Animal Form & Function Chapter 40. Slide 2 of 29 Chapter 40 – Basic Principles Cells Tissues ...
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Transcript of Animal Form & Function Chapter 40. Slide 2 of 29 Chapter 40 – Basic Principles Cells Tissues ...
Animal Form & Function
Chapter 40
Slide 2 of 29
Chapter 40 – Basic Principles
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems
Tissues – groups of cells w/ common structure & function
Organs – groups of tissues w/ common structure & function
Organ System – group of organs that work together
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4 Types of Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue – covers or lines organs or the body
2. Connective Tissue – supports & binds other tissue
3. Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement
4. Nervous Tissue – responsible for sensing stimuli & response to the stimuli
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ECMN
How will u memorize the 4 types of tissue?
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Epithelial Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue Covers the body, lines the organs, & acts as a protective barrier One side is always bound to basement membrane
Underlying supportive surface Other side faces air, environment or fluids
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3 Types of Epithelium
1. Simple – 1 layer of cells
2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells
3. Glandular – absorb or secrete chemicals (mucus, etc.)
Cells at the Exposed surface Cuboidal – Like dice Columnar – Like brick standing on end Squamous – Like floor tiles
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Connective Tissue (CT)
Supports & binds other tissues
Sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
3 Kinds of CT fibers 1. Collagenous – collagen & inelastic (not demand) 2. Elastic – long fibers made of elastin 3. Reticular – collagen & continuous with collagenous fibers
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Examples of Connective Tissue
Cartilage – shark skeleton – flexible – tip of nose, ears
Bone – not so flexible
Ligaments – connect bone to bone
Tendons – connect muscle to bone
Blood – since it has an extensive extracellular matrix
Loose connective tissue – most widespread
Adipose tissue – loose connective tissue that stores fats
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Muscle Tissue
Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements Building muscles does not increase # of cells, but does
enlarge the fixed number of muscle cells Also called striated muscle
Smooth – responsible for INvoluntary movements Arterial constriction, bowel movements Lacks striations = smooth
Cardiac – heart muscle Cardiac contractions Striated like skeletal muscle
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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SMOOTH
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CARDIAC
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Nervous Tissue
Functional unit is the neuron or nerve cells
Sense stimuli & transmit signals across the body Transmit signals to other neurons, glands, muscles, & brain
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2 Important Systems
Coordination & Control
Endocrine System – responsible for hormone production Hormones – chemical signals responsible for long-distance signaling Hormones are released into the bloodstream Bloodstream broadcasts the hormones throughout the body Remember Signal Transduction Pathways?
Nervous System – transmit information between specific locations
Neurons, muscle cells, & endocrine cells
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is a key concept in animal physiology
Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Set Point – reference point for homeostatic mechanism Body has sensors that detect any deviation from the set point If there is a deviation (+ or -), physiological response will return the
body to the set point
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Homeostasis Exercise
Find 2 biological examples of Homeostasis
Explain each of your 2 examples of homeostasis Explain the effects of at least 2 deviations from the set point
1 Positive deviation & 1 Negative deviation Explain the homeostatic response mechanism for each of the
deviations.
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Feedback Systems
Negative Feedback System – Physiological response to a stimulus REDUCES the stimulus
-- Exercise (Stimulus) Body Temp Rises Perspiration (body cooling)
-- Air temperature decreases Shivering Friction (body warming)
Positive Feedback System – stimulus elicits a response that amplifies the effect of the stimulus
Childbirth increased pressure on opening of uterine wall Stimulates increased uterine wall contractions
Greater pressure on opening of uterine wall
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Negative Feedback Mechanismpp. 955 - BIOLOGY
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Positive Feedback Mechanism
pp. 981 - BIOLOGY
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation – How animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range
Endotherms – body warmed by heat generated by metabolism Examples: birds & mammals
Ectotherms Gain most of their heat from environment Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
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Countercurrent Exchange
Reduction of heat loss depends on countercurrent exchange
Birds & Mammals
Antiparallel arrangement of blood vessels Warm blood from the animal’s core goes to the extremities This blood transfers heat to the colder extremities Heat that usually is lost to environment is used to heat extremities
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