Anita Spring, Professor Dept. of Anthropology University of Florida The Body: Health, Food, and...
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Transcript of Anita Spring, Professor Dept. of Anthropology University of Florida The Body: Health, Food, and...
Anita Spring, Professor
Dept. of Anthropology University of Florida
The Body: Health, Food, and Fitness in Ethiopia
Tadesse Mesfin: Here We Are
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2006
Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 (/163) 130
Source:Transparency International
Press Freedom Index 2006 ( /168) 160
Source: Reporters Without Borders
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2006
Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 (/163) 130
Source:Transparency International
Press Freedom Index 2006 ( /168) 160
Source: Reporters Without Borders
Population (m) 75.6
Per-capita GDP (PPP US$) 756
HDI rank ( /177) 170
Life expectancy (years) 47.8
Combined gross enrolment (%): 36
% of population under $2 per day 77.8
Cellular subscribers (per 1000) 3.0
Internet users (per 1000) 2.0
:
Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 (/163) 130
Source:Transparency International
Press Freedom Index 2006 ( /168) 160
Source: Reporters Without Borders
Questions
What are the body aesthetics? Traditional, conventional Contemporary
What is the healthy body? What is the unhealthy body What body variations are there by
Types of societies, rural-urban, poor-wealthy What are the multiplicity of body-related
customs?
Some of the multiplicity of body configurations
The beautiful coffee server or entertainer
“The tribal exotic”
The result of famine and starvation
The body augmented though FGC, etc.
The rural poor: farmer and laborer
The urban wealthy: professional, housewife
The Olympic runner
Body problems for girls and adolescent females
FGC: Infibulation, excision, clitoridectomy
Early marriage
Pregnancy at young age
Fistula and incontinence
Marriage by bride capture and rape
Domestic violence Eshetu Tirunch: To Live or Not to Live
(women experience men’s war and violence)
The body: traditional
Low Body Mass Index (BMI) for women Small body size High female morbidity and mortality
Female Genital Cutting (FGC) Parturition: obstructed labor Uvulectomy, tonsillectomy: venesection HIV AIDS
The body, food, diet, nutrition
Gender-differential diet Poor girls and women may get
Less protein Fewer calories Fewer meals Restriction on foods during pregnancy
No effect for better income and food-secure farmers
“La Bella Figura” Well dressed and coifed
Body and figure well presented
The “tribal” exotic: Hamer, Arbore, Afar, Borena, Mursi, Bume, Karo, Bodi, Ari
Mursi Woman lip plates: Cut for marriage girlRemove bottom front teeth
(FGC-not practiced)
The face & body of famine
Refugees & displacedWomen and children: 75%-80% Poorly nourished Poor health conditionsHigh morbidity and mortality
Large numbers of internally displaced Ethiopians More women and childrenSame poor health and nutritionhttp://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900LargeMaps/SKAR-64GEP7?OpenDocument
Reproductive health and the
body
Total fertility: 6.1 (2000 - 2005)
• was 7.0 in 1970s
Population growth rate: 2.7%
The female body augmented: FGC
Cultural aesthetic: clean, smooth, beautiful
Childbirth obstruction, can result in: fistulas tearing of vaginal and/or bladder wall chronic incontinence
Ethiopian school girl in meeting organized by NGO campaigning against FGC
She is worried about getting a husband if she refuses to be circumcised
Credit: IRIN
POSSIBLE PHYSICAL SIDE EFFECTS•Pain, Shock•Hemorrhage•Damage to surrounding organs•Bladder/ Urethra Stones•Kidney Damage•Reproductive Tract Infections•Infertility•Excessive Scar Tissue•Urinary Tract infections•Intermittent Bleeding•Abscesses•Keloids & Dermoid Cysts
Women and menrefusing FGC: Donor projects
I m p r o v i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f p r i m a r y p r o v i d e r s i n f a m i l y p l a n n i n g a n d o t h e r r e p r o d u c t i v e h e a l t h c a r e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d
E T H I O P I AE T H I O P I A
U S A I D
C D C
U N I C E F
M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h
H I V / A I D S P r e v e n t i o n a n d C o n t r o l O ffi c e ( H A P C O )
R e g i o n a l H e a l t h B u r e a u s
R e g i o n a l H A P C O
R e g i o n a l T e a m s
H a r e g P r o j e c t P a r t n e r s H a r e g P r o j e c t P a r t n e r s
I m p l e m e n t i n g a g e n c i e s :
P R I M E I I ( I n t r a H e a l t h , S a v e a n d A C N M )
J H P I E G O
J H U / C C P
S a v e t h e C h i l d r e n / U S
L I N K A G E S
U N I C E F
M S H / R P M +
I - T E C H
Early Marriage—12 yr old
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ethiopia_early_marriage.html
Her mother asked that the Marriage Contract state a delayin consummation of the marriage until she was 15 years old
but the elders omitted it
Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital treated >25,000 women since opening and 1,200 women a year
Obstructed labor: Childbirth injury leading to incontinence
Causes: Early marriage and pregnancy
FGC
Oprah discussion on TV
Variables that affect to greater or lesser degree
AGE AT MARRIAGE
TYPE OF FGC (AGE
AFFECTS)
HEALTH ENHANCERS
HEALTH DETRACTOS
20’s and older Adequate calories Famine—little or no food
17-19 Infibulation
Adequate protein Female get less food
14-16 Excision Safe water, etc. Female gets less protein
12-13 Clitoriodectomy Pre-natal care No pre-natal care
9-11 None Obstetric Care Obstetric complications
Health
What about HIV and AIDS?
Eyes on the Prize Averted infections are the ultimate goal
Total population 70.7 million
Living with HIV/AIDS 3 million Adults 15-49 2 millionChildren 230,000
Overall prevalence 6.6%Urban 13.7%Rural 3.7%
AIDS orphans 1.2 million
Life expectancy Fallen to 45 years
Hospital beds >50% to AIDS patients
HIV/AIDS overwhelming Ethiopia
91% of infections in adults 15-49 years 21.1% prevalence in women 15-24 years As high as 25% among pregnant women in
urban areas
HIV/AIDS Infection in Ethiopia HIV/AIDS Infection in Ethiopia
170,000 HIV+ women give birth each year
60,000 of their newborns infected through MTCT
HIV/AIDS theater group in Awassa
Practices that involve blood, cause additional vulnerability for the spread of HIV/Aids
Harmful Traditional Practices in Oromiya
FGC: after birth, at the time of marriage1997/98 survey: 80% of females in Oromiya
Milk tooth extraction: sometimes involves drilling the gumTo treat diarrhoea & fever at time of milk tooth eruption, &
poorly growing older children
Uvulectomy: uvula removed with a knifeTo treat oropharyngeal blockage, prolonged swelling of thethroat, vomiting & coughing.
Tonsillectomy: removed by healer’s index finger To treat sore throats & difficulties in swallowing
Related practice: scrape a sore throat with a long finger nail until bleeds
Venesection: blood letting through stabbing veins or arteries
To counter tissue swelling & deteriorating health
POTEN-TIAL MODES OF TRANS-MISSION
WOMAN
MAN
FEMALE ADOLESCENT 10--19 YEARS
MALE ADOLESCE
NT 10--19
YEARS
CHILD 5--9 YEARS
INFANT UNDER 5 YEARS
SEX WITH INFECTED PERSON Unprotected
Marketing Traders Rape Widow
Inheritance Extramarital Polygyny
Marketing Traders Daily Laboring Seasonal Migration Widow
Inheritance Extramarital Polygyny
Dancing, Weddings Marketing Urban Migration Abduction Rape Early Marriage Secondary School
Dancing, Weddings Casual Laboring Urban Migration Secondary School
CONTACT WITH INFECTED BLOOD
Uvulectomy Tonsillectomy Female Genital Cutting (FGC)
Uvulectomy Tonsillectomy
Milk Tooth Extraction Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy Circumcision
MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION
Pregnancy, Birth, Breast Feeding
HIV/AIDS risks
Physical activity: traditional, rural
Walking, carrying--water & fuelwood
Agriculture Planting Weeding Harvesting Marketing Herding
Food processing
Dancing!!! Shoulder Neck rolls
Water and fuelwood carrying on back (not on head)
Back injuries & deformations with age Bent, not upright posture
Diet: Grains: more famine–prone
(draught) Enset: more famine–proof
Draught, poverty, distribution systems
Malnutrition: mothers and children
Ethiopia faces 300,000 malnutrition deaths
Enset: Anti-famine crop
60 trees feeds 6 people
for a year
Wealth determines diet and health
Degene (Rich)
10+cattle, some to poor to share-raise
Self-sufficient: clothes, school fees, food
Use contract land plus own holdings
Harvests 100 enset plants/ year
Owns 3 houses
Hires labor to plant, weed, and process enset
Sells chat, coffee eucalyptus trees
15%
Gibtose (Middle-class)
5 cattle -no share-raise to poor
Self-sufficient in food, clothing, school fees
Harvests 50 enset plants/ year
Owns 2 houses
35%
Zega
(Poor)
No cattle but share-raise them
Sells his/ her labor
Harvests 10 enset plants/ year
Sells hay from own land for income
Owns one house
35%
Gurmasa (Poorest of the poor)
Payment in cash or kind for labor and food
Share-raise cattle for milk and manure
Harvests a few enset plants/ year
Very small plot of land
Owns very small house
15%
Women and agriculture
Old techniques No access to land No access to credit or
capital Labor for their
husbands
New techniques Microcredit and
microfinance projects New income projects Farming techniques Improved food
processing and animal husbandry
EntrepreneurshipMicro to Global
Global business womenMicro-entrepreneurs
Street vendors, craft makers
Small businesses
Merkato Addis Ababa Largest open air market in Africa
Most women are in informal, micro-sector
Some are large, informal sector traders
Informal sector: women vendors in towns, urban areas, rural markets
Women-owned small industries related to the body Textiles, Clothing and tailoring, Food products (injera), Feminine hygiene, Beauty salon and products
Retail: Restaurant, Groceries, Super markets
Konimix Business Center Import-Export trading
Crafts: Kembetta potters, Weaver
Agricultural Projectssome Microfinance & Microcredit
43
Medium and Large-scale
Traders in the
Informal sector ___________________
Ethiopian Women Exporters’US$250,000 to $1.2 Million Per year in goods
44
Formal Sector small-medium textile
manufacturer--Ethiopia
Contracts with Ethiopian Airways
and DHL
Regional Enterprise Networks
WAEN: 350 members
West African Enterprise Network
SAEN: 100 members
Southern African Enterprise Network
EAEN: 60 members East African Enterprise
Network
WAEN 1993
SAEN 1998
EAEN 1998
46
In October 2000, Delegates from 31 Countries met in Ethiopia to form the
Africa Enterprise NetworkAfrica Enterprise Network (AEN)
Characteristics of Ethiopian AEN Members
All escaped political turmoil in Ethiopia and lived/were educated in the U.S.
All are men Keep in close contact with each other Upper class socioeconomic status
Types of Businessesin EAEN
Rose exporter CEO of Ernst & Young-Africa Thread making factory Coffee factory Retail store: electronics &
appliances Bottled water Transportation company,
commercial buses
49
Old factory thread and textile factory from socialist days taken over by EAEN
member
Business Enablers
Relative domestic political calm
Entrepreneurial culture
Overseas contacts/networks esp. in U.S., Europe, and Canada for marketing and supply
Business Constraints
Continuing war with Eritrea
drains resources & govt’s attention
Very low income levels
History of state involvement in business
Poor physical infrastructure
Land-locked country
Running and Women Athletes
2004-06: The Great Ethiopian Run: 5 kilometer race in Addis Ababa
8,000 girls and women-2006
“By running they can be ‘known people’ and they can get money. They can get anything”
Marathon coach Yilma Berta
High altitude enhances oxygen carrying capacity
Teff Easily metabolized
Running a “take-off” on everyday existence and activities
World champs: win 5,000 and 10,000m
Ethiopian take all 6 medals
25-35 elite runners 50-100 in training
Walking is transportation for girls; high altitude
Runners are celebrities
Change the notion that women should lead marginalized lives
Walk to school
Walk to collect firewood and water
Berhane Adere,Olympic gold-medal world champion in 10,000-meter
Girls and boys running at school
New role models
Running Start built new classrooms
The new physical exercise
40-50 girls in club, but 200 run Some without shoesKids go to local hotels to watch TV
Tirunesh Dibaba: age 21First woman to win both 5,000m and 10,000m
2006: 5000 meter Brussels 2007
Boston Jan. 27Madison Square Garden Feb 3
Favorite 2007 world track, Osaka
2008 summer Olympic, Beijing
Drives a BMW 750, Earns US$.5 million/year
The new fit and de-robed female body
Tirunesh Dibaba set a world indoor record in the women’s 5,000 meters in Boston February 1, 2007
Women athletes as role models
Girls being educated and running
Will these change ideas about the female body?
Questions to be asked:
Will running: Reduce FGC? Reduce severest FGC? Reduce domestic
violence/harm? Be linked to greater AIDs
awareness? Reduce birth rate? Increase general fitness?
Will running increase girls’ and women’s Education?
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Political participation? Economic activities? Self-esteem?
Thank you
Female circumcision
Merkato,Addis Ababa, the largest open air market in Africa