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![Page 1: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devicessemiconductor and metal devices
Tomas Jungwirth
University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,
Richard Campion, Kevin Edmonds, Andrew Rushforth, Chris King et al.
Hitachi Labs., UK & Japan University of Texas and Texas A&M Jorg Wunderlich, Byong-Guk Park, Andrew Irvine, Allan MacDonald, Jairo Sinova David Williams, Akira, Sugawara, et al.
Institute of Physics ASCR Alexander Shick, Jan Mašek, Josef Kudrnovský,
František Máca, Karel Výborný, Jan Zemen, Vít Novák, Kamil Olejník, et al.
University of Wuerzburg Polish Academy of Sciences Tohoku University Laurens Molenkamp, Charles Gould Tomasz Dietl, et al. Hideo Ohno, et al.
![Page 2: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
1. Intro - basic micromagnetics in DMSs
2. DMS materials science
3. AMR effects in DMSs and metals – devices and physics
![Page 3: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
(Ga,Mn)As: an archetypical dilute moment FM semiconductor
Mn-d-like localmoments
As-p-like holes
Mn
Ga
AsMn
SW-transf. Jpd SMn . shole
Dilute Mn-doped SC: sensitive to doping; 100smaller Ms than in conventional metal FMs
Mn-Mn coupling mediated by holes in SO-coupled SC valence bands:sensitive to gating, comparable magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and stiffness to metal FMs
For not too strong p-d hybridization:kinetic-exchange (Jpd) & host SC bands provides simple yet often semiquantitative description
![Page 4: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MF-like M(T);square hysteresis loops
1 mm 500 nm
8 K 22 KMacro (100’s m) domains;
10-100 nm domain walls (~A/K)reflecting combined T-dependentuniaxial and cubic anisotropies
![Page 5: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
One
One
0.1-1 m
(b)Strain controlled micromagnetics andcurrent induced DW dynamics tunable 100x smaller critical currentsthan in metals
Huge hysteretic MR tunable by gate due to CBAMR spintronic transistor … plus weak dipolar crosslinks
prospect for dense integration of magnetic microelements
![Page 6: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Outline
1. Intro - basic micromagnetics in DMSs
2. DMS materials science
3. AMR effects in DMSs and metals – devices and physics
![Page 7: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Magnetism in systems with coupled dilute moments and delocalized band electrons
(Ga,Mn)As
cou
pli
ng
str
eng
th /
Fer
mi
ener
gy
band-electron density / local-moment density
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VB-CB
VB-IB
Mn-acceptor level (IB)
Short-range ~ M . s potential
- additional Mn-hole binding - ferromagnetism - scattering
GaAs:Mn extrinsic semiconductorGaAs VB
GaMnAs disordered VB
2.2x1020 cm-3
![Page 9: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MIT in GaAs:Mn at order of magnitude higher doping than quoted in text books
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MIT in p-type GaAs:- shallow acc. (30meV) ~ 1018 cm-3
- Mn (110meV) ~1020 cm-3
Mobilities:- 3-10x larger in GaAs:C- similar in GaAs:Mg or InAs:Mn
> 2% Mn: metallic but strongly disordered
Model:SO-coupled, exch.-split Bloch VB & disorder
- conveniently simple and increasingly meaningful as metallicity increases
- no better than semi-quantitative
Mn spacing
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Covalent SCs do not like doping self-compensation by interstitial Mn
Interstitial MnInt is detrimental to magnetic order
charge and moment compensation defect
Mnsub
MnInt
Mnsub
As
Ga
MnInt
+
-Can be annealed out
Tc 95K in as-grown (9% Mn)
to 173 in annealed (6% Mnsub)
but MnGa < nominal Mn
theory & exp.
MnGa solubility limit
![Page 12: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
d4
d
Weak hybrid.Delocalized holeslong-range coupl.
Strong hybrid.Impurity-band holesshort-range coupl.
d 5 d 4 no holes
InSb, InAs, GaAs
GaN
GaP, AlAs
d5
Search for optimal III-V host:
optimal combination of hole delocalization,
p-d coupling strength, low self-compensation
![Page 13: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
I-II-Mn-V ferromgantic semiconductors
III = I + II Ga = Li + Zn
• GaAs and LiZnAs are twin semiconductors
• Prediction that Mn-doped are also twin ferromagnetic semiconductors
• No limit for Mn-Zn (II-II) substitution
• Independent carrier doping by Li-Zn stoichiometry adjustment
![Page 14: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Outline
1. Intro - basic micromagnetics in DMSs
2. DMS materials science
3. AMR effects in DMSs and metals – devices and physics
![Page 15: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
M || <111> M || <100>Anisotropic, SO-coupled, exchange-split hole bands
Chemical potential CBAMR
Tunneling DOS TAMR
M
M
I
I
Impurity scattering rates AMR
![Page 16: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GMMGG0
20
C
C
e
)M(V&)]M(VV[CQ&
C2
)QQ(U
electric && magneticmagnetic
control of Coulomb blockade oscillations
Coulomb blockade AMR – anisotropic chemical potential
Q
0
'D
'
e
)M(Q)Q(VdQU
Source Drain
GateVG
VDQ
[010]
M[110]
[100]
[110][010]
![Page 17: Anisotropic magnetoresistance effects in ferromagnetic semiconductor and metal devices Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb55503460f94bbd305/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• CBAMR if change of |CBAMR if change of |((MM)| ~ )| ~ ee22//22CC
• In our (Ga,Mn)As ~ meV (~ 10 Kelvin)In our (Ga,Mn)As ~ meV (~ 10 Kelvin)
• In room-T ferromagnet change of |In room-T ferromagnet change of |((MM)|~100K )|~100K
• Room-T conventional SET (e2/2C >300K) possible
Worth trying to look for CBAMR in SO-coupled room-Tc metal FMs
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Tunneling AMR – anisotropic TDOS
TAMR in GaMnAs
GaMnAsAuAlOx Au
Res
ista
nce
Magnetisation in plane
M perp.
M in-plane
~ 1-10% in metallic GaMnAs
Huge when approaching MIT in GaMnAs
Anisotropc tunneling amplitudes
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TAMR in metals
theory
experiment
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Anisotropic magnetoresistance
TH
EO
RY
EX
PE
RIM
EN
TSemiquantitative numerical understanding in GaMnAs
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SO & polarized scatterers
Qualitative physical (analytical) picture
anisotropic scattering
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