ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN SCYTHIAN NECROPOLISES IN … · Scythian), both of which had graves containing...

Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis, 10, 2018, p. 39-63.

ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN SCYTHIAN NECROPOLISES IN

TRANSYLVANIA∗

Georgeta EL SUSI∗∗ Abstract. The analyses of the animal bones interpreted as offerings taken from the necropolises at Mărişelu, Budeşti, Fântânele and Sâncrai represent the subject of the present study. Unfortunately, there are no previous faunal analyses from Scythian settlements on Romanian territory, as these might have given an image of the exploited species. Concerning Scythian necropolises, there is some data in the archaeological literature regarding the animal species used for offerings, but it is not certain that the faunal remains were analyzed in detail. We hope this article opens up a perspective on this topic. Unfortunately, three cemeteries, denoted by MBF (Mărişelu, Budeşti and Fântânele) provided a smaller sample than those at Sâncrai, which yielded a more generous sample. Keywords: Transylvania, Scythian necropolis, animal offerings, sheep, cattle, slaughter age.

Description of animal remains from the graves The necropolis at Mărişelu-Coasta Domneştilor (Bistriţa-Năsăud County) is located westward of the locality, before the railway crossing, on the right side of the road to Bistriţa. Eight graves with diversified gave goods were discovered, including seven burial tombs and one incineration tomb.1 Among them, only M.7 provided osteological remains interpreted as meat offerings. They consist of bones from a sheep over 2.5 years old, and a cow sacrificed before 3 years of age (table 1). A left tibia 202 mm in length was preserved from the sheep. Based on its dimensions, a withers height of 60.8 cm was estimated.2 A left illium, ischium, rotula, proximal non-epiphysed tibia and calcaneus were assigned to a bovine animal, 2-2.5 years old. The bones were heavily damaged by the roots in the soil; their pigmentation is reddish, sometimes blackish, suggesting roasting as a means of cooking of the sacrificed animals.

Ten burial tombs, two of which contained animal bones, were found in the necropolis at Budeşti-Fânaţe Benişoara (Bistriţa-Năsăud County).3 M.5 provided a pair of tibias from an adult sheep. Thus, from the left limb, the illium, ischium, femur, tibia (epiphysed at both ends) and fused calcaneus were preserved; from the right limb, only the tibia and the astragalus were

∗ This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0353, within PNCDI III. ∗∗ Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; e-mail: [email protected]. 1 Marinescu 2010, p. 15, reference 9. 2 Teichert 1975, p. 51-69. 3 Ibid.

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identified (fig. 1). The animal was over three years old according to the suture stages.4 A height of 63.8 cm was approximated based on a complete calcaneus. A left femur and tibia belonging to an adult sheep, slaughtered at 2-3 years of age were recovered from M.10. From the right side of the same animal were determined the illium and tibia. According to the length of the long bones, an average height of 60 cm was estimated (fig. 2).

The necropolis at Fântânele-La Gâţa is located to the south-west of Bistriţa-Năsăud County and, geographically, in the northern part of the Transylvanian Plain, about two kilometres northeast of the village of Fântânele, on the hatch of Iusuluf Hill.5 Two necropolises (Celtic and Scythian), both of which had graves containing meat-offerings, were identified in the area. Among the Scythian graves, only M. 35, 39, 43 and 50 provided animal bones as the remains of food offerings. Tomb no. M.35 contained the remains of a subadult bovine and a young sheep. To the first specimen were assigned the ilium, ischium, tibia and calcaneus from the left side. The animal had not reached two years of age at slaughter, with the tibia being unfused at the distal end. To the second specimen were assigned a left innominate, a tibia, an astragal and a calcaneus. The individual was killed around 5-6 months of age, with the illium and the ischium being in the process of fusing. M.39, a child’s tomb, contained a fragment of the left innominate and the tibia of a young sheep. The damage tibia shows at its ends makes the determination of the timing of slaughter impossible. Since the illium and ischium had fused earlier, the sheep must have been a year old or a little over. An unfused left calcaneus and matching astragalus from a sheep younger than three years was collected from M.43 (fig. 3). The withers height of that immature male was 64.6 cm. The bones were found in a large bitronconic pot.6 M.50 contained a left tibia, calcaneus and astragalus assigned to cattle. The specimen was sacrificed between 3-3.5 years of age, based on the recent fusing of the calcaneus. As a rule, all the animal bones in the Scythian tombs at Fântânele have a reddish colour, sometimes darker, even blackish. This suggests that the meat preparation of the animals was done by roasting. The specialized literature also recalls other Scythian tombs at Fântânele (M.30) with meat offerings.7 Osteological remains came from a calf, certain innominate bones having been collected near the right foot of the human individual.8 According to annex III of that

4 Udrescu et al. 1999, tab. 3.7. 5 Marinescu 2010, p. 13. 6 Data extracted from the labels accompanying the osteological sample. 7 Marinescu 2010, p. 14. 8 Since I did not see the material, I do not have many details about it, so it was not used in statistics.

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article,9 the bones were a pelvis fragment and a femur from a large species (bovine).

The Sâncrai site (Alba County) was identified at the edge of the village, on the left bank of the Mureş River. Rescue excavations uncovered two necropolises in the investigated area. The first one dates back to the end of the Iron Age and belongs to the “Scythian” horizon in Transylvania, while the second, from the middle phase of the Iron Age, falls within the “Celtic” horizon of the intra-Carpathian area.10 The Scythian necropolis includes 77 individual burial tombs, two double inhumations, six incineration tombs, seven cenotaph graves (?), and a pit with a buried horse. The graves contained meat offerings, often associated with iron knives and ceramic pots.11 Specifically, animal bones from food offerings were identified in 20 graves, their distribution being included in table 2.

M.15 contained a right tibia (distal unfused) and a left one (distal fused) from two sheep slaughtered, one under the age of 12-18 months, the other older than this. The remains, having been collected from a shallow depth (-0.30 m), were damaged by roots.

M.25 contained the left part of a pelvis, a tibia, an astragalus and a calcaneus (fig. 4) from the rear limb of a cow slaughtered at around 3-3.5 years of age, as the calcaneus was recently fused but not the proximal tibia. The left tibia of a sheep was also found, distally fused but not proximally, suggesting an animal that was slaughtered at 18-20 months, since the fusion time of the proximal extremity is 20-26 months.12

M.32 (-0.51 m) provided a tibia, an astragalus, a calcareum and an illium from the left limb of a cow. The animal was 2-2.5 years old, estimated based on the fact that the distal tibia was unfused.

M.38 (-0.50 m) yielded three bovine bones, namely: the illium, tibia and patella. The animal was slaughtered at an age of 4-4.5 years or possibly more, given the proximal fusion of the tibia. Based on that long bone (357 mm in length) a waist of 123.16 cm was estimated. The stature suggests a male specimen.

M.40 (-1.20 m) contained bones from two animals, a cow and a sheep. Part of the pelvis, along with a tibia, a calcaneus, an astragalus, and the centrotarsal from the left side of a cow were identified. The animal was old enough for its calcaneus to have fused (which occurs at 3-3.5 years), but we do not know whether it exceeded 4-5 years of age, as the proximal part of the tibia was broken. The proximal half of the left tibia of a sheep was

9 Marinescu 2010, p. 28, plate III. 10 Rustoiu et al. 2017, p. 211. 11 Ibid. 12 Udrescu et al. 1999, tab. 3.7.

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also preserved. The specimen was slaughtered before the age of 20-26 months, the suture limit for the proximal tibia.

M.47 (-0.70 m) provided a distal unfused tibia, along with the astragalus and illium from the right leg of a cow, aged up to 2-2.5 years. From a sheep aged over 18 months, came a left tibia.

A tibia and a right innominate bone from a cow over 4-4.5 years old were collected from M.60 (-1.35 m). Based on the complete tibia with a length of 318 mm, a waist size of 109.7 cm was estimated. The bone was attributed to a female, considering the slight measurements. A pair of distally fused tibiae and a left innominate, 27 mm across the acetabulum, were identified as belonging to a ram. The specimen was sacrificed around 18-20 months old.

Another tibia and the left pelvis of a cow were collected from M.68 (-1.92 m). The cow was short, with a height of only 96.25 cm. The specimen was sacrificed at a little over 4-4.5 years, given the visible proximal suture of the tibia. The animal bones were found above the deceased’s right leg.

Within M.73 (-1.45 m) several bovine bones were identified, placed on the right side of the human skeleton. These were the left-side coxal, tibia, maleolla, patella, astragalus and calcaneus. They belonged to a robust specimen (a bull), with a height of 124.5 cm, based on the length of the tibia, at 361 mm. The animal was killed at an age no greater than 4-4.5 years, the proximal suture of the tibia being still visible. The bull’s astragalus has fine cuts on one side (fig. 5) though these are hard to notice due to the damage created by roots. The marks occurred as a result of skinning or cutting the tendons to remove the feet. From the same context, a distal hare tibia was collected. It is certainly an animal used as an offering and not an intruder. Its bones were reddish in different shades.

M.74 (-1.41 m) contained the innominate, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus from the right side of a cow aged over 4.5-5 years. The specimen was 101.4 cm at the waist. From a sheep of about 18 to 20 months came a tibia and a left illium. These fragments also had a reddish pigmentation, in different shades, due to expose to fire.

The bones from offerings contained in M.75 (-1.25-1.50 m) were found near the deceased’s legs and shoulder and included the right innominate, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus from the rear leg of a cow of 110.7 cm tall. The specimen was sacrificed around 4-4.5 years, as suggested by the visible proximal suture of the tibia. A left illium and astragalus were attributed to a sheep with a withers height of 61.2 cm.

Within the grave of M.82 (-1.33 m) were found a left illium, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus from a cow aged 4-4.5 years old (tibia proximally fused). Based on a tibia length of 305 mm, a stature of 105.2 cm was estimated.


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M.86 (-1.12 m) yielded five bones from one or two cows. From the first individual, aged less than 2-2.5 years, a fragment of the coxal, the tibia (distal unfused), astragalus, calcaneus and centrotarsal were collected. All of these bones came from the left side of the animal’s body. The presence of another left astragalus confuses somehow things It either belongs to another individual (and in this case not all the bones has been collected) or it was a stray bone from another feature. It is worth mentioning that the second astragalus is slightly more reddish than the other bones in the grave (fig. 6).

M.89 (-1.52 m) contained bones from a cow and a sheep. They were collected from the right side of the human individual around the elbow area. The remains of the cow, sacrificed at an age over 4-5 years, were its left innominate, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus (fig. 7). The cow had a withers height of 109.4 cm. The second specimen was a ram, based on the pelvic morphology. He was slaughtered around 18-20 months of age and his stature was already 62 cm, although the animal had not reached physical maturity.

M.100 contained the left innominate, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus of a cow. They were found in the proximity of the right arm of the human skeleton. The cow was sacrificed before reaching the age of 2-2.5 years, its distal tibia being unfused.

M.101 included four bone remains from an adult sheep aged over 3 years. In this case, the animal offering was deposited in a vessel. Conservation of the bones is poor, they have a whitish chalky appearance with reddish spots. Based on the astragalus, a waist of 56.7 cm was estimated, a value that would suggest a female.

M.102 (-0.97 m) provided two bone remains from a sheep aged 18-20 months old, namely a left illium and tibia, proximally fused (but not distally). The bones have a yellowish colour, with a reddish spot visible on the acetabulum lip.

Four bones from a cow of about 3-3.5 years of age were collected from M.103 (-1.02 m). These were fragments of the right innominate, tibia, calcaneus and astragalus. Based on the recent suture of the calcaneus and distal tibia, the estimated age at slaughter was 3-3.5 years. The proximal tibia was not yet fused.

M.105 (-1.25 m) contained five bones, placed on the right side of the deceased. The left acetabulum, tibia, astragalus and calcaneus belonged to a cow of about 3.5-4 years old (fig. 8). The proximal suture of the calcaneus is barely visible. Interestingly, in the same context, the left calcaneum of another cow (3.5-4 years old) was found. Either it was from another individual, or it fits with the “stray” astragalus in M.86.

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The last tomb, M.107 (-1.17 m), yielded the left illium, tibia and calcaneus of a sheep of small waist (59 cm). The animal was more than 3-3.5 years old, based the complete closure of the calcaneus suture.

Distribution of species in the graves In total, 88 animal bones were collected from Sâncrai, of which 63 were from cattle (71.59%), 24 from sheep (27.27%) and one from a hare (1.14%). Thus, three species, cattle, sheep and hare were used for offerings. Of the 20 graves with offerings, nine contained bones from a single species: cattle in six cases (M.32; M.38; M.68; M.82; M.100; M.103) and sheep in three cases (M.101; M.102; M.107). Eleven tombs contained offerings from two species. The combination cow + sheep appears in seven cases (M.25; M.40; M.47; M.60; M.74; M.75; M.89), cow + hare in one case (M.73), with two cattle in two graves (M.86; M.105) and two sheep in one case (M.15). Only M.86 and M.105 may have contained bones from two individual cows. However, it is not possible to be sure there was an extra sacrificed animal on the basis of a single astragalus or calcaneus, especially since they constitute insignificant food items.

Generally, cattle were more prevalent sacrificial offerings, occurring in 58.06% of the graves, followed by sheep in 38.71% and a hare in 3.23%. In the MBF necropolises (Mărişelu-Budeşti-Fântânele), 29 animal bones were sampled, 19 of which came from sheep (65.52%) and 10 from cattle (34.48%). Sheep are very numerous, appearing in four graves as unique specimens (M.5 B; M.10 B; M.39 F; M.43 F), with cattle in only one case (M.50 F). The cow + sheep combination occurs in two cases (M.7 M and M.35 F). The overall statistics show that, out of 27 tombs (20 from Sâncrai and 7 from MBF), cattle and sheep appear as unique species in seven tombs, sheep + cow in nine graves, cow + cow in two graves, sheep + sheep in one grave and cow + hare in one (table 1, fig. 9).

Another example at hand is the necropolis of Ozd (Mureş County), for which some details about food offerings have been published indicating that meat offerings were found in 10 graves (63%). Three tombs contained cattle bones, seven bones from sheep, and two from hare. Eight tombs contained bones from a single taxon, and only two from two taxa: sheep + hare and cow + sheep. As in our case, hunting was poorly represented, with sheep predominating among domesticates. Usually, beef was associated with men’s tombs and mutton with women’s graves. In general, this observation is also valid for the Ciumbrud Scythian necropolis, where cattle bones were found in three men’s graves.13 From this perspective, it would be interesting to determine if this rule also applied to the necropolises under study here,

13 Vasiliev, Zrinyi 1974, p. 104.


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and a correlation between species and the gender of the deceased also existed. If so, it would mean that the percentage of the men’s tombs at Sâncrai was higher than those of women, given the majority of tombs with cattle bones. According to archaeological observations, meat offerings in Scythian tombs were usually deposited on the same side as the ceramic pots, generally on the right side, near the basin of the human. The meat offerings were placed either directly on the ground or in a bowl, accompanied by an iron knife. This is a practice encountered in most tomb graves in Transylvania.14 At Sâncrai, only M.101 contained a food offering deposited in a bowl. As a rule, offerings were of sheep, with a small-sized animal typically chosen. Similarly, in the case of M.43 at Fântânele, the two sheep bones were found in a large, bitronconic bowl. In the other cases, the bones were found directly on the base of the tomb. Interestingly, even in the case of Sâncrai, in some situations,15 the bones were gathered from the right side of the human skeletons, from around the shoulder, elbow, arms and legs.

Bone distribution by anatomical region In relation to bone distribution some differences emerge between Sâncrai and the MBF necropolises. Cattle provided most of the meat offerings at Sâncrai. They are not represented by complete skeletons, only by fragments of the pelvic girdle and the posterior limbs, zeugopodium (tibia) and autopodium (astragalus, calcaneus, centrotarsal). The distribution of the osseous elements (table 3, fig. 10) shows a large share of the shinbone (25.4%), close frequencies recording the innominate (23.8%), astragalus (22.2%) and calcaneus (20.6%). Elements of the autopodium (astragalus, calcaneus, patella, centrotarsal) are poorly represented. The distal parts of the legs were usually cut above the metatarsal, and were not represented in the graves. Regarding ovine remains, the same rule applies, only fragments of the innominate and limbs having been placed in the graves. Tibiae were present in the highest frequency, 50%, followed by the pelvis (29.2%), calcaneus (12.5%) and astragalus (8.33%). The distal parts of posterior limbs were not used as food offerings: they were cut above the metatarsal and left aside. In the MBF necropolises, the distribution of the cattle and sheep bones is akin to Sâncrai. In the case of cattle, the tibia and calcaneus represent 30%, the innominate 20%, the astragalus and patella 10%. In the tombs with ovine offerings, all parts of the posterior limb, including part of the pelvis, were deposited. The innominate was present in 21.05% of cases, the tibia in 36.8%, the astragalus and calcaneus in 15.8%. It is useful to note

14 Ibid., p. 105. 15 For which I have benefited from the archaeological information inserted on the label accompanying the bones.

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that the parts deposited did not represent a complete limb. In almost all examples, the femoris between the innominate and the tibia were missing, while the femur also appears in just in 10.53% of cases. A complete leg was deposited in the case of graves M.5 and M.10 at Budeşti.

Separating the graves according to the quantity of parts deposited, we found that 12 graves contained bones from a single limb (44.44%), 14 from two limbs (51.85%) and one (M.60) from three limbs, meaning from two animals (fig. 11). Overall, bovine left limbs were deposited in 14 tombs (meaning 16 times) and right limbs in five tombs (fig. 12). With the sheep also, the deposited limbs were typically from the left side of the animal’s body, with left limbs appearing in eleven cases, right legs in two cases, and both sides in four cases (fig. 13). This could either be a coincidence or a choice; it could be that an offering from the left side meant something to the community, especially as the food offering was placed on the right side of the deceased. It is worth noting that pieces of meat both of high nutritional value (the pelvis) and of lesser value (the zeugopodium) were deposited. Similarly, at Ozd, the bones came predominantly from the rear limbs, but parts of the thoracic area (ribs) also appeared. Left-legged parts show up nine times and right ones twice. A pair of tibia from the same specimen was found in only one tomb: M.60,16 emphasising a similar predilection for offerings from the left side of the animal.

Slaughter age At Sâncrai, bones from food offerings came from 18 individual cows, counting the calcaneus from M.105 and the astragalus from M.86 as each assigned to a separate individual. Of the 16 specimens, 25% were juveniles (animals killed between six months and two years)17, 12.5% subadults (2-3.5 years) and 62.5% adults (> 3.5 years). However, the maximum slaughter age of the adults does not exceed 5 years, based on the fusing of the long bones. Amongst the specimens that lived over 2.5-3 years (based on the distal tibia) nine were females and six males. Of the 11 sheep, two were juveniles (18.18%), seven subadults (63.64% and two adults (18.18%). In the MBF necropolises, of the six sheep discovered, one was about 5-6 months, another one 12-18 months, three were adults (over 2.5-6 years) and one not specified (under 3 years). Of the five cows present, one was sacrificed at around 3-3.5 years and the other below 2-3 years. General statistics show significant differences between the ages at death of cattle and sheep (table 4, fig. 13). Bovines were slaughtered in a proportion of 26.32% as juveniles, 21.05% as subadults and 52.63% as adults. Although young and subadult

16 Vasiliev, Zrinyi 1974, p. 105. 17 Age classes cf. Forest 1997, p. 955.


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cattle were not predominant, the upper limits of the adult are lower (ca. 5 years). The juvenile sheep represent 23.53%, followed by subadults at 47.1%, and adults at 29.41%.

Metric assessments Concerning the stature of sacrificed cattle, a variation of 96.25-124.5 cm, with an average of 110.13 cm (n = 8) was estimated based on tibia measurements. Female waists varied between 96.25 - 110.7 cm (average 104.65 cm) and for bulls between 123 and 124.5 cm. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was observed, the difference between males and females being about 10 cm at the withers. Generally, cattle were not tall: probably a feature of the Scythian type. It is worth mentioning that a size range of 84 - 110 cm (average 98.3 cm) was assumed at Salgótarján (Hungary).18 This suggests that the same short and not very robust type also appeared in the Scythian communities of Pannonia.19 Even the width of the bones was not very large. For example, a variation of 48.5-64 mm, with an average of 55.8 mm and a CV (coefficient of variation) of 9.4 was estimated on the distal width of tibia (table 5). That high CV expresses both the sexual dimorphism and various slaughter ages, ranging between 2.5 and 5 years. Heights of 58.9 and 61.2 cm (based on the femur and tibia) were calculated for the Budeşti sheep. A height of 60.8 cm was estimated for the Mărişelu sheep. For the other necropolises, sheep heights were calculated based on the calcaneus and astragalus. As a result, the values are quite a bit higher, ranging from 56.7 to 64.6 cm, with an average of 60.8 cm (N = 8). These data are consistent with those from the Salgótarján settlement, for which they fluctuated between 55.2 and 67.5 cm, with an average of 59.1 cm.20 Small values were also recorded for the distal width of ovine tibia: 23.5-26.5 mm, with an average of 24.8 mm. This small and gracile type of sheep is somewhat closer to the Neolithic type than to the Bronze Age one. Conclusions This preliminary study of animal remains in the Scythian necropolises of Transylvania has so far revealed the use of bovine and small ovine domesticates in ritual offerings, with a single case of a hare offering at Sâncrai. In general, the Sâncrai necropolis differs from the other three, both in terms of the large number of tombs with meat-offerings, and the typical

18 Bartosiewicz, Gál 2010, p. 119, tab. 9.3. 19 Cattle are slightly smaller at Salgótarján because the Talkin coefficient was used to estimate waist. It gives values slightly lower than the Matolcsi coefficient used in our case. Overall, data do not differ significantly. 20 Bartosiewicz, Gál 2010, p. 119, tab. 9.3.

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patterns. Of the 20 tombs with animal bones, nine contained remains from one species (cattle or sheep) and 11 from two individuals or species. In combination with the seven burials from the MBF necropolises, we found that of the 27 tombs, 14 contained bones from a single taxon/individual (51.85%) and 13 from two taxa/individuals (48.15%). Among the graves with a single species represented, both cattle and sheep occurred in seven cases each. As a rule, high nutritional value cuts (the pelvic belt) together with corresponding cuts of the zeugopodium were preferred. The slaughter age of cattle offerings indicate 55% adult and 45% juvenile and subadult specimens. Although juvenile and adult cattle individuals were fewer, the upper limit of adult killings was prior to five years of age. Sheep sacrifices in the investigated necropolis highlighted the prevalence of immature specimens in a proportion of 70.6%, compared to only 29.41% adults. It was observed that in almost all graves the offering was cut from the left side of the animal’s body. Another pattern emerged as to the body region from which offerings originated. For both cattle and sheep – and even hare – parts of the coxal area and the tibia with the related bones (such as the talus, calcaneus, sometimes patella and centrotarsal) were chosen. Offerings from sheep predominated in the MBF necropolises, contrasting with Sâncrai, where cattle were preferred.

This different behaviour with regard to the species used could be a consequence of local environmental conditions, the type of community, the unequal number of tombs per necropolis, or other factors. It is possible that the communities at Sâncrai had flourished slightly more at husbandry, based on the greater prevalence of cattle offerings in graves, along with an favourable environmental conditions for rearing cows, which suggests that cattle breeding was of some importance in the Sâncrai area. In the MBT area, on the other hand, there was a strong emphasis on small ruminants. We do not know whether the ratios presented in the article reflect the economic reality, that is, whether cattle were in fact more important in the economy of Sâncrai communities than those found close to the other necropolises. However, ovicaprids were a basic element in the animal economy of Scythian communities, reflecting their strong pastoral character. Let us hope that future archaeological research in Transylvanian Scythian Horizon sites will significantly increase the faunal information by providing new samples.


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Bibliographical Abbreviations

Bartosiewicz, Gál 2010 - László Bartosiewicz, Erika Gál, Living on the Frontier: ‘Scythian’

and ‘Celtic’ Animal Exploitation in Iron Age Northeastern Hungary, in Douglas V. Campana (ed.), Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Complexity, Colonialism, and Animal Transformation, Oxbow, Oxford, 2010, p. 116-127.

von den Driesch 1976 - Angela von den Driesch, A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum Bulletin, 1, Harvard, 1976.

Forest 1997 - Vianney Forest, Données biologiques et données zootechnique anciennes. Essay de mise en equivalence, in RMV, 148, 1997, 12, p. 951-958.

Marinescu 2010 - George G. Marinescu, Un mormânt de tip scitic descoperit la Fântânele „La Gâţa”, in ArhSom, 9, 2010, p. 13-28.

Matolcsi 1970 - Janos Matolcsi, Historische Erforschung der Körpergrösse des Rindes auf Grund von ungarischem Knochenmaterial, in ZfTZ, 87, 1970, p. 89-137.

Rustoiu et al. 2017 - Aurel Rustoiu, Gabriel-Dan Balteş, Jozsef-Gábor Nagy, Sâncrai, oraş Aiud, jud. Alba, in CCA. Campania 2016, Bucureşti, 2017, p. 211-212.

Teichert 1975 - Manfred Teichert, Osteologische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Widerristhöhe bei Schafen, in Anneke T. Clason (ed.), Archaeozoological Studies, Archaeozoological Conference, 1974, Groningen, 1975, p. 51-69.

Udrescu et al. 1999 - Mircea Şt. Udrescu, Luminiţa Bejenaru, Carmen Tarcan, Introducere în arheozoologie, Iassy, 1999.

Vasiliev, Zrinyi 1974 - Valentin Vasiliev, Andrei Zrinyi, Necropola scitică de la Ozd, in FI, 3, 1974, p. 89-137.

Table 1. Distribution of the bones in graves at Mărişelu, Budeşti, Fântânele

Mărişelu Budeşti Fântânele

Feature M.7 M.7 M.5 M.10 M.35 M. 35 M. 39

M. 43 M.50

Species Cattle Sheep Sheep Cattle Sheep Cattle Pelvis L - L R L d L - - Femur - - L L - - - - - Tibia L L L, R L, R L R L - L Patella L - - - - - - - - Talus - - R - - R - L L Calcaneus L - L - L R - L L Total 4 1 6 4 3 4 2 2 3

R/L - right/ left; M/F - male/ female

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Table 2. Distribution of the bones in graves at Sâncrai Feature M.15 M.15 M.25 M.25 M.32 M.38 M.40 M.40 Species Sheep Sheep Cattle Sheep Cattle Cattle Cattle Sheep Pelvis - - L - L L - - Femur - - - - - - - - Tibia L R L L L L L L Malleolus - - - - - - - - Patella - - - - - L - - Talus - - L - L - L - Calcaneus - - L - L - L - Centrotarsal - - - - - - L - Gender - - - - - M - - Total 1 1 4 1 4 3 4 1

continued Feature M.47 M.47 M.60 M.60 M.68 M.73 M.73 M.74 Species Cattle Sheep Cattle Sheep Cattle Cattle Hare Cattle Pelvis R - R L L L - R Femur - - - - - - - - Tibia R L R L, R L L L R Malleolus - - - - - L - - Patella - - - - - L - - Talus R - - - - L - R Calcaneus - - - - - L - R Centrotarsal - - - - - - - - Gender - - F M F M - F Total 3 1 2 3 2 6 1 4

continued Feature M.74 M.75 M.75 M.82 M.86 M.86 M.89 M.89 Species Sheep Cattle Sheep Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Sheep Pelvis L R L L L - L L Femur - - - - - - - - Tibia L R - L L - L L Malleolus - - - - - - - - Patella - - - - - - - - Talus - R - L L L L L


51

Calcaneus - R - L L - L L Centrotarsal - - - - L - - - Gender - F - F - - F M Total 2 4 1 4 5 1 4 4

continued Feature M.100 M.101 M.102 M.103 M.105 M.105 M.107 Species Cattle Sheep Sheep Cattle Cattle Cattle Sheep Pelvis L R L R L - L Femur - - - - - - - Tibia L R L R L - L Malleolus - - - - - - - Patella - - - - - - - Talus L R - R L - - Calcaneus L R - R L L L Centrotarsal - - - - - - - Gender - F - - - - M Total 4 4 2 4 4 1 3

Table 3. Frequencies of anatomical elements in the mentioned sites

Feature Sâncrai Mărişelu, Budeşti, Fântânele NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % Taxon - % Sheep Cattle Sheep Cattle Pelvis 7 29.17 15 23.81 4 21.05 2 20 Femur - 0 - - 2 10.53 - - Tibia 12 50 16 25.4 7 36.84 3 30 Malleolus - 0 1 1.59 - - - - Patella - 0 2 3.17 - - 1 10 Talus 2 8.33 14 22.22 3 15.79 1 10 Calcaneus 3 12.5 13 20.64 3 15.79 3 30 Centrotarsale - 0 2 3.17 - - - - Total % 24 100 63 100 19 100 10 100

Table 4. Ageing data of the animals

Cattle Juvenile Subadulte Adult M.7/M - <3 y - M.35/F <2-2,5 years - - M.39/F - - -

Georgeta El Susi

52

M.43/F - - - M.50/F - 3-3.5 y - M.25/S - 3-3.5 y - M.32/S <2-2.5 y - - M.38/S - - >4-4.5y M.40/S - - >3-3.5 y M.47/S <2-2.5 y - - M.60/S - - >4-4.5 y M.68/S - - >4-4.5 y M.73/S - - >4-4.5 y M.74/S - - >4-4.5 y M.75/S - - 4-4.5 y M.82/S - - 4-4.5 y M.86/S <2-2.5 y - - M.89/S - - 4-5 y M.100/S <2-2.5 y - - M.103/S - 3-3.5 y - M.105/S - - 3.5-4 y

Sheep M.7/M - - >2.5 y M.5/B - - >3-3.5 y M.10/B - - >2.5 y M.35/F 5-6 months - - M.39/F 12-18 m - - M.43/F - <3 y - M.15/S <12-18 m >18 m - M.25/S - 18-20 m - M.40/S <18-20 m - - M.47/S - >18 m - M.60/S - 18-20 m - M.74/S - 18-20 m - M.89/S - 18-20 m - M.101/S - - >3-3.5 y M.102/S - 18-20 m M.107/S - - >3-3.5 y

M-Mărişelu, B-Budeşti, F-Fântânele, S-Sâncrai


53

Table 5. Univariate analysis Cattle-tibia GL Bp Bd Dd N 8 7 12 12 Min 279 77 48.5 36.5 Max 361 99 64 46.7 Mean 319 87.4 55.8 41 Std. error 10 3.05 1.51 1.11 Variance 805.4 65 27.3 14.8 Stand. dev 28.4 8.1 5.2 3.8 Coeff. var 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.4 Shapiro-W 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.1

Sheep-tibia N 2 2 10 10 Min 202 37 22.5 18.5 Max 203.5 38.5 27 20 Mean 202.7 37.75 24.8 19.1 Std. error 0.75 0.7 0.4 0.2 Variance 1.1 1.1 2 0.5 Stand. dev 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.7 Coeff. var 0.5 2.8 5.7 3.7 Shapiro-W 1 1 0.8517 0.004

Measurements cf. Von den Driesch 1976 TIBIA

Feature GL Bp Bd Dd Height (cm) M/F Taxon M. 68S 279 79 50 39.5 96.25 F Cattle M. 74S 294 77 48.5 36.5 101.4 F Cattle M. 82S 305 87 55 41 105.2 F Cattle M. 89S 317 92 58 43 109.4 F Cattle M. 60S 318 84 55 37 109.7 F Cattle M. 75S 321 - 56 42 110.7 F Cattle M. 38S 357 99 63 46.5 123.16 M Cattle M. 73S 361 94 64 46 124.5 M Cattle M. 25S - - 52 37 - F Cattle M. 105S - - 52 38.5 - F Cattle M. 40S - - 53 38 - F Cattle

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54

M. 103S - - 63 46.7 - M Cattle M. 107S - - 22.5 18.5 - - Sheep M. 102S - - 24.5 20 - - Sheep M. 47S - - 25.5 20 - - Sheep M. 89S - - 26 20 - - Sheep M. 60S - - 26.5 19.5 - - Sheep M. 74S - - 27 19 - - Sheep M. 7M 202 37 23.5 18.5 60.8 - Sheep M. 10B 203.5 38.5 24.5 18.5 61.25 - Sheep M. 10B - - 24 18.5 - - Sheep M. 10B - - 24 18.5 - - Sheep M. 5B - - 24 18.5 - - Sheep TALUS Feature GLl GLm Bd Height Taxon M. 74S 52 48 33.5 - Cattle M. 25S 55.5 52 33.5 - Cattle M. 89S 63 57.5 37 - Cattle M. 40S 57 53.5 36.5 - Cattle M. 103S 65 59 43 - Cattle M. 82S 62 56.5 36 - Cattle M. 73S 64 58.5 41.5 - Cattle M. 101S 25 24 - 56.7 Sheep M. 89S 27.5 25.5 17 62.4 Sheep M. 75S 27 25.5 17.5 61.2 Sheep

M. 43F 28.5 26 16.5 64.6 Sheep M. 5B 25 24 15 56.7 Sheep

CALCANEUS

Feature GL GB Height M/F Taxon M. 105S 105 32 - F Cattle M. 74S 111 29 - F Cattle M. 105S 111 33.5 - F Cattle M. 40S 111 36 - F Cattle M. 82S 114 33 - F Cattle M. 89S 115 39 - F Cattle M. 75S 121 37 - F? Cattle


55

M. 103S 129 42 - M Cattle M. 73S 139 38.5 - M Cattle M. 107S 52 - 59.3 - Sheep M. 89S 54 - 61.6 - Sheep M. 5B 63 56 63.8 - Sheep

PELVIS Feature LA Taxon M. 35F 55 Cattle M. 105S 54 Cattle M. 74S 55 Cattle M. 75S 55 Cattle M. 68S 56 Cattle M. 40S 56.5 Cattle M. 73S 64 Cattle M. 82S 65 Cattle M. 38S 68 Cattle M. 102S 26.5 Sheep M. 60S 27 Sheep M. 89S 27 Sheep

Georgeta El Susi

56

Fig. 1. Animal bones from grave M.5 at Budeşti


57

Fig. 2. Animal bones from grave M.10 at Budeşti

Fig. 3. Animal bones from grave M.43 at Fântânele

Georgeta El Susi

58

Fig. 4. Animal bones from grave M.25 at Sâncrai

Fig. 5. Cattle talus with cut marks from M.73 at Sâncrai


59



Georgeta El Susi

60


Fig. 9. Species distribution in graves


61

Fig. 10. Frequencies of body elements in necropolises: S - Sâncrai; MBF - Mărişelu, Budeşti, Fântânele

Fig. 11. Parts distribution in graves

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62

Fig. 12. Distribution of the right/left parts of bovine skeletons

Fig. 13. Distribution of the right/left parts of sheep skeletons


63

Fig. 14. Slaughter age of cattle and sheep

567

LISTA ABREVIERILOR DE PERIODICE

AB - Analele Buzăului. Muzeul Judeţean Buzău. Academe - Academe. The American Association of University

Professors. Washington. ACNLU - Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Upsaliensis. Proceedings

of the Fourteenth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies (Uppsala 2009). Leiden.

ActaHASH - Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest.

ActaMN - Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul de Istorie a Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca.

AÉ - Archaeologiai Értesitö a Magyar régészeti, müvésyt-történeti és éremtani társulat tudományos folyóirata. Budapest.

AI - Anale de Istorie. Institutul de Studii Istorice şi Social-Politice de pe lângă CC al PCR. Bucureşti.

AIIAC - Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie Cluj-Napoca.

AIIAI/AIIX - Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi (din 1990 Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi).

AIIN - Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Naţională. Cluj, Sibiu. Alba-Iulia - Alba-Iulia. Alba Iulia. AM - Arheologia Moldovei. Institutul de Istorie şi

Arheologie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi. AnB - Analele Banatului (serie nouă). Muzeul Naţional al

Banatului. Timişoara. Antik Tanulmányok - Antik Tanulmányok. Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest. AO - Arhivele Olteniei (serie nouă). Institutul de Cercetări

Socio-Umane. Craiova. Apulum - Apulum. Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al

Unirii Alba Iulia. ArhSom - Arhiva Someşană. Revistă istorică-culturală. Năsăud. ArhMed - Arheologia Medievală. Reşiţa, Cluj-Napoca. Astra Salvensis - Astra Salvensis. Cercul Salva al ASTRA. Salva. AT - Arhivele totalitarismului. Institutul Naţional pentru

Studiul Totalitarismului. Academia Română. Bucureşti. AUASH - Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Historica.

Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. AUMCS - Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska.

Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Lublin.

Lista abrevierilor de periodice

568

AUS - Acta Universitatis Szegediensis De Attila József Nominatae. Acta Historiae Litterarum Hungaricarum. A József Attila Tudományegyetem-Bölcsészettudományi Kar. Szeged.

AVSL - Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde. Sibiu.

Banatica - Banatica. Muzeul de Istorie al Judeţului Caraş-Severin. Reşiţa.

BAR - British Archaeological Reports (International Series). Oxford.

BC - Biblioteca şi cercetarea. Cluj-Napoca. BCŞS - Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti.

Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. BHAB - Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica.

Muzeul Banatului Timişoara. Boabe de grâu - Boabe de grâu. Revistă de cultură. Bucureşti. Brukenthal - Brukenthal. Acta Musei. Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal.

Sibiu. Bucureşti - Bucureşti. Materiale de istorie şi muzeografie. Muzeul

Municipiului Bucureşti. Bylye Gody - Bylye Gody. International Network Center for

Fundamental and Applied Research. Washington. Caietele CNSAS - Caietele CNSAS. Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea

Arhivelor Securităţii. Bucureşti. CB - Călăuza bibliotecarului. Biblioteca Centrală de Stat

Bucureşti. CBAstra - Conferinţele Bibliotecii Astra. Biblioteca Judeţeană

Astra. Sibiu. Cărţi româneşti - Cărţi româneşti. CCA - Cronica cercetărilor arheologice. cIMeC. Bucureşti. CEHF - Cahiers d’Études Hongroises et Finlandaises.

Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3. CollMed - Collegium Mediense. Comunicări ştiinţifice. Colegiul

Tehnic „Mediensis” Mediaş. Colloquia - Colloquia. Journal of Central European History.

Institutul de Studii Central-Europene al Facultăţii de Istorie şi Filosofie a Universităţii „Babeş-Bolyai” Cluj-Napoca.

ComŞtMediaş - Comunicări Ştiinţifice. Mediaş (este continuată de CollMed).

Contimporanul - Contimporanul. Revistă de avangardă, cu program constructivist. Bucureşti.

Corviniana - Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis. Muzeul Castelului Corvineştilor.

Cumidava - Cumidava. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie Braşov.


569

Čitatel - Čitatel. Matica slovenská. Martin. Discobolul - Discobolul. Revistă de cultură. Uniunea Scriitorilor din

România. Alba Iulia. Drobeta - Drobeta. Seria Etnografie. Muzeul Regiunii Porţilor de

Fier. Drobeta-Turnu Severin. Drobeta. Artă Plastică - Drobeta. Seria Artă Plastică. Muzeul Regiunii Porţilor

de Fier. Drobeta-Turnu Severin. eClassica - eClassica. Centro des Estudos Clássicos. Lisabona. EF - Einband-Forschung. Informationsblatt des

Arbeitskreises für die Erfassung, Erschliessung und Erhaltung Historischer Bucheinbände (AEB). Berlin.

EJCE - European Journal of Contemporary Education. Academic Publishing House Researcher. Bratislava.

EJST - European Journal of Science and Theology. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Jassy.

EO - Etnograficheskoye obozreniye. Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN. Moskva.

EphNap - Ephemeris Napocensis. Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei Cluj-Napoca.

EPK - Egyetemes Philologiai Közlöny. Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest.

ER - Exportgut Reformation. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.

ESTuar - ESTuar. Online. Bucureşti. Familia - Familia (seria I: 1865-1906). Oradea. FI - File de Istorie. Muzeul de Istorie Bistriţa (continuată

de RB). FM - Europäische Zeitschrift für Mineralogie,

Kristallographie, Petrologie, Geochemie und Lagerstättenkunde. Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft. Stuttgart.

Folklore - Folklore. Centre de Documentation et le Musée Audois des Arts et Traditions populaires. Carcassonne. Montpellier.

Gazeta ilustrată - Gazeta ilustrată. Literară. Politică. Economică. Socială. Cluj.

GeoJournal - GeoJournal. Spatially Integrated Social Sciences and Humanities. Springer Science and Business Media (Netherlands).

GT - Geographia Technica. Geographia Technica Association. Cluj University Press. Cluj-Napoca.

HE - Historia Ecclesiastica. Prešovská univerzita. Prešov. HHCT - History and Historians in the Context of the Time.

Academic Publishing House Researcher. Bratislava.


570

HHR - Hungarian Historical Review. Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest.

Hierasus - Hierasus. Muzeul Judeţean Botoşani. Historica Carpatica - Historica Carpatica. Zborník Východoslovenského

múzea v Košiciach. Košice. HL - Humanistica Lovaniensia. Journal of Neo-Latin

Studies. Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae. Leuven. HQ - The Hungarian Quarterly. The Hungarian Quarterly

Society. Budapest. HS - Historické štúdie. Historický ústav slovenskej

akadémie vied. Bratislava. Hyphen - Hyphen. A Journal of Melitensia and the Humanities.

The New Lyceum (Arts), Msida, Malta. IJCS - International Journal of Conservation Science.

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Jassy. IJHCS - International Journal of Humanities and Cultural

Studies. University of Gafsa. INT - Istoriya nauki i tekhniki. Izdatel’stvo „Reaktiv”. Ufa. IV - Istoricheskii vestnik. Moskva. IS - Izvestiya Samarskogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii

nauk. Samara. IYZGU - Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo

universiteta. Yugo-Zapadnyi gosudarstvennyi universitet. Kursk.

Izvestiya ANKSSR - Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy Sovetskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respubliki. Seriya obshchestvennykh nauk. Alma-Ata.

Îndrumător bisericesc - Îndrumător bisericesc misionar şi patriotic. Episcopia Aradului. Arad.

Îndrumător pastoral - Îndrumător pastoral. Episcopia Ortodoxă Română de Alba Iulia.

JBS - The Journal of Baroque Studies. International Institute for Baroque Studies at the University of Malta.

JIA - Journal of International Affairs. School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. New York.

JSRI - Journal for the Study of Religions & Ideologies. The Academic Society for the Research of Religions and Ideologies. Cluj-Napoca.

Kniha - Kniha. Matica slovenská. Martin. Knižničný zborník - Knižničný zborník. Matica slovenská. Martin. LAR - Literatură şi artă română. Idei, simţire, formă.

Bucureşti.


571

Limba română - Limba română. Institutul de Lingvistică al Academiei Române „Iorgu Iordan - Al. Rosetti”. Bucureşti.

Luceafărul - Luceafărul. Revistă literară (1902-1945). Budapesta. MA - Mitropolia Ardealului. Revista oficială a Arhiepiscopiei

Sibiului, Arhiepiscopiei Vadului, Feleacului şi Clujului, Episcopiei Alba Iuliei şi Episcopiei Oradiei. Sibiu (1956-1991).

Magyar Nyelvőr - Magyar Nyelvőr. A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Nyelvtudományi Intézet. Budapest.

Magyarország - Magyarország. Budapest. MCA - Materiale şi cercetări arheologice. Bucureşti. ME - Memoria Ethnologica. Centrul Judeţean pentru

Conservarea şi Promovarea Culturii Tradiţionale Maramureş. Baia Mare.

MH - Melita Historica. Malta Historical Society. MK - Magyar Könyvszemle. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia

Budapest. Irodalomtudományi Intézet Országos Széchényi Könyvtár Budapest.

MKS - Magyar Könyv-Szemle. A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Irodalomtudományi Intézet. Budapest.

MLN - Modern Language Notes. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.

MN - Muzeul Naţional. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României. Bucureşti.

MP - Magyar Pedagógia. A Magyar Pedagogiai Társaság. Budapest.

Muzeum - Muzeum. Muzejní a vlastivedná práce. National Museum. Prague.

NLWJ - The National Library of Wales Journal. The National Library of Wales. Aberystwyth.

Noema - Noema. Comitetul Român de Istoria şi Filosofia Ştiinţei şi Tehnicii. Bucureşti.

NNI - Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. Rossiiskaya akademiya nauk. Moskva.

NP - Novoe proshloe. Yuzhnyi federal’nyi universitet. Rostov-na-Donu.

NS - Nasledie i sovremennost’. Rossiyskiy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut kul’turnogo i prirodnogo naslediya im. D. S. Likhacheva. Moskva.

NVBU - Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo universiteta. Seriya Istoriya. Politologiya. Ekonomika. Informatika. Belgorodskiy natsional’nyy issledovatel’skiy universitet. Belgorod.

OK - Orvostörténeti Közleményel (Communicationes de historia artis medicinae). Budapest Semmelweis


572

Orvostorteneti Muzeum Es Konyvtar And Magyar Orvostortenelmi Tarsasag. Budapest.

Orizont - Orizont. Timişoara. ORP - Odrodzenie i reformacja w Polsce. Instytut Historii

Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Warszawa. PA - Patrimonium Apulense. Direcţia Judeţeană pentru

Cultură Alba. Alba Iulia. PB - Patrimonium Banaticum. Direcţia Judeţeană pentru

Cultură Timiş. Timişoara. Pediatria - Pediatría de Atención Primaria. Publicación Oficial de

la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria.

PH - Prace Historyczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie.

Poarta Inimii - Poarta inimii. Alba Iulia. Programm Mühlbach - Programm Mühlbach. Programm des evaghelischen

Untergymnasium in Mühlbach und der damit verbundenen Lehranstalten. Sebeş.

PS - Protestáns Szemle. Magyar Protestáns Irodalmi Társaság. Budapest.

RA - Russkii arkhiv. Academic Publishing House Researcher. Bratislava.

RAPPS - Revista de Administraţie Publică şi Politici Sociale. Universitatea de Vest „Vasile Goldiş” din Arad.

RB - Revista Bistriţei. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud. Bistriţa.

RE - Revista economică. Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. REF - Revista de Etnografie şi Folclor. Institutul de

Etnografie şi Folclor ,,Constantin Brăiloiu”. Academia Română. Bucureşti.

Revista Arheologică - Revista Arheologică. Centrul de Arheologie al Institutului Patrimoniului Cultural al Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei. Chişinău.

RFR - Revista Fundaţiilor Regale. Revistă lunară de literatură, artă şi cultură generală. Bucureşti.

RH - Roczniki Humanistyczne. Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. Lublin.

RHSEE/RESEE - Revue historique du sud-est européen. Academia Română. Bucureşti, Paris (din 1963 Revue des études sud-est européennes).

RI - Revista de Istorie (din 1990 Revista istorică). Academia Română. Bucureşti.

RJMH - The Romanian Journal of Modern History. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Jassy.


573

RM - Revista Muzeelor. Bucureşti. RMM - Revista Muzeelor şi Monumentelor. Bucureşti. RMV - Revue de médecine vétérinaire. Ecole Nationale

Vétérinaire de Toulouse. România literară - România literară. Săptămânal de literatură şi artă.

Bucureşti. Rossiiskaya istoriya - Rossiiskaya istoriya. Akademicheskiy nauchno-

izdatel’skiy, proizvodstvenno-poligraficheskiy i knigorasprostranitel’skiy tsentr Nauka. Moskva.

RRH - Revue Roumaine d’Histoire. Academia Română. Bucureşti.

RT - Revista Teologică (între anii 1956 şi 1991 a apărut sub denumirea de Mitropolia Ardealului). Mitropolia Ardealului. Sibiu.

SA - Sovetskaya arkheologiya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moskva.

SAI - Studii şi articole de istorie. Societatea de Ştiinţe Istorice şi Filologice a RPR. Bucureşti.

Samus - Samus. Muzeul Municipal Dej. Sargetia - Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis. Muzeul Civilizaţiei

Dacice şi Romane Deva. SCA - Studii şi Cercetări de Antropologie. Institutul de

Antropologie „Francisc I. Rainer”. Academia Română. Bucureşti.

SCIA - Studii şi Cercetări de Istoria Artei. Seria Artă Plastică. Bucureşti.

SCIV(A) - Studii şi cercetări de istoria veche (din 1974, Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie). Bucureşti.

Slavyanskii al’manakh - Slavyanskii al’manakh. Institut slavyanovedeniya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Moskva.

SMIC - Studii şi materiale de istorie contemporană. Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga” al Academiei Române. Bucureşti.

SMIM - Studii şi materiale de istorie modernă. Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga” al Academiei Române. Bucureşti.

Sovremennik - Sovremennik. Sankt Petersburg. SPST - Sovremennye problem servisa i turizma. Russian State

University of Tourism and Service. Moscow. SS - The Social Sciences. Western Social Association.

Dubai. Studia - Studia. Transilvania Express. Braşov. Studii - Studii. Revistă de istorie (din 1974 Revista de istorie şi

din 1990 Revista istorică). Academia Română. Bucureşti.


574

SUP - Studi Umanistici Piceni. Istituto Internazionale di Studi Piceni. Sassoferrato.

Századok - Századok. A Magyar Történelmi Társulat. Budapest. Terra Sebus - Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis. Muzeul

Municipal „Ioan Raica” Sebeş. TIIAE - Trudy Instituta Istorii, Arkheologii i Etnografii.

Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy Sovetskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respubliki. Alma-Ata.

TNK - Trudy NII kul’tury. Ministerstvo kul’tury RSFSR. Moskva.

TR - Transylvanian Review. Centrul de Studii Transilvane al Academiei Române. Cluj-Napoca.

Transilvania - Transilvania. Centrul Cultural Interetnic Transilvania. Sibiu.

TS - Theologiai Szemle. A Magyarorszagi Egyhazak Ökumenikus Tanacsa. Budapest.

TT - Testimonia Theologica. Evanjelická bohoslovecká fakulta Komenského univerzity v Bratislave.

Unirea - Unirea. Alba Iulia. UR - Ungarische Revue. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia.

Budapest. VAH - Varia Archaeologica Hungarica. Budapest. Valori bibliofile - Valori bibliofile din patrimoniul cultural naţional.

Cercetare, valorificare. Consiliul Culturii şi Educaţiei Socialiste. Muzeul Judeţean Vâlcea. Râmnicu Vâlcea.

VChGU - Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Chelyabinskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. Chelyabinsk.

VE - Vestnik Evropy. Sankt Petersburg. Verbum - Verbum. Revista catolică. Bucureşti. Vestnik Tverskogo - Vestnik Tverskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta.

Seriya Istoriya. Tver. Vestnik VEGU - Vestnik VEGU. Vostochnaya ekonomiko-

yuridicheskaya gumanitarnaya akademiya. Akademiya VEGU. Ufa.

VI - Voprosy istorii. Institut russkoy istorii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. Moskva.

Viaţa românească - Viaţa Românească. Revistă literară şi ştiinţifică. Iaşi. VMKK - A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei.

Veszprém. Vox libri - Vox libri. Biblioteca Judeţeană „Ovid Densuşianu”

Deva. VS - Voennyi Sbornik. Academic Publishing House

Researcher. Bratislava. VV - Vestnik vospitaniya. Moskva.


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ZfhWK - Zeitschrift für historische Waffen- und Kostümkunde. Dresdner Verein für Waffenkunde. Berlin.

ZfTZ - Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie: Organ der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Tierzucht im Forschungsdienst (continuă: Zeitschrift für Züchtung. Reihe B, Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie). Berlin, Hamburg.

ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN SCYTHIAN NECROPOLISES IN … · Scythian), both of which had graves containing...

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