A

Acid pump, soil zone, 241 Acid rain, 239 Activity, 90 Activity coefficient, 90-91 Actual evapotranspiration, 207, 231 Adsorption of ions (see Ion exchange) Advection, 75, 389, 397, 550 Advection-dispersion equation, 389,

395,402,549-553 Aeolian deposits, 149 Age dating (see Dating of ground-

water) Air entrapment during infiltration,

230-232,369 Air entry pressure head, 41 Airphoto interpretation, 307 Alluvial deposits, 14 7 Alternating direction implicit proce-

dure, 355 Ammonification, 413 Analog simulation:

aquifer, 359-364 conductive-paper, 179 flow net, 1 78-181 resistance network, 180 resistance-capacitance network,

359-364 steady-state, 178-181 transient, 359-364

Angle of internal friction, 466 Anion, 84

590

Anion evolution sequence, 241-244 Anion exchange (see Ion exchange) Anisotropy:

in compressibility, 5 6 in dispersion process, 394 flow-net construction, 174-178 of fluvial deposits, 148 in hydraulic conductivity, 32 of sandstone, 153

Anticline, 156 Aquiclude, 47 Aquifer:

aeolian deposits, 149 analog simulation, 359-364 artesian, 48, 199 barometric efficiency, 234 bounded,330-331,346,349 carbonates, 154-157 coal, 157 coastal, 3 7 5 compaction, 57, 59 compressibility, 5 6 confined, 48 (see also Confined

aquifer) defined, 47 fluvial deposits, 14 7-148 glacial deposits, 149-152 ideal, 314 igneous and metamorphic rocks,

158-163 leaky, 320-324, 345, 346 lithology, stratigraphy, and struc-

ture, 145, 306

591

Aquifer (cont.): numerical simulation, 352-359,

546-548 perched, 45, 48, 210 permafrost, 163 response to pumping, 314-335,

343-350,352-364 sandstone, 152-154 seawater intrusion, 375-378 unconfined, 48 (see also Uncon-

fined aquifer) yield, 305, 352-364

Aquitard: compaction, 323, 332-334, 371 defined, 47 glacial till, 150 land subsidence, 3 72-375 lithology, stratigraphy, and struc-

ture, 145 loess, 149 response to pumping in adjacent

aquifers, 323, 332-334, 371 shale, 158 storativity, 61 transmissivity, 61

Arch dam, 476 Artesian well, 48, 199 Artificial recharge, 230, 367-370 Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, regional

flow, 201 Atmospheric pressure, 19, 21, 39,

230,233 Average linear velocity, 71, 76, 391,

427

B

Bacteria, 117, 121-123,246, 386,441 Bacteriological water quality standards,

386 Bail test, 339 Bank storage, 225-226, 230 Barometric efficiency, 234 Baseflow:

defined,4 hydrograph, 209-210, 222 in hydrologic budget, 206 recession curve, 225-226

Basic time lag, 340 Basin yield, 305, 364-367 Batch experiments, 433 Bernoulli equation, 21

Index

Biscayne aquifer, Florida, saltwater intrusion, 377

Borehole dilution method, 342, 428 Borehole drilling, 307, 312-314 Borehole geophysics, 309-312 Boundary-value problem:

defined,67-69 for one-dimensional consolidation,

333 for one-dimensional infiltration,

212 for one-dimensional mass transport,

391 for radial flow to a well, 316 for steady-state regional ground-

water flow, 542-543 for steady-state uniform flow,

534-535 Bounded aquifer, 330, 346, 349 Breakthrough curve, 391 Brine, 243, 293, 377 Bubbling pressure, 41 Bulk mass density, 337 Buoyant density, 482

c Cable-tool drilling, 3 12 Calculation of dissolved species,

101-103, 108-112, 131-132, 277-279

Calibration of aquifer models, 358 Caliche, 519 Capillary fringe, 44 (see also Tension-

saturated zone) Carbon, dissolved inorganic, 86, 99,

101 Carbon dioxide:

in groundwater, 9 5-96 in soil zone, 95-96, 240-243,

255-257,280 Carbon-14 dating, 134-135, 201, 266,

290-292 Cation, 84 Cation exchange (see Ion exchange) Cation exchange capacity, 128 Caves, 513-515 Characteristic curves, 41-43, 62, 185,

339, (see also Unsaturated flow) Charge balance equation, 96 Charge balance error, 97 Chebotarev sequence, 242

592

Chemical equilibrium (see Equilibrium) Chemical partitioning, 402-408,

432-434 Chemistry of water, 81-141, 238-297

(see also Hydrochemistry) Clay minerals, 128-129, 133, 270, 287,

293 Closed-system dissolution, 109,

256-257 Coal, 157, 289 Coalification, 289 Coefficient of compressibility, 338 Coefficient of consolidation, 33, 339,

372 Coefficient of hydrodynamic disper-

sion, 389 (see also Dispersion coefficient)

Coefficient of molecular diffusion, 103, 390 (see also Diffusion co-efficient)

Coefficient of permeability, 27 (see also Hydraulic conductivity)

Cohesion, 466 Colloids, 12 7 Columbia River plateau, Washington,

162 Column experiments, 390, 433 Common-ion effect. 112 Compaction, 57, 59, 323, 332-334,

371 Compaction recorder, 374 Complementary error function, 391

539 Compressibility:

aquifer, 56 coefficient of, 338 from compaction recorder installa-

tions, 375 laboratory measurement, 337-

339 porous medium, 54, 337-339 range of values, 5 5 units, 52, 56 water, 51, 59, 529

Compression index, 338 Computer models (see Numerical

simulation) Concentration gradients, 25, 103,

388-413 Concentration units, 87-88 Concrete dam, 476-481 Conductive-paper analog, 179 Cone of depression, 318, 320

Confined aquifer: analog simulation, 360 defined, 48 diffusion equation, 6 5 geology, 145 numerical simulation, 353 piezometer test, 341 pumping test, 343-349 radial flow to a well, 315-324 storativity, 59-61 transmissivity, 59-61

Index

water-level fluctuations, 230-232 Congruent dissolution, 107 Conjunctive use, 367 Connate water, 519 Consolidation, 54, 333, 371 Consolidation grouting, 4 79 Consolidometer, 338 Constant-head boundary, 169, 193,

331,370 Constant-head permeameter, 335 Contaminant plume, 396, 400, 437 Contamination of groundwater:

advection-dispersion equation, 389, 395,402,549-553

from agricultural activities, 442-444 arsenic, 4 20 from deep-well disposal, 454-456 from detergents, 440 from fertilizer, 442 flouride, 421 in fractured rocks, 40 8-413 heavy metals, 416-4 20 in heterogeneous media, 397-402 mercury, 417 from mining activities, 4 5 7 nitrogen, 413-416, 442 organic substances, 424-426 pesticides, 425, 443 from petroleum spills, 444-44 7 phosphates, 422 from radioactive waste, 44 7-454 reactive constituents, 402-408 in regional flow systems, 401,

406-407 retardation, 404-410, 552 from road salt, 45 6 from sanitary landfills, 434-442 from sewage, 439-442 trace metals, 416-420 trace nonmetals, 420-424 transport processes, 388-413,

549-553

593

Contamination of groundwater (cont.): water quality standards, 385-388

Convection, 508 (see also Advection) Conventional method of slices, 468 Cooper-Papadopoulos slug test, 341 Counterions, 12 7 Coupled flow, 25-26 Crank-Nicholson scheme, 548 Curtain grouting, 4 79

D

Dalton's law of partial pressures, 9 5 Dams, 475-484 Darcy flux, 17, 71, 170, 203 Darcy velocity, 17, 34 Darcy's law:

defined, 16, 27, 28 electrical analog, 179 infiltration, 212 limits, 72-75 three dimensions, 34-3 5

Dating of groundwater: by carbon-14, 134-135, 201, 266,

290-292 by tritium, 136

Debye-Hiickel equation, 90, 536 Deep-well disposal of waste, 454-456 Deforming coordinate system, 66, 531 Delay index, 325 Denitrification, 118, 415 Density:

bulk, 337 buoyant, 482 mass, 19, 23, 52, 376, 529 weight, 23, 529

Depression-focused recharge, 21 7, 22& Deuterium, 82, 137 Dewatering, 492-494 Diffusion, 75, 103-104, 297, 390-393,

411, 550 Diffusion coefficient:

in porous media, 104, 390, 393 in water, 103

Diffusion equation, 6 5, 3 15-316, 531-533

Diffusivity: hydraulic (saturated), 61 soil-water (unsaturated), 62

Dilatancy model, 502 Dimensions and units, 526-528

Index

Discharge: area, 193-195, 203-207, 209-210 as baseflow, 225-226 defined, 211 as evapotranspiration, 231 in hydrologic budget, 203-210 365 specific, 16, 23, 34, 71 '

Discharge area, defined, 194 Discontinuous heterogeneity, 30 Disequilibrium index, 112 (see also

Saturation index) Dispersion:

hydraulic, 75 hydrodynamic, 75, 388-413, 550 longitudinal, 76, 388-413 mechanical, 75, 396 transverse, 76, 394

Dispersion coefficient: defined,389 longitudinal, 388-396 three-dimensional, 395, 552 transverse, 394, 396

Dispersivity: defined, 390 effects on concentration gradients,

392 field measurement, 431 laboratory measurement, 430 values, 400

Dissolution of minerals: aluminosilicates, 2 70 carbonates, 108-112, 254-268,

280, 284,288 closed-system, 109, 256-257 congruent, 107 gypsum, 108, 243, 282 halite, 244 incongruent, 107, 257-259, 272 laboratory experiments, 273-275 open-system, 109, 254-256

Dissolved gases, 86, 95-96, 140, 241, 245,439

Dissolved inorganic carbon, 86, 99, 101, 291

Dissolved oxygen, 140, 245 Dissolved species calculations

101-103, 108-112, Bi-132, 277-279

Distributed-parameter approach 206 Distribution coefficient: '

defined, 403 effect on concentration gradients,

406-408 in fractured rock, 410

594

Distribution coefficient (cont.): measurement, 432-434

Dolomite (see Limestone) Drainage:

of dam foundations, 479 ofexcavations,491-496 of tunnels, 487-491

Drainage basin, 4, 205, 365 Drawdown cone, 318, 320 Drawdown formulas, 314-335 Drillability, 313 Drilling methods, 307, 312-314 Drilling mud, 313 Drinking water standards, 386 Drying curve, 41 Dupuit-Forchheimer theory, 188-189,

226 Durov-Zaporozec diagram, 250

E

Earth dams, 476, 481-485 Earthquakes:

effect of reservoir impoundment, 487

effect on water levels, 230, 234 failure of earth dams, 483 prediction and control, 500-502 role of groundwater in generation,

498-500 Economic mineral deposits, 519 Effective grain size, 3 50 Effective permeability, 46 Effective stress:

atmospheric pressure effects on water levels, 233

compressibility measurement, 337

defined. 52 due to external loads, 234 in earthquake generation, 499 beneath glaciers, 51 7 in land subsidence, 372 in petroleum migration, 503 salt filtering, 29 5 slope stability, 467 unsaturated zone, 57

Effluent stream, 205 Eh, 120-121, 141, 244-247 (see also

pE) Eh-pH diagrams, 123-126, 247 Elasticity modulus, 51

Index

Electric log, 310 Electrical analog models (see Analog

simulation) Electrical conductance, 84, 139 Electrical resistivity logging, 3 10 Electrical resistivity survey, 3 09 Electrochemical evolution sequence,

244-247 Electrokinetic soil drainage, 25 Electroneutrality equation, 96 Elemental control volume, 63, 531 Elevation head, 21-23 Ellipsoid of hydraulic conductivity,

35, 175 Environmental isotopes, 134-139,

201, 221-224 Enzymes, 117, 122 Equation of continuity, 64, 65, 531 Equation of state for water, 52, 531 Equations of groundwater flow,

63-67,316,531-533,549-553 Equilibrium:

chemical, 89-96 stable, 91 unstable, 91

Equilibrium constant: al bite-kaolinite, 10 7, 2 71 calcil~ 108-109,258 carbon dioxide, 95, 109 carbonic acid, 99, 109 defined, 89, 94 dolomite, 108-109, 2 5 8 gypsum, 107 hydroxylapatite, 423 ion-exchange reactions, 129 quartz, 269 redox reactions, 119-126 strengite, 423 values, 106 varisite, 423 water, 98

Equilibrium methods of slope stabil-ity analysis, 467

Equipotential line, 25 (see also Flow net)

Equivalents per liter, 8 7 Equivalents per million, 8 7 Erosion, 515 Error function, 539 Evaporation (see Evapotranspiration) Evaporites, 519 Evapotranspiration, 4, 205-207, 211,

230-231

595

Exfiltration, 211 Exit point, 187, 481 Exploration for aquifers, 304-314

F

Facies, 250 Factor of safety for slopes, 4 70, 4 72 Fairbanks, Alaska, permafrost, 165 Fair-Hatch equation, 351 Falling-head permeameter, 336 Faraday constant, 121 Faults, 145, 474, 490, 498 Fence diagram, 252 Fick's first law, 103 Fick' s second law, 104 Filtration ratio, 294 Fingering, 400 Finite-difference methods, 181-184,

352-356,540-541,544-548 Finite-element methods, 184, 356,

377,400 Fixed-ring consolidometer, 338 Floating-ring consolidometer, 3 3 8 Floridan limestone aquifer, hydro-

chemistry, 261-268 Flow net:

by analog simulation, 1 78-181 anisotropic systems, 174-178 under a dam, 50, 68, 171, 477-481 defined, 25 Dupuit-Forchheimer, 187-188 by graphical construction, 168-178 heterogeneous systems, 172-174 homogeneous, isotropic systems,

168-172 by numerical simulation, 181-185 qualitative, 1 73 quantitative, 170, 203 regional groundwater flow, 193-211 saturated-unsaturated, 185-187 for slope stability, 4 70 around a tunnel, 488

Flow system, local, intermediate, and regional, 196

Flow tube, 169 Flowing artesian well, 48, 199 Flowline, 25, 36, 50, 177 Fluctuations in water level, 215,

229-234,366,472 Fluid mechanics, 526-530 Fluid potential, 18-23 (see also Head)

Index

Fluid pressure, 19-23, 529 (see also Pressure head)

Pluvial deposits, 147-148, 516 Pluvial geomorphology, 516 Flux (see Darcy flux) Forced convection, 508 Fractured rocks, 73, 154-162, 297,

408-413,472-475 Free convection, 508 Free energy:

Gibbs, 91 standard, of formation, 9 3 standard, of reaction, 93

Free surface, 188, 481, 494 Freundlich isotherm, 403

G

Gage pressure, 21, 5 29 Gas constant, 93, 120 Gauss-Seidel method, 184 (see also

Overrelaxation) Geochemical anomalies, 5 21 Ge.ochemical exploration:

ore deposits, 521 petroleum, 507

Geochemistry of water, 81-141, 238-297, 384-457 (see also Hydrochemistry)

Geologic maps, 30 6 Geomorphology, 513-519 Geophysical logs, 309-312 Geophysical surveys, 308 Geotechnical problems, 464-496 Geothermal gradient, 507 Geothermal systems, 510-512 Ghyben-Herzberg relation, 375 Gibbs free energy, 91 Glacial deposits, 149-152, 284-286 Glacial till, 150 Glacial-process models, 517-519 Glaciers, 5 1 7 Glaciotectonic structures, 5 18 Gradation curve, 350 Gradient:

chemical, 25, 103 electrical, 2 5 hydraulic, 16, 24, 72 thermal, 25, 507

Grain-size curve, 350 Grand Rapids, Manitoba, grouting,

481 Granite (see Igneous rocks)

596

Graphical presentation of hydro-chemical data, 247-254

Gravel pack, 313 Gravity dam, 476 Groundwater:

in aeolian deposits, 149 age dating, 134-139, 201, 266,

290-292 in carbonates, 154-157 chemistry (see Hydrochemistry) in coal, 157 confined (see Confined aquifer) contamination (see Contamination

of groundwater) defined,2 discharge (see Discharge) exploration, 306-314 flow (see Groundwater flow) in fluvial deposits, 147-148 geology, 145-166 as a geotechnical problem, 464-496 in glacial deposits, 149-152 in igneous and metamorphic rocks,

158-163 interaction with lakes, 226-229,

485-487 in permafrost, 16 3-16 5 quality, 385-388 recharge (see Recharge) resource evaluation, 304-378 texts, 12 unconfined (see Unconfined

aquifer) utilization, 6 yield, 305, 313, 364-367

Groundwater discharge (see Discharge) Groundwater divide, 194 Groundwater flow:

coupled, 25-26 equations of, 63-67, 316, 531-533,

549-553 into excavations, 491-496 in fractured rocks, 73, 154-162,

297,408-413,472-475 laminar, 72 macroscopic, 1 7, 69 microscopic, 1 7, 7 0, 7 5 multiphase, 45, 504 noncontinuum approach, 73 in petroleum migration, 503 regional (see Regional groundwater

flow) steady-state (see Steady-state flow)

Groundwater flow (cont.): transient (see Transient flow) into tunnels, 487-491 turbulent, 72

Index

unsaturated (see Unsaturated flow) Groundwater outcrop, 201 Groundwater recharge (see Recharge) Grout curtain, 479 Grouting of dam foundations, 4 79-481 Gypsum, 108,243, 280-284, 286

H

Half-reaction, 115-116 (see also Oxidation-reduction processes)

Halite, 244 Hammer seismic method, 308 Hantush-Jacob theory, 321 Hardness, 387 Head:

elevation, 21-23 hydraulic, 16, 18-26 pressure, 21-23, 39-41, 529 suction, 39 tension, 39 total, 22

Heat flow in the earth, 507 Heat transport in groundwater, 25,

507-510 Heavy metals, 416 Henry's law, 95 Heterogeneity:

defined, 30 effect on transport of contaminants,

397-402 flow-net construction, 172-174 of flu vial deposits, 14 7 of glacial deposits, 150 regional flow systems_ 197-199,

208-209,397-399 of volcanic rocks, 161

Hillslope hydrology, 217-22 ! Hinge line, 19 4 Hot-water geothermal system, 5 11 Hvorslev piezometer test, 340 Hydraulic conductivity:

anisotropy, 3 2 of basalt, 29, 162 of coal, 157 from compaction recorder instal-

lations, 3 7 5 of crystalline rock, 29, 158

597

Hydraulic conductivity (cont.): defined, 16,26-36 effect on transport of contami-

nants, 397 ellipsoid, 35, 175 estimation from grain size, 350-351 Fair-Hatch equation, 351 offluvial deposits, 29, 147 of fractured rocks, 29, 154-162 of glacial deposits, 2 9, 151 heterogeneity, 30 Kozeny-Carmen equation, 3 5 I laboratory measurement, 3 35 loess, 29, 149 of permafrost, 163 from piezometer tests, 340-341 from pumping tests, 349 range of values, 29 relationship with porosity, 38, 74

351 of sandstone, 29, 152 of shale, 29, 158 tensor, 35 units, 23, 28-29 unsaturated, 41-43, 212, 339

Hydraulic diffusivity, 61 Hydraulic dispersion, 75 (see also

Dispersion) Hydraulic gradient, 16, 24, 72 Hydraulic head:

defined, 16, 18-26 fluctuations, 229-234 units, 22

Hydraulic potential, 18 Hydrochemical anomalies, 521 Hydrochemical equilibrium (see

Equilibrium) Hydrochemical facies, 2 50 Hydrochemical sequence, electrochem-

ical evolution, 244-247 Hydrochemical sequence:

electrochemical evolution, 244-247

major ion, 241-244 Hydrochemistry:

of carbonates, 108-112, 254-268, 280-284

contamination, 384-457 of crystalline rock, 268-274 evolution, 238-297 of glacial deposits, 284-286 graphical presentation, 247-254 of gypsum, 108, 243, 282

Hydrochemistry (cont.): of halite, 244

Index

hydrograph separation, 223 indicators of streamflow generation,

221 kinetics, 295-297 order of encounter, 258, 280-284 ore deposit exploration, 521 petroleum exploration, 507 principles, 81-141 process rates, 295-297 reaction rates, 295-297 regional flow mapping, 201 of shale, 280-284

Hydrodynamic dispersion (see Dispersion)

Hydrodynamic entrapment of petro-leum, 504-506

Hydrogen isotopes, 82 Hydrogen sulfide, 8 7, 246 Hydrogeochemistry (see Hydro-

chemistry) Hydrogeologic maps, 307 Hydrogeology, 145-166 Hydrograph:

baseflow, 210, 225 groundwater, 215, 231-232 separation, 223, 225 streamflow, 219-220, 225-226

Hydrologic budget: steady-state, 203-207 transient, 365-367

Hydrologic cycle, 3, 193-229 Hydrothermal ore deposits, 513, 519 Hyperfiltration, 293 Hysteresis:

in compressibility, 54 in unsaturated characteristic curves,

42,62

I

Ignatovich-Souline sequence, 241-244 Igneous rocks, 158-163, 268-279, 512 Illinois State Water Survey aquifer

model, 355 Image-well theory, 330 Imaginary impermeable boundary, 169,

176, 194 Imaginary wells, 3 31 Imbibition curve, 41 Immiscible displacement, 46, 385, 444 Impermeable boundary, 168, 330

598

Incompressible fluid, 52 Incongruent dissolution, 107 257_259

272 ' ' Induced infiltration, 369 Infiltration:

defined, 211 fluctuations in water table 230 induced, 3 69 ' numerical simulation, 544-545 recharge, 211-217

Infiltration capacity, 211 Influent stream, 205 Injection of waste, 454-456 Inorganic carbon, 86, 99, 101 Inorganic constituents of water, 85 Interflow (see Subsurface stormflow) Intermediate flow system, 196 Internal friction, 466 Intrinsic permeability, 27 Intrusion of seawater, 375 Inverse problem, 356-359 Inverted water table, 45, 214 Ion complexes, 100 Ion evolution sequence, 241-244 Ion exchange:

affinity for adsorption, 13 3 cation exchange capacity 128 in glacial deposits, 285-2S7 in groundwater contamination, 402 principles, 127-134 selectivity coefficient, 130

Ion pairs, 101 Ionic diffusion (see Diffusion) Ionic strength, 90, 107 Irrigation water quality standards, 388 Isotherm, 403 Isotopes:

environmental, 13 4-13 9 2 O 1 221-224 ' '

of hydrogen, 82 of oxygen, 13 7 radioactive, 13 4-13 7, 2 90-292 of water, 82

Isotopic fractionation, 138 Iterative numerical method 183 IUPAC convention, 119 '

J

Jacob method, 347-348 Jacob-Hantush theory, 321 Jerome dam, Idaho, 9

K

Kaolinite (see Clay minerals) Karst, 513-515 Kielland table, 90, 537 Kozeny-Carmen equation, 3 51

L

Lakes,226-229,485-487 Laminar flow, 72 Land subsidence, 9, 57, 370-375 Landslides, 464-4 7 5

Index

Laplace's equation, 64, 178, 195 534 540,542 ' '

Lateral dispersion (see Dispersion) Laterites, 519 Law of mass action, 89 Layered heterogeneity, 30, 197 Leachate, 435 Leakage from reservoirs, 477, 485-487 Leaky aquifer, 320-324, 345, 346 Leaky well function, 321 Lehman Caves, Nevada 514 Liebmann method, 184 (see also

Overrelaxation) Limestone:

caves, 513-515 grouting, 479 hydrochemistry, 108-112, 254-268

280-284 hydrogeology, 154-157 karst, 513-515

Limit equilibrium methods 467 Liquefaction, 483 ' Local flow system, 196 Loess, 149 Log-log type-curve matching, 343-34 7 Long Beach, Califom!a, land subsi-

dence, 370, 373 Long Island, New York, artificial re-

charge, 369 Longitudinal dispersion (see

Dispersion) Lumped-parameter approach, 206

M

Ma~ro~copic concept of flow, 17, 69 MaJor-ion evolution sequence 241-244 Manitoban dolomite aquifer, hydro-

chemistry, 261-268

599

Manometer, 15, 23 Mass density, 19, 23, 52, 376, 529 Mass transport (see Transport proc-

esses· Contamination of ground-wate~)

Mathematical model, defined, 67 Maximum permissible concentration,

386,425 Maximum stable basin yield, 364 Mechanical dispersion, 7 5 (see also

Dispersion) Membrane effects (see Semipermeable

membrane) Metamorphic rocks, 158-163 Meteoric water, 519 Meteoric water line, 139 Methane, 87, 118, 246, 439 Method of images, 331 Mexico City, land subsidence, 9, 370 Microorganisms, 121, 241 Microscopic concept of flow, 17, 7 0,

75 Mineral deposits, 519 Mineral dissolution (see Dissolution of

minerals) Miscible displacement, 46 Mississippi Valley lead-zinc deposits,

520,523 Modulus of elasticity, 51 Mohr circle, 465 Mohr-Coulomb failure theory, 465-

467 ,.499 Moisture content, 39-44, 186, 213-216 Molality, 87 Molarity, 87 Mole fraction, 88 Molecular diffusion (see Diffusion) Montmorillonite (see Clay minerals) Multiphase flow, 45, 504 Multiple-well systems, 328 Musquoduboit Harbour, Nova Scotia,

aquifer model, 357

N

Navier-Stokes equations, 1 7 Nernst equation, 121 Nitrification, 118, 413 Nitrogen contamination, 413-416 Non-Darcy flow, 72-74 Nonsteady flow (see Transient flow) Nuclear fuel cycle, 44 7

Index

Nuclear waste, 44 7-454 Numerical simulation:

aquifer,352-359,546-548 finite-difference, 181-184, 352-

356, 540-541, 544-548 finite-element, 184, 356 groundwater contamination,

400-401 hillslope hydrology, 219 inverse, 356-359 regional flow, 197 steady-state, 181-185, 540-541 transient, 352-359, 544-548 unsaturated, 213, 544

0

Ohm's law, 179 Oil and gas migration, 502-507 Oil spills, 444-44 7 Open-system dissolution, 109, 254-256 Optimal yield, 364 Order of encounter, 258, 280-284 Ore deposits, 5 19 Organic constituents of water, 86,

424-426 Organic matter, 241, 288, 424-426,

438 Organic water quality standards, 386 Osmosis, 105 Osmotic pressure, 105 Ottawa, Ontario, tritium in precipita-

tion, 137 Overdraft, 364 Overland flow, 4, 211, 217-218 Overrelaxation, 184, 208, 355 Oxidation number, 114 Oxidation state:

defined, 114 rules for assigning, 114 table of values, 114, 125

Oxidation-reduction processes: electrochemical evolution sequence,

244-247 nitrogen, 414 organic matter, 241, 288 principles, 114-116 trace metals, 417

Oxygen: dissolved, 86, 95, 140, 245 isotopes, 137, 224

600

p

Parameter identification, 358 Partial area, 218, 221 Partial penetration, 3 29 Partial pressure, 9 5 Partially-saturated flow (see Unsatu-

rated flow) Particle mass density, 3 3 7 · Partitioning of solutes, 402-408,

432-434 Parts per million, 88 Pathline, 5 1 pE:

defined, 119-126 evolution sequence, 244-247 measurement, 141 pE-pH diagrams, 123-126, 247

Peclet number, 392 Pennsylvanian carbonate aquifer,

hydrochemistry, 261-268 Perched water table, 45, 48, 210 Permafrost, 163-165 Permeability:

defined, 27 effective, 46 specific, 2 7 units, 28-29 (see also Hydraulic conductivity)

Permeameter, 335-336 Pesticides, 386, 425, 443 Petroleum migration, 502-507 Petroleum spills, 444-44 7 pH:

in carbonates, 108-111, 257-264 defined, 98 measurement, 140 pE-pH diagrams, 123-126, 24 7

Phenomenological coefficients, 26 Phreatophytes, 201, 207, 231 Piezometer, 23, 177, 200, 234,

339-342 Piezometer nest, 24, 200 Piezometer tests for hydraulic conduc-

tivity, 339-342 Piezometric surface (see Potentio-

metric surface) Pine Point lead-zinc mine, North West

Territories, 492, 521 Piper trilinear diagram, 249, 252 Piping, 477, 482 Plu ton emplacement, 5 12

Index

Point-dilution method, 342, 428 Pollution of groundwater, 8, 385 (see

also Contamination of ground-water)

Polyprotic acid, 99, 423 Ponding, 213-214 Pore pressure, 46 8 Porosity:

areal, 70 defined,36-38 fracture, 74-75, 408 laboratory measurement, 337 primary and secondary, 36-37 range of values, 37, 149, 152, 155,

158 relationship with hydraulic conduc-

tivity, 38, 74 volumetric, 70

Potential, fluid, 18 Potential evapotranspiration, 207 Potentiometric surface, 49, 318, 345 Prairie profile, 203 Precipitation:

chemistry, 238 in hydrologic budget, 205-206 in hydrologic cycle, 4 as infiltration, 212

Pressure: air:-en try, 41 atmospheric, 19, 21, 39, 230, 233 bubbling, 41 fluid, 19-23, 529 (see also Pressure

head) osmotic, I 0 5 partial, 95 pore, 468 uplift, 477, 480 vapor, 95

Pressure head, 21-23, 39-41, 529 Primary migration of petroleum, 503 Primary porosity, 36 Principal directions of anisotropy, 32 Principal stresses, 465-468 Proton transfer, 83 Pumping tests, 343-350

R

Radial flow to a well, 315-331 Radiation log, 312 Radioactive waste, 447-454

601

Radioactive water quality standards, 386

Rain chemistry, 238 Rainfall (see Precipitation) Rangely, Colorado, earthquake experi-

ments, 502 Reaction quotient, 112, 132 Recharge:

air entrapment, 231 are.a, 193-195, 203-207, 211, 229 defined, 211 depression-focused, 217, 228 fluctuations, 229 in hydrologic budget, 203-207, 365 infiltration, 211-217, 544-545

Recharge area, defined, 193 Recharge-discharge profile, 203 Recovery of well after pumping, 329 Redox potential, 120, 245 Redox processes (see Oxidation-

reduction processes) Redox reaction, 115 Reduction (see Oxidation-reduction

processes) Refraction of flowlines, 172, 197 Refractory compounds, 426 Regional groundwater flow, 193-211,

401-407,506, 542-543 Relative concentration, 391 Relaxation, 183 (see also Overrelaxa-

tion) Representative elementary volume, 70 Reservoirs, 477, 485-487 Residence times, 5 Resistance network, 180 Resistance-capacitance network, 360 Resistivity log, 310 Resistivity survey, 309 Retardation, 404-410, 552 Retardation factor:

defined,404 effect on concentration gradients,

406-408 in fractured rocks, 410 measurement, 432-434

Revelstoke dam, British Columbia, 10 Reverse-rotary drilling, 313 Reynolds number, 72 Richards equation, 67, 212, 544 Rocky Mountain Arsenal disposal well,

Colorado, 500 Rotary drilling, 3 13 Runoff (see Streamflow)

Index

s Safe yield, 3 64 Safety factor for slopes, 470, 472 Salt filtering, 293-294 Salting-out effect, 96 Saltwater intrusion, 375-378 Saltwater-freshwater interface, 376 San Jacinto tunnel, California, 9, 490 San Joaquin valley, California, 148, 370 Sandstone, 152-154, 280-284 Sanitary landfills, 434-442 Santa Clara valley, California, land

subsidence, 373 Saturated zone, 39, 44, 185 Saturation distance, 296 Saturation index, 112, 263, 281, 283 Scale factors, electric analog, 3 61 Scanning curve, 41 Schoeller semilog diagram, 249 Seawater intrusion, 3?5-378 Secondary migration, 503 Secondary porosity, 37, 155 Seepage:

beneathdams,50,68, 171,477-481 through earth dams, 481-485 into excavations, 491-496 into tunnels, 487-491

Seepage face, 186 Seepage force, 482, 516 Seismic refraction, 310 Selectivity coefficient, 130 Selectivity function, 130 Semilog diagram for hydrochemical

data, 249 Semilog type-curve matching, 34 7-348 Semipermeable membrane, 104,

292-295 Septic tanks, 439 Sewage, 439-442 Shale, 158, 280-284 Shear strength, 466-467 SI units, 526-528 Slab and buttress dam, 476 Sleepers River watershed, Vermont,

220 Slope stability, 464-475, 516 Slug test, 339 SMOW, 137, 224 Snow chemistry, 238 Soil moisture (see Moisture content) Soils map, 306 Soil-water diffusivity, 62

602

Solid wastes, 434-442 Solubility:

of aluminosilicates, 106-107, 274 of carbonates, 108-112, 259, 288 defined, 106 effect of temperature, 109, 258 of gypsum, 108 of halite, 106 of pesticides, 425 principles, 106-114 of quartz, 106 (see also Dissolution of minerals)

Solute, defined, 87 Solvent, defined, 87 Specific capacity of a well, 313 Specific discharge, 16, 23, 24, 71 Specific gravity, 529 Specific moisture capacity, 62, 212 Specific permeability, 2 7 Specific storage, 5 8 Specific yield, 61 Spontaneous potential log, 310 Spreading basin, 369 Springs, 201, 262 Stability constant (see Equilibrium

constant) Stability field,° 125, 277, 417-419 Standard free energy of formation,

93 Standard free energy of reaction, 93 Standard mean ocean water, 137, 224 Steady-state flow:

defined, 49 flow nets, 168-188 Laplace's equation, 63-64 numerical simulation, 181-18 5,

540-541 regional, 193-207 seepage through earth dams,

481-485 seepage into tunnels, 487-491

Stepped pumping rate, 328 Stiff diagram, 248 Stockholm convention, 119 Storage coefficient (see Storativity) Storativity:

defined,59-61 from pumping test, 343-350 range of value.s, 60

Stream morphology, 516 Stream-aquifer interactions, 206, 209-

210, 222, 225-226, 370, 516

Index

Streamflow: baseflow, 4, 206, 209-210, 222,

225-226 fluvial geomorphology, 516 generation, 217-226 hydrograph, 219-220, 225-226 in hydrologic budget, 206 in hydrologic cycle, 4 induced infiltration, 370

Streamflow generation, 217-226 Streaming potential, 293 Streamtube, 169 Stress, effective (see Effective stress) Stress-strain relations, 51-58, 66, 74,

465-467,529 Structural geology, 145, 307, 474,

498-502 Subsidence (see Land subsidence) Subsurface stormflow, 4, 217, 219-221 Successive overrelaxation, 184, 208,

355 Suction head, 39 (see also Pressure

head) · Sulfate reduction, 118, 244, 246 Supergene enrichment, 519 Supersaturation, 113, 264, 266 Syncline, 15 6

T

Tangent law, 172, 197 Tecolate tunnel, California, 489 Temperature distribution in ground-

water, 508-510 Tensiometer, 39 Tension head, 39 (see also Pressure

head) Tension-saturated zone, 44, 213 Test-drilling, 307 Texts:

groundwater, 12 hydrology, 5 numerical simulation, 355, 356 petroleum, 46 soil mechanics, 53 soil physics, 3 8

Theis curve, 3 1 7 Theis method, 343-347 Theis solution, 3 1 7 Thermal gradient, 25, 507 Thermal regimes, 508 Thermodynamic equilibrium constant

(see Equilibrium constant)

603

Tidal effects on groundwater, 230 Till, 150 Time factor, consolidation, 334 Time lag in piezometers, 234, 340 Total dissolved solids, 84, 140, 241,

250,284,385 Total hardness, 387 Total head, 22 (see also Head) Total stress, 5 3 Trace-metal contamination, 416-420 Tracer, 426-430 Transformed section, 174 Transient flow:

defined, 49 through an earth dam, 48 3 into an excavation, 494 on a hillslope, 217-221 infiltration, 211-214, 544-545 numerical simulation, 3 52-3 59,

544-548 regional, 208-211 saturated, 64-66, 531-533 into a tunnel, 488-491 unsaturated, 66-67, 211-214,

544-545 Transmissibility (see Transmissivity) Transmissivity:

defined, 59-61 from piezometer tests, 34 2 from pumping test, 343-350 range of values, 60 units, 60

Transport processes, 388-413, 549-553 (see also Contamination of· groundwater)

Transverse anisotropy, 3 2 Transverse dispersion (see Dispersion) Trending heterogeneity, 30 Triaxial test, 466 Trilinear diagram for hydrochemical

data, 249, 252 Tritium, 82, 136, 201, 221-224 Tritium unit, 136 Tunnels, 487-491 Turbulent flow, 72 Type curve, 343

u Ultrafiltration, 293 Unconfined aquifer:

defined, 48 pumping test, 346

Unconfined aquifer (cont.): radial flow to a well, 324-327 specific yield, 61 transmissivity, 61 water-level fluctuations, 232

Unconfined well function, 326 Unconformity, 146

Index

Undersaturation, chemical, 113, 265, 268

U. S. Geological Survey aquifer model, 355

Universal gas constant, 9 3, 120 Unsaturated flow:

characteristic curves, 41-43, 6 2, 185,339

defined, 38-46 flow-net construction, 185-18 7 infiltration, 212-214, 544-545 numerical simulation, 213, 544 Richards equation, 67, 212, 544 storage, 62 subsurface stormflow, 219-221

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, 41-43, 212, 339

Unsaturated zone, 39,44,62, 185,213 Unsteady flow (see Transient flow) Uplift pressures, 4 77, 480

v

Vadose zone (see Unsaturated zone) Vaiont dam, Italy, 10 Vapor pressure, 95 Vapor-dominated geothermal system,

511 Variable source area, 221 Velocity:

average linear, 71, 76, 391, 427 Darcy, 17, 34 macroscopic, 69 measurement, 426-430 microscopic, 70 relative, 66

Venice, Italy, land subsidence, 375 Viruses, 441 Viscosity:

dynamic, 27, 58, 72, 529 kinematic, 529

Void ratio, 38, 54 Volcanic rocks, 160-16 2 Volumetric moisture content, 39, 186,

213

604

w

Waste disposal: deep-well disposal, 454-456 radioactive waste, 44 7-454 sanitary landfill, 434-454

Water balance: drainage basin, 205, 365 world, 5

Water compressibility, 5 l, 5 9, 5 29 Water content (see Moisture content) Water isotopes, 82 Water law, 13 Water molecule, 82 Water quality standards, 385-388 Water table:

boundary condition, 169 defined,39 delayed response, 325 around excavation, 49 5 fluctuations, 215, 229-234, 366,

472 free-surface, 188 inverted, 45 mound, 367 perched, 45, 48, 210 regional, 195-197 for slope-stability analysis, 4 70

Water use, 6 Watershed, 4, 205, 365 Weathering, 515 Well:

artesian, 48, 199 drawdown cone, 318, 320 drilling methods, 312-314

Well (cont.): flowing artesian, 48, 199 yield, 30 5, 3 13

Well function: confined, 31 7-318 leaky, 321 unconfined, 326

Index

Well hydraulics, 314-335, 343-350 Well logs, 307-309 Well point, 23 Well recovery, 329 Well screen, 313 Welland Canal, Ontario, dewatering,

493 Wetting curve, 41 World water balance, 5

y

Yield: aquifer, 305, 352-364 bafiln,305,364-367 maximum stable basin, 367 optimal, 364 safe, 364 specific, 61 well, 305, 313

z

Zama-Rainbow oilfield, Alberta, 521 Zone of aeration (see Unsaturated

zone)