By: Shaina Riggs, Michael Howard, and Tanner Ryan

LOCOMOTION

Locomotion is used by the majority of animals. Three major types of environments that locomotion

takes place in is the air, water, and terrestrial environments.

This PowerPoint will discuss animals and groups of animals that move in each one of the environments as well as how they are able to move.

LOCOMOTION

Hollow air fi lled bones

Bone fusion

Fused thoracic vertebrae

Tailbone with feathers can change the arrangement

of the feathers thus slow down or help change

direction of the fl ight

Keeled sternum provides for more surface area for

muscle attachment

Atrophy of sex organs

Elimination of teeth and jaw

Wings and Feathers!

LOCOMOTION IN AIR

KINDS OF FLIGHT

• There are several factors that greatly impact the kind of flight a bird will have. These include: the size and shape of the wing, the angle at which it meets the oncoming air, how the wings move, as well as the body of the bird.

• There are 4 main types of wings 1. Elliptical (crow)- short, rounded, and have a low aspect ration.

Used to evade predators and navigate through dense vegetation2. High Speed (falcon) – short pointed wings with rapid wing beats.

The falcon has a record dive speed of 200 mph.3. High Aspect Ratio (albatross) – Wings are much longer than they

are wide. This flight is used for slow flight such as soaring or gliding. These birds use different wind speeds at various heights.

4. Soaring Wings with deep slots- Used by many inland birds. The slots at the end of the winds help to reduce drag and use the energy from air flow. Shorter wings also aid in take off.

HOW WING SHAPE EFFECTS FLIGHT

Kingdom: Animalia•Phylum: Chordata•Class: Aves•Order: Apodiformes•Family: Trochilidae•Genus: Archilochus•Species: Archilocus colubris

Special features adapted for fl ight in hummingbirds Larger pectoral muscles and sternum (25%) Pectoral muscles containing only red fi bers Small feet Enlarged heart (2.5%) Figure 8 wing movement

THE RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD

The Cephalopods which include animals such as the squid, cuttlefish, and octopus are able to move in a variety of ways in water.

The movements include walking on the ocean floor, jet propulsion and even flying above the ocean for brief periods.

LOCOMOTION IN WATER

The Cephalopods use jet propulsion as their main mode of locomotion.

Jet propulsion is achieved by taking in water through the collar located posteriorly to the head.

The water passes over the gills and is stored in the mantle cavity of the Cephalopod.

The muscles of the mantle are able to contract and push the water out of the funnel with great pressure. The funnel is movable and this is what allows the Cephalopod to change its direction while excreting the water.

This jet propulsion method of swimming allows the Cephalopods to reach up to 25 mph which is the fastest among marine invertebrates.

JET PROPULSION

Squids are able to use their jet propulsion to shoot out of the water usually when they are threatened.

Once out of the water the squids use the fins on the side of their head to stabilize themselves in the air.

With the momentum of the propulsion and the gliding ability of the fins the squids are able to glide in the air over 200 feet.

FLYING SQUIDS

Octopi use the powerful suction cups on their tentacles to attach to surfaces on the bottom of the ocean. This suction allows them to pull themselves forward in a crawling motion.

They can also use their tentacles as legs and walk on the ocean floor.

CRAWLING IN THE OCEAN

LOCOMOTION ON LAND

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mantisshrimp_03

Arthropods contain many speciesSpiders, crabs, centipedes, etc.

ARTHROPODS

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes-arthropods.html

Muscles attached inside the skeleton.Muscles coordinated with the nervous systems.The pull of the muscles against the exoskeleton

allows the arthropod to function accordingly.

HOW MOVEMENT IS ACHIEVED

http://arthropodsf.blogspot.com/2007/04/movement_01.html

Their skeleton provides local control over movementThe jointed appendages of the arthropods create an

extremely stable organismThese jointed appendages act as struts and shock

absorbersWhen exploring new rough terrains Humans may

employ robots with arthropod like movement to discover new and undiscovered terrains

ARTHROPOD SUCCESS

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article//arthropods_intro_05

Powerful due to the mechanical instruments in their legs much like modern day hydraulics

Accomplished by pressurizing the cephalothorax, this causes the legs to stretch outward.

Also the quick changes in pressure allow for spiders to jump distances much greater than their own body length

SPIDER MOVEMENT

Jumping spiders can leap more than fi fty times their own body length by swiftly boosting blood pressure in their third and fourth limbs

Spiders can innately increase and decrease body pressure in fractions of a second to quickly skitter about.

Male spider also utilize hydraulics for another function: to power their genitalia.

Hydraulics may enhance genital mobility, potentially improving the lock between male and female spiders during mating.

SPIDER ABILITIES

http://shapeofl ife.org/video/other-topics/arthropod-locomotion-engineering

http://arthropodsf.blogspot.com/2007/04/movement_01.html

http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2013/02/spiders-their-amazing-hydraulic-legs-and-genitals.html

www.earthlife.net/birds/fl ight.htmlwww.learner.org/jnorth/tm/FlightLesson.htmlhttps://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/

essays/Adaptations.htmlwww.hsu.edu/pictures.aspx?id=1287

SOURCES

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/invertebrates/facts/cephalopods/locomotion.cfm

http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/http://

tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopod_Jet_Propulsion?acc_id=2060

www.rubythroat.org/rthufactsmain.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66391/

bird/49225/Muscles-and-organs

SOURCES