Animal Behavior

What Is Behavior? • Behavior is anything an animal does in

response to a stimulus.– A stimulus is an environmental change that

directly influences the activity of an organism.– Example: Heat stimulates the lizard to seek shade.

Behavior Patterns

• Animals carry on many activities such as getting food, avoiding predators, caring for young, finding shelter, and attracting mates –that enable them to survive. – These behavior patterns, therefor have adaptive

value.

Inherited Behavior• Inheritance plays an important role in the way

animals behave.– An animal’s genetic make-up determines how that

animal reacts to certain stimuli.• Example: Birds flying south for the winter.

Inherited Behaviors• Natural selection favors certain behaviors.– Individuals with behavior that makes them more

successful at surviving and reproducing tend to produce more offspring than individuals without the behavior.• These offspring will inherit the genetic basis for

successful behavior.

Inherited Behavior

• Inherited behavior of animals is called innate behavior. Two types of innate behavior: automatic and instinctive behavior– Example: As an insect moves across a toad’s line

of sight, the insect detector cells in the toads retinas signal the brain, thus initiating an innate response; the toads tongue flipping out to capture the insect.

Automatic Response• A reflex is a simple,

automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control. (Simplest form of innate behavior)– Ex.: Touching something

hot and pulling your hand back

• A fight-or-flight response mobilizes the body for greater activity.– Your body is being

prepared to fight or run from danger

– Controlled by hormones and the nervous system

Instinctive Behavior• An instinct is a complex pattern of innate

behavior.– Instinctive behavior begins when the animal

recognizes a stimulus and continues until all parts of the behavior have been performed.

Types of Instinctive Behavior• Courtship behavior ensures reproduction– Courtship behavior is the behavior that males and females

of a species carry out before mating.

• Territoriality reduces competition– A territory is a physical space an animal defends against

other members of its species.

Types of Instinctive Behavior• Aggressive behavior threatens other animals– Aggressive behavior is used to intimidate another animal

of the same species.

• Submission leads to dominance hierarchies– A dominance hierarchy is a form of social ranking within a

group in which some individuals are subordinate than others. (pecking order)

Types of Instinctive Behavior• Behavior resulting from internal and external cues– Circadian rhythms are a 24 hour, light-regulated,

sleep/wake cycle of behavior. (keeps you alert during the day and helps you relax at night)

– Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement of animals.

Types of Instinctive Behavior• Behavior resulting from internal and external cues

continued– Hibernation is a state in which body temperature drops,

oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline.

– Estivation is a state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat.

Learned Behavior• Learning, or learned behavior, takes place

when behavior changes through practice or experience.– Learning allows an animal to adapt to change, an

ability that is important for animals with long life spans.

Kinds of Learned Behavior• Habituation: A simple form of learning– Habituation occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a

stimulus that is not associated with any type of punishment or reward. Example: horses or cows disregarding noisy cars.

• Imprinting: A permanent attachment– Imprinting is a form of learning in which an animal, at a

specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object. Example: duckling learning to recognize their mother and follow her for food and protection

Kinds of Learned Behavior

• Learning by trial and error– Trial and error learning is a type of learning in which an

animal receives a reward for making a particular response. Examples: learning to ride a bike or birds using different materials to build a nest until it is just right

– Motivation is an internal need that causes an animal to act, and is necessary for learning to take place.

Kinds of Learned Behavior• Classical Conditioning is learning by association

• Example: Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment

Kinds of Learned Behavior• Insight: the most complex type of learning– Insight is learning in which an animal uses previous

experience to respond to a new situation.