

- Census of Antarctic Marine Life – CAMLGlobal Surveys - Census of Marine Microbes – ICOMM - Census of Marine Zooplankton - CMarZ

CoML Ocean Realm Field Projects

Principal InvestigatorsAnn Bucklin – Univ. Connecticut, USAShuhei Nishida – ORI, Univ. Tokyo, JapanSigrid Schiel – Alfred Wegener Inst., Germany

Project / Office ManagersRobert Jennings, CMarZ – USARyuji Machida, CMarZ – AsiaAstrid Cornils, CMarZ – Europe

Data Management / CommunicationsPeter Wiebe – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst, USABob Groman & Dicky Allison, CMarZ DatabaseNancy Copley, Communications Coordinator

Steering GroupProject leadership, coordination, and representation; 22 members from 15 countries.

CMarZ NetworkExpert taxonomists, ecologists, students, and interested colleagues; 50 members.

CMarZ Organization

Rob Jennings

Ryuji Machida

Astrid Cornils

Nancy Copley

WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS OF ZOOPLANKTON BIODIVERSITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD OCEAN, AND HOW ARE THEY GENERATED AND MAINTAINED?

*CMarZ (2004) Science Plan for the Census of Marine Zooplankton. Unpublished report from a Census of Marine Life workshop held 17-22 March 2004 in Portsmouth NH, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

CMarZ Overarching Question*

Global patterns of pelagic biodiversity known from decades of work by oceanographers, ecologists, and taxonomists.

HMS Challenger (1872 – 1876): earliest attempt to record global patterns of biological, chemical, and physical properties in the ocean.

Longhurst (1998): biogeographical patterns suggest environmental factors play major role in structuring biodiversity patterns at large scales.

The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

Longhurst, 1998

HMS Challenger cruise track

“What species are present? What are the main patterns of species distribution and abundance? What maintains the shape of these patterns? How and why did the patterns develop?” McGowan (1971)

How many species are there? How many new species will be found? Will most new species be found in biodiversity hotspots and unexplored regions?

Are there cryptic species within cosmopolitan and circumglobal species?

The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

Cryptic mt16S rRNA lineages of Rhincalanus nasutus. Goetze, 2003

Completeness of knowledge will be an enduring challenge, because of the huge spatial dimensions of global ocean make an enduring challenge, despite technological advances.

Synoptic top-to-bottom and pole-to-pole view of the world ocean may never be possible within time frames of environmental variability – as short as minutes.

Accuracy of a global view of zooplankton species diversity is limited by fragmented effort by expert taxonomists scattered throughout the world.

The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

To complete a taxonomically comprehensive, global-scale census of marine zooplankton;

To produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, and biogeographical distribution;

To analyze the ~6,800 described species – and likely discover at least this many new species – of marine metazoan and protozoan zooplankton.

CMarZ Goals for 2010

Baseline Information for Zooplankton of the World Ocean

Sampling the global ocean Ecosystem biodiversity surveys in hotspots Cruises of opportunity & transit legsAnalysis of samples Use of existing plankton samples Recovery and use of existing data Development of new sampling and analysis

technology & tools DNA barcoding and molecular protocols Data management, analysis and visualizationEducation & outreach Increase taxonomic expertise Graduate training Public appreciation School teachers, students & curriculum

CMarZ Approaches

2004-2006 Cooperating Projects

During 2004 – 2006, more than 30 CMarZ cooperating projects were launched, contributing to the global survey of zooplankton diversity. Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of samples is coordinated across the CMarZ Network.

Archived oceanographic collections are providing resources for analysis of the biodiversity of the pelagic realm.

CMarZ “data recovery” projects are ongoing in Argentina, Germany, India, and Japan.

Samples from R/V Hakuho Maru, 1967-

1982. archived at ORI, Univ.

Tokyo, Japan.

Use of Existing Samples and Data

~118,000 samples archived at the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA).

CMarZ Taxonomic Workshops: Over 100 participants during 2004 – 2006.

Graduate/professional training: International exchanges; one-on-one training.

Secondary school teachers and students: workshops for teachers; NOAA Teacher-at-Sea program.

Public education: CMarZ website and Species Pages build appreciation and knowledge of marine biodiversity.

Media interest: CoML press events; CMarZ / NOAA cruise led by Peter Wiebe yielded > 100 articles in 25 countries and 10 languages.

CMarZ Outreach & Education

CMarZ Training Course, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños, Dec. 2004

Rosamma Stephen at AWI, July 2006

NOAA Teacher-at-Sea Joe Catron, April 2006

Web Site at www.CMarZ.org

Local and regional surveys must be comparable to yield a global survey.

Protocols and procedures must be standardized for:

Net style and deployment Sample collection Sample splitting & preservation

- Ethanol / genetics

- Formalin / taxonomy

- Freezing / molecular Metadata & sample labeling Shipping DNA barcoding

CMarZ Standard Protocols

Barcoding is deriving short DNA sequence(s) that enable species identification or recognition.

For animals, focus to date is a 658 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI)

Zooplankton will test barcode protocols, since 15 animal phyla are represented.

DNA is particularly useful to study animal plankton, because

- organisms are rare, fragile, and/or small;

- species are widespread or circumglobal;

- DNA-based detection protocols will speed sample analysis.

Barcoding Zooplankton

Sustained, dynamic OBIS with CMarZ data and information, data management software, dynamically-assembled Species Pages

Proven technologies: DNA barcodes

Public interest in marine life through photographs and press coverage,

Taxonomic and barcoding centers of excellence in developing countries

New generation of oceanographers; new taxonomic capacity

Practical applications: indicators of ecosystem health, tools for ocean observing, baseline biodiversity assessments, marine invasions

Contributions to CoML Legacies

Mar 2004 – Planning workshop in Portsmouth, NH Aug 2004 – CMarZ Science Plan distributed Oct 2004 – CMarZ funded by Sloan Foundation;

CMarZ-USA Project Office established Jan 2005 – Cooperating projects launched Mar 2005 – www.CMarZ.org website online Apr 2005 – CMarZ-Asia and CMarZ-Europe Project

Offices established May 2005 – Steering Group members added from

China, India, and New Zealand Jun 2005 – 1st CMarZ Steering Group meeting

in Bremerhaven, Germany Oct 2006 – CMarZ Sloan funding renewed for 3 years Nov 2006 – 2nd CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Tokyo,

Japan

Brief History of CMarZ 2004 - 2006

Review project goals and assess our progress Prepare for CoML 2007 Interim Report Meet CoML/CMarZ milestones for:

- OBIS data submission rates - sample and data analysis - species discovery and description - publication

Work toward CoML synthesis Contribute to CoML legacies Secure funding for science (~$15M over 5 years) Maintain partnerships:

- other CoML field projects - Consortium for Barcode of Life (CBOL) - SCOR Technology Panel

CMarZ Challenges for 2006 - 2010

Demetrio Boltovskoy (Arg.)Janet Bradford-Grieve (NZ)Ann Bucklin (USA)Colomban de Vargas (France)Ruben Escribano (Chile)Steven Haddock (USA)Steve Hay (UK)Russell R. Hopcroft (USA)Ahmet Kideys (Turkey)Laurence P. Madin (USA)Webjørn Melle (Norway)Vijayalakshmi Nair (India)Shuhei Nishida (Japan)Mark D. Ohman (USA)Francesc Pagés (Spain)Annelies Pierrot-Bults

(Netherlands)Chris Reid (UK)Sigrid Schiel (Germany)Sun Song (China)Erik Thuesen (USA)Hans Verheye (South Africa)Peter Wiebe (USA)

CoML Zooplankton Workshop Portsmouth, NH USA, March 2004

AcknowledgementsCMarZ Steering Group Members