Animal Regulatory Systems I. Designs A. Systems 1. Why? 2. Nervous System Overview Electrical...
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Animal Regulatory SystemsI.
Designs A. Systems1.
Why?2. Nervous System Overview
Electrical response
Figure 48.3
Nervous system is designed for a quick response, evaluation, and respond again.
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3. Endocrine System Overview
Figure 45.4
Chemical response
Endocrine system design slow response, evaluate, and respond again
Figure 45.11
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II. Nervous System A. Nervous
Cells1. Neurona. Parts of a Neuron dendrites, cell body
(soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs
Figure 48.4
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b. Types of neurons
Figure 48.5
i. based on function. ii. based on structure.
Neurons.
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2. Supporting Cellsa. CNS Supporting cells Glial cells (astrocyte,
oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage)
Figure 49.6
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b. PNS Supporting cells the Schwann and satellite cells
Figure 48.13
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B. Communication
1. Nerve Impulsea. Events: i. resting potential, ii. threshold
stimuli, iii. depolarization, iv. repolarization, and v. hyperpolarization
Figure 48.7
Figure 48.11
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b. Refractory Periods (i. absolute vs. ii. relative)
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c. Self-Propagation
Figure 48.12
d. Saltatory Conduction
Figure 48.14
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2. Synapse a. Structure electrical and
chemical signals
Figure 48.15
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Neurotransmitters Table
48.2
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b. Function
Figure 48.16
i. integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP
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ii. Summation
Figure 48.17
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C. Nervous Strategies1.
Development
a. Nerve Net Cnidariansb. Cephalization Platyhelminthesc. Ganglia to a ventral nerve cord Annelids
Figure 49.2
Advantage?
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2. Vertebrate Nervous Systema.
OverviewVertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS,
motor and sensory
Figure 49.4 Figure
49.7
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b. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Cranial
NervesMammals 12 pair of cranial nerves
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ii. Spinal Nerves31 pair of spinal
nerves
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iii. Spinal Nerve Coverage
Dermatomes
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Components of a reflex arc
Figure 49.3
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iv. Autonomic NervesAutonomic Nervous System homeostatic
side of nerves divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Figure 49.8
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The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:
Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects
Coverage Network
Origin of Preganglionic Neurons
Neurotransmitter Released
Effectors Receptors
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c. Central Nervous Systemi.
DevelopmentCentral Nervous System dorsal hollow nerve cord
Figure 49.9
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Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
ii. Brain
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The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)
Figure 49.15 Figure
49.17
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Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
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Reticular formation = Arousal
Figure 49.10
EEG = Tracing
Figure 49.11Emotions =
Fun? Memory/Learning
Figure 49.13
Random thoughts:
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Telephone cable
Connections
iii. Spinal Cord
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Reflexes
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III. Endocrine System A.
Design1. Invertebrates
B. Animal Strategies
a. Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects
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i. Crustaceans eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)
b. Glands & Hormones
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ii. Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)
Figure 45.10
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2. Vertebrates
a. Glands
Figure 45.4
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b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms
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and then some.
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c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway
Figure 45.6
d. Regulation via feedback loops