Ankeet Final Layer Final(2)

8/8/2019 Ankeet Final Layer Final(2)

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS :

"CRADLE TO GRAVE"

DESIGNED FOR

SUSTAINABILITY W.R.T. A

MAJOR INDIAN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY



SOME QUESTIONS FIRST ???

What are the pollution problems

associated with petrochemical

plants?

Why are accidents inpetrochemical plants dangerous to

environment?



Sustainability

Capacity to endure

Designing to improve the quality of life

today, without compromising the quality of life of tomorrow.



Key Environmental Considerations

Use less material or materials withless environmental impact

Use fewer resources

Produce less pollution and waste Reduce the impacts of distribution

Optimise functionality and

service life Make re-use and recycling easier

Reduce the environmental impact

of disposal



L ife Cycle Analysis

Investigation and evaluation of the environmental impacts of a

given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.

Also known as eco-balance, andcradle-to-grave analysis



Standardization

The procedures of life cycleassessment (L CA) are part of the

ISO 14000 environmentalmanagement standards: in ISO14040:2006 and 14044:2006.(ISO 14044 replaced earlier

versions of ISO 14041 to ISO14043.)



Scope of L CA



Variants of L CA

Cradle to Grave

Cradle to Gate

Cradle to Cradle

Gate to Gate

Well to Wheel



Phases of LCA

Goal and scope

Life cycle inventory

Life cycle impact assessment

Interpretation



Phases of LCA (contd.)

Goal and Scope Def

Goal & Scope

Definitionn

Inventory Analysis

Impact

Assessment

Interpretation

Fig. : Illustration of L CA phases.These are often interdependent in that the results of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.

Ref: : Wikipedia



LCA Uses and Tools

GaBi Software developed by PE

International

SimaPro developed by PRé

Consultants



Cradle to Grave Approach



Cradle To Grave Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle

Assessment from manufacture For example, trees produce paper, which

can be recycled into low-energy production

cellulose (fiberised paper) insulation, then

used as an energy-saving device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000

times the fossil-fuel energy used in its

production.

After 40 years the cellulose fibers are

replaced and the old fibers are disposed of,

possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs

are considered for all the phases of the life

cycle...



Design for Sustainability

Designing to improve the quality of life today, without compromising

the quality of life of tomorrow



Importance of Design for

SustainabilityDesign for Sustainability aims:

to take all global and regional socio-

economic concerns into account in

products and services, meeting theneeds of society now and in the

future, moving from a product to a

service oriented system.

In order to design sustainable

products and services, innovation,

creativity and new ideas are required

by designers.



Importance of Design for

SustainabilityOn a global scale current design of products

are seen to hinder Sustainability.

Designers ironically increasing focus on disposables.

e.g. razors, nappies, pens, packaging.

4 Rs regarding design for sustainability:

Repair Refine Redesign Rethink

Movement towards rethinking situations

and function radically changing towardsachieving needs through different means.



Repair -> Rethink

Adapted from:

[Thompson and

Sherwin, 2001]



CASE STUDY

GAIL ( Gas Authority of India Ltd )

RIL ( Reliance India Ltd. ) Controlled Petrochemical Industry

at Jamnagar



Figure 2: Generalized Steps of Processing in

Petrochemical Industry



Figure 3: General Approach for ³Cradle to Grave´ in

Sustainable development



Raw Material Acquisition

C

onsiderations Use less material

Use materials with lessenvironmental impact

Use fewer resources

Produce less pollution and waste



Sustainable Design for Raw Materials

Using recycled materials instead of virgin materials significantly reduces the environmental impact of a

product.

Guidelines for designing with recycled plastics by RIL :

Specify thicker walls or features that enhance rigidity in a design where increased strength must compensate for reduced strength in material.

Select applications where color is not critical when recycled plastics come with a variety of colorants. Additional colorants may mask the original color of the material.



Product Manufacturing

C

onsiderations LCA analyses

Is the process energy

intensive?

Does it produce a lot of

waste?

Are natural resources

(eg water and fossil

fuels) used?

Can resource use be

reduced?



Actual process flow diagram



RIL Results of Product Manufacture

( Polyester ) The amount of energy use to produce the

polyester fabric was 171.5 mega Joules

Oil and gas usage for polyester fabricproduction was 1.5kg compared

Emissions produced in polyester production

account for 3.8kg of carbon dioxide and 0.2g

of sulfur dioxide

polyester fabric production uses 1,900 liters of

water

wastewater tainted with antimony trioxide



Figure 4: Flow diagram for the manufacture,consumer use, and disposal of a polyester sheet

http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/LCA-

Chapter%201.htm#INTRODUCTION



Sustainable Approach

Polyester produces highly toxic

agents and harmful waste materials

Cannot be used for other

processes

Released in environment causing

degradation

Eco-Intelligent Polyester Technique

is employed by other countries for

clean production



Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing:

Sustainability

Product

Complexity

Consumables

Workforce

Tools

Facilities

Part Precision

Manufacturing

Impacts



Sustainable Design By RIL

Effluent treatment plant, low NOXburners in Furnaces

and zero liquid effluent discharge

ensure the safety of the environment. Treated sewage, industrial effluent

and stack emissions are extensively

monitored to ensure no harm is done

to the environment.

Reliance is committed to transform

the arid land in and around the

complex into a lush green belt



Major Achievements by RIL

Reduction in Emission of C

O2 (Tons/Kilotons of Crude processed) to 10.25

Planting of 4.0 million trees in and around the

complex has already been done till 2004

which includes planting of 25,000 Nos of

additional Trees during last year.

Reduction of plastic cup consumption from

5.1 Lakhs cup (In 2000) per month to 3.2 Lakh(2003) per month.

Construction of landfill facility for the disposal

of hazardous waste



± Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and communities throughout its life cycle;

± Meets market criteria for performance and cost;

± Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled using

renewable energy;

± Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials;

± Is manufactured using clean production technologies and

best practices;

± Is made from materials healthy in all probable end of life

scenarios;

± Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy;

± Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or

industrial cradle to cradle cycles.

Sustainable Packaging



33

Talk to consumers to find out if they

have developed product habits

Do customers feel that any

components or functions are

unnecessary?

How is the pr oduct used?



Final Disposition Considerations

Optimise functionality and service

life

Make re-use and recycling easier

Reduce the environmental impactof disposal



35

Does the product typically go to landfill?

Could the recycling potential be

increased?- material selection

- stamping and labelling

Can modules or parts be re-used? Service potential

What happens at the end of the

pr oduct¶s life?



Sustainable Design RecyclabilityProduct design can make a significant

contribution to recyclability. Use materials which can be easily recycled.

Reduce the quantity of different types of materials.

Select materials that are in mutually compatible groups, e.g. for plastics ABS, PETor PVC

To aid recycling, avoid materials which are

difficult to separate such as laminates, fire-retardants and fiberglass reinforcements.

Avoid polluting elements such as stickers that interfere with recycling, or glues.



An optimized view.

Cradle to cradle approach

From personal hygiene products to buildings, demand for

environmentally-conscious consumption is increasing. In

fact, whether consumer purchases are rooted in health

concerns, moral obligation to future generations, or the desire to showcase a trendy commitment to the

environment.

More than 35% of American consumers claim to have a

higher interest in the environment and 34% claim they are

more likely to buy environmentally friendly products

today versus one year ago. When priced within their

budget, this number increases to 69% of American

consumers. (Cone, Inc. 2009).



Material flows in the context of an Intelligent Materials

Poolingcommunity.



Conclusion

Every product has an environmental impact.

Firms must aim to mitigate these impacts

when marketing green products. Since trade-offs exist in each stage of the product lifecycle,

green products must be underpinned by

continuous improvement towards the various

methods given above and thus achieve

sustainable growth.



THANK YOU



QUESTIONS ?

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