ANIMALBEHAVIOR

-continues or enhances response away from set point *blood clotting; childbirth

-stops and returns toward set point *most body responses

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment even though the outside world is changing

Body Temperature Regulation

Causes change

Sun

Monitors changes then sends information to the control center

Skin – Touch Receptors

5 senses Taste Smell Sight/Light Touch/Feel Hear/Sound

Determines levels to be maintained SET POINT (98.6oF), analyzes the information, and determines an appropriate response

Brain

Causes a response to change conditions

Sweat Glands

A result of a stimulus to correct the changes

Sweat - cooling

HOMEOSTASIS

REVIEW

WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?

A response to a stimulus

Stimulus – a signal

WHY BEHAVE?

Behavior is adaptive, because it helps an organism survive and reproduce.

Behavior maintains homeostasis, which helps the organisms support the conditions it needs to live.

TYPES OF STIMULI

Internal Stimuli

Examples: Hunger signals a need for more energy and causes an animal to search for food

Thirst signals a loss of internal fluid and causes an animal to look for water

Pain warns an animal that some part of its body may be subject to injury and causes it to take some action to avoid injury

External Stimuli

Examples:

The sound of a predator can cause an animal to hide or run away to avoid being caught

The sight of potential mate can trigger courtship behaviors

Changes in day length can trigger reproductive behaviors or migration

SPECIALIZED CELLS (A.K.A. RECEPTORS)

Sensory cells detect:

Light

Sound

Chemicals

Activate the animal’s nervous system.

May cause adrenaline release “Fight-or-Flight” Nervous SystemMuscles activated

FUNCTION OF BEHAVIOR - MOVEMENT

KINESIS

Increase in random movement

Lasts until a favorable environment is reached

TAXIS

Movement in a specific direction

Either toward or away from a specific stimulus

BEHAVIOR IN CYCLES

Circadian Rhythm – daily pattern of activity

Example: Sleep – daily activity over 24-hours

Biological Clock – internal mechanism of activity patterns

Example: Melatonin secretion by the brain that can detect light changes

BEHAVIOR IN CYCLES

Hibernation – avoidance of cold winter temperatures

Animals have:Decreased body temperature

Decreased heart rate

Decreased breathing rate

Prepare by eating large amounts of fat for: Food source

Insulation

Light and temperature determine when an animal enters and exits hibernation

BEHAVIOR IN CYCLES

Migration

Set in motion by a variety of internal and external stimuli:

Example: BirdsDay length controls hunger gain weight increased

fat storage fuels long distance migration

TYPES OF BEHAVIORS

Innate Behavior

A behavior with which the organism is born

Learned Behavior

A change in behavior due to experience

INNATE VS LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Innate Behaviors Learned Behaviors

Inborn behaviorGenetically Based

Based on Experience

Not modified by the individualModified by the individual by trial and error

Generally uniformLow variation in population

High variation in population

Unaffected by the environment Highly affected by the environment

Beneficial behaviorSurvival and reproduction

Capacity to learn may be product of natural selection

INNATE VS LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Innate Behavior Learned Behaviors

Examples:• Suckling in newborns• Migration• Hunting instincts

Examples:• Language acquisition• Social Skills• Domesticated behavior in pets• Trained dolphins

INNATE OR LEARNED?

Science Today: Facial Expressions | California Academy of Sciences

INNATE OR LEARNED?

Chimpanzee Tool Use

INNATE OR LEARNED?

Conversation with Koko

TYPES OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR

1. Habituation

2. Observational Learning

3. Conditioning

4. Play

5. Insight

HABITUATION

Forming a habit

Learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while

Example: The habit of seeing a scarecrow in the exact same place in the garden every day causes birds to get used to, and basically ignore, the stimulus

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

learning by watching and copying the behavior of someone else

CONDITIONING

A way to modify (train) an animal’s behavior in response to a certain stimuli Reward or punishment

2 types

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A process in which an animal learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a behavior once triggered by a different stimulus

Pavlov’s Dog

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

OPERANT CONDITIONING

A process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased by reinforcement

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Rat Basketball at Wofford College

OPERANT CONDTIONING

Big Bang Theory

LEARN BY PLAY

Young mammals, including humans, like to play

Play is one way they learn the skills that they will need as adults

INSIGHT LEARNING

learning from past experiences and reasoning

Most complicated learning

Dog Insight Learning

Octopus Tool Use