Animal Strategies I. Body Organization A. Complexity From Cells to Tissues to Organs to Systems B. Tissues 1. Epithelium Figure Connective Figure 40.5 3. Muscle Figure Nervous Figure 40.5 5. Embryonic Figure 47.1 Developmental stages of an Echinoderm Figure 47.7 Differentiation yields endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm from the inner cell mass. Figure 47.16 C. Systems Which body systems are involved in movement? Which body systems are involved in homeostasis? Which body systems are involved in energy capture? Which body systems are involved in regulation? Which body systems are involved in reproduction? Which body systems are involved in protection? What are the body systems seen in animals? II. Body Plan A. Traditional View Based on Embryonic and Anatomic evidence 1. Evidence a. Metamorphosis Figure 32.2 b. Remodeling Figure 32.4 2. Grades - 35 animal clades based on a. Tissues Present Figure & 11 b. Body Symmetry Figure 32.7 c. Body Cavities Figure 32.8 d. Development Patterns Figure 32.9 B. Molecular View Based on DNA and rRNA evidence? 1. Evidence a. Lophotrochozoa Figure b. Ecdyozoa Figure 32.12 C. Comparison of Views. Figure & 11 III. Animal Phyla A. Invertebrata 1. Parazoans Sessile adults, suspension feeders, hermaphroditic, and special cells called choanocytes and amebocytes a. Phylum Porifera Figure 33.4 2. Radiata Cnidocytes and Nematocysts a. Phylum Cnidarians b. Phylum Ctenophora Comb jellies 3. Protostomia a. Lophotrochozoa Flat worms i. Phylum Platyhelminthes Figure Figure 33.10 ii. Phylum Nemertea Proboscis or Ribbon worms with complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system. Figure 33.15 iii. Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca Figure Figure Figure Figure 33.22 iv. Phylum Annelida Figure & 25 b. Ecdysozoa Figure Figure Roundworms = moist habitat; non-segmented, short tapered ends, a cuticle exoskeleton, pseudocoelomic, and sexual i. Phylum Nematoda ii. Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Figure Figure Figure Figure 33.38 a. Phylum Echinodermata 4. Deuterostomia Radial yet segmented Figure 33.40 B. Vertebrata 1. Deuterostomia a. Phylum Chordata Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail i. Invertebrata Chordates Figure 34.4 tunicates lancelets Figure 34.5 ii. Gnathostomes? Jawless Fish Figure 34.9 Figure Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail Myxini & Petromyzontida iii. Chondrichthyes Figure Gnathostomata or jawed with no bones iv. Osteichthyes Figure Gnathostomata or jawed fish with bone v. Amphibiain and out plus tetrapod Figure 34.21 vi. Reptilia Out with Amniote eggs Figure 34.27 vii. AvesFeathers with Amniote eggs Figure 34.30 viii. Mammalia Hairy with breasts Monotremes (eggs) Marsupials (pouched) Eutherians (placentals) Figure 34.35