IntroductionIntroduction

•Animal fats → health problems

•Healthy eating style

•Oil discharged

•Alternative source of energy

Why Biodiesel?

Petroleum is running out Little or no modifications of diesel

engines needed Biodegradable Nontoxic, safe to use Renewable

Advantages of using Biodiesel over diesel

No sulphur dioxide

emission

Higher cetane number

Leaves less dirt in tank

and fuel system

Useful by-product

obtained glycerine

Transesterfication

Useful Products:

1) glycerin

2) esters

NaOH

• To investigate the To investigate the possibilitypossibility of of using using different kinds of different kinds of lipids (fats lipids (fats and oils)and oils) in the production of in the production of BiodieselBiodiesel..

• To To comparecompare the the effectivenesseffectiveness of of different kinds of Biodiesel.different kinds of Biodiesel.

• To investigate the possible uses of To investigate the possible uses of the the by-product glycerinby-product glycerin..

A. MAKING BIODIESEL

Mix 0.7g of NaOH(s) and 40 cm3 of methanol to from sodium

methoxide

• Mix sodium methoxide and 200ml of oil/fat, with continuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer.

• Temperature monitored by a thermometer and maintained at 50 oC

Using separating funnel to separate biodiesel from glycerin

Biodiesel

Glycerin

Removing unreacted sodium hydroxide and methanol

Water for washing

Biodiesel

Washing biodiesel using water

Before washing, biodiesel turns pH paper blue.

Biodiesel with traces of water remains after washing

Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper turns from blue to pink.

Biodiesel is dripping through a column packed with anhydrous calcium sulphate.

Dried Biodiesel tested with dry cobalt (II) chloride paper

Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper remains blue

Biodiesel made up of chicken oil

Various kinds of Biodiesels

Biodiesel made up of pig oil

Biodiesel made up of waste oil

Biodiesel made up of canola oil

Self-made Calorimeter

To measure the energy released by burning different Biodiesel

Run Fuel

1 Pig Oil Fuel

2 Chicken Oil Fuel

3 Waste Canola Oil Fuel

4 Canola Oil Fuel

5Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1)

6Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1)

7Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1)

Fuel Energy released (J / g)

Pig Oil Fuel 37456

Chicken Oil Fuel 36259

Waste Canola Oil Fuel 24570

Canola Oil Fuel 24600

Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) 38050

Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) 34322

Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) 33174

- to see which fuel produces the least amount of soot

Fuel

Sootiness of flame(Scale: ＊not sooty → ＊＊＊

＊＊very sooty)

Pig Oil Fuel ＊＊＊＊＊Chicken Oil Fuel ＊ ＊＊＊

Waste Canola Oil Fuel ＊＊Canola Oil Fuel ＊

Canola Oil Fuel mix with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) ＊＊

Canola Oil Fuel mix with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) ＊＊＊

Canola Oil Fuel mix with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) ＊＊＊

-to determine which fuel retains its fluidity and flows best at low temperature

Uses of side-product of biodiesel production: Glycerin

3 cm3 of castor oil is added to 45 cm3 of NaOH.

NaOH

Castor oil

Preparation of Glycerin Soap

The mixture was then heated for 30 mins with constant stirring.

A few cm3 of glycerin and 20 ml of ethanol are added to the mixture with constant stirring.

Some saturated NaCl solution is then poured into the mixture for salting out the soap.

The residue is filtered and washed with distilled water, then set hard in a mould to obtain the glycerin soap.

Glycerin Soap

Error

Ways to improve

Heat loss to the surroundings during measurement of the heat of

combustion

Improve the accuaracy of the calorimeter

- reduce heat exchange between the environment

and the set-up

- burn a greater mass of biodiesel and use a larger amount of

water for measuring the temperature rise

During the formation of Biodiesel, temperature

of the mixture was not always kept below 60 oC

- methanol might evaporate

- formation of Biodiesel was affected

Error

Ways to improve

Use a spotlight or a heat lamp which can control

the temperature steadily to around 50 oC

- rapid evaporation of methanol is prevented

- Biodiesel can be formed more effectively

During the measurement of sootiness of the flame,

comparison was only made by naked eyes.

Error

Ways to improve

Using “weighing by difference” to measure the

mass of soot being formed.

1.1. Pour PointPour Point use dry ice-to lower the temperature below 0 oC

2.2. Perform Perform more systematic blendingmore systematic blending between different types of oils forbetween different types of oils for better comparison: 1) the more energy-efficient Biodiesel 2) the one which produces the least amount of soot

3. Explore the possibility of using other animal fats to produce biodiesel

4. Compare the amount of energy and soot produced by biodiesel and conventional diesel.

1. The most efficient fuel is…

releases the greatest amount of

energy per gram

performed best when testing the

pour point

highest fluidity at 0 oC

2. Animal fats can also be used to produce biodiesel

Animal fats Biodiesel

Production of Biodiesel can be shifted from Vegetable Oil to Animal Fats

Conclusion (cont’)

Production of Biodiesel

Animal-Fat Biodiesel vs Vegetable oil BiodieselAnimal-Fat Biodiesel vs Vegetable oil Biodiesel

- larger cetane number, - better ignition quality

Food source for direct consumption

- smaller cetane number, - poorer ignition quality

Animal-Fat Biodiesel

Vegetable-Oil Fuel

Conclusion (cont’)

More expensive fuel stock due to increasing demand and running out of raw materials under extreme weather

Guarantees a steady supply of fat and avoids shortage

Making use of waste instead of materials that have alternative uses.

Releases more energy Releases less energy

After further refining, glycerin can be used in Soap Food Pharmaceutical products Drugs Cosmetics

The crude glycerin can be used to produce Hydrogen which can be used as automobile fuel

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.journeytoforever.org/

http://www.chemistryland.com/Biodiesel/

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23106026/Experiment-4-%E2%80%93-Biodiesel

http://www.nora-oilheat.org/site20/uploads/factfinding1.pdf

http://alexandresis.deviantart.com/art/Biodiesel-53559444

Photos:

1. http://image.8-lug.com/f/readersrides/0901_8l_readers_rides_diesel_trucks/18

440391+pheader_460x1000/0901_8l_01+readers_diesel_trucks+2008_f250.jpg

2. http://www.conniesicottedesigns.com/

3. http://www.newsoftworld.com/forums/pakistan/5784-plz-b-alert-sochie-zara-cooking-oil-history-

pakistan.html

4. http://livinlavidalocarb.blogspot.com/2006/02/canola-oil-low-in-saturated-fat-but-is.html

5. http://205.153.241.230/issues/emergejan2005/index.html

Conservation of Energy, Land and Water

Reduces Emission of - sulphur dioxide- waste water - hazardous waste compared to

petroleum

Continuous Microbial Fermentation---Ito et al. (2005)

Catalytic reforming operating at moderate temperatures and pressures. ---Wood (2002)

Steam reforming of glycerin in the gas phase with metals catalysts. ---Hirai et al. (2005)

Biodiesel is also not the same as ethanol. Ethanol is a renewable biofuel made primarily from corn and intended for use in gasoline-powered engines, while biodiesel is a renewable biofuel made from a variety of materials and designed for use in diesel engines, with different properties and benefits.