ANIMAL

CLASSIFICATION

• Carl Linnaeus 1758 Physician to King of Sweden

• Binomial Nomenclature

• named and described all that was known to Europeans

• Based his system on physical features and biogeography

I. TAXONOMY identification and classification

• - grouped according to physical similarities

• - physical similarities is a result of genetics

• - genetics reflects common ancestry

HERE’S THE REASONING

• - phylogenetic tree

• - shared common ancestor is a link

• - time is usually present

Phylogeny- shows evolutionary relationships

- time is usually present

Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin• PRACTICE EXAMPLE• Organism• A 0• B 5• C 17• D 8• E 3• F 34

Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin• PRACTICE EXAMPLE• Organism• A 0• B 5• C 17• D 8• E 3• F 34

Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from

biochemistry?• A 0• B 11• C 45• D 1• E 9• F 31• G 21• H 14

Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from

biochemistry?MANFUNGIDUCKRABBITMOTHSNAKEMONKEYTUNA

Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from

biochemistry?• A 0 MAN• B 11 DUCK• C 45 FUNGI• D 1 MONKEY• E 9 RABBIT• F 31 MOTH• G 21 TUNA• H 14 SNAKE

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION

• MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE related organisms become less similar due to different environmental circumstances . Develop features to suit their habitat

• MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE organisms may have similar features but are unrelated. This results from being exposed to similar environmental conditions

• (ex. wombat vs. ground hog )

B. WHAT IS A SPECIES? (show powerpoint examples of hybrids)

• Biological - can interbreed – exceptions zedonk, tiglons, orchids, Ligers,

peekapoo

• Morphological- members look similar to each other

• (be careful about convergence)

• cacti and euphorbia

• frogs species (dif. Behaviors)

Wolf/dog hybrid

Liger or tiglon

Zonkey or zedonk

Rat/squirrel hybrid

Llamal llama/camel hybrid

Wholphin

Modern Species definition

• species- organisms that look similar and can interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring (implies living close together)

II. MODERN EVIDENCE(used to create groups)

• - comparative anatomy

• - cell structure

• - Biogeography

• - development "embryology"

• - biochemistry

• - paleontology

• - DNA

III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)

• Erosion

• Mining, digging

• Uplift

III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)

• Erosion

• Mining, digging

• Uplift

2 IMPORTANT LOCATIONS

• Edia Cara Hills Australia

• Burgess Shale (British Columbia) Canada

Classifying ancient species

EDIA CARA HILLS (Australia)• - not much on origins

• - 630 mybp preserved burrows and few soft bodied animals

BURGESS SHALE (Canada)

• --570 mybp Burgess Shale in southern British Columbia

• -all phyla represented simultaneously?

Ediacara Hills630 million years ago

SOFT BODIES

FLATWORMS

British Columbia, Canada

Burgess Shale570 million years ago

Land Slide !

• Covered large region quickly

Fossils

Today the sea floor is uplifted

Where does this occur today?

• in locations like ????

• Extinct volcanoes, islands, thermal vents, Death Valley (oasis)

Or…

• Mass extinctions- opportunities for ADAPATIVE RADIATION

• Variations already exist in the phyla

• Burst of rapid evolution of a lineage, resulting in formation of new species in a wide range of habitats

The Rate of Evolution

• Gradualism-(Darwin) small changes accumulate over a long period of time. (Transitional fossils would be expected)

• Punctuated Equilibrium- (Stephen J. Gould) long periods of uneventful time passes until a catastrophe creates opportunities for new species to flourish. Little change is punctuated by rapid evolution of new species.

QUIZ TOPICS

• Evaluate or create a phylogenetic tree

• Taxonomic hierarchy

• Significance of Edia Cara Hills and Burgess Shale