Animal and Plant Systems and Ecology

Mary Susan Mardon

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic Cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Cytoskeleton

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

Lysosome

Golgi Apparatus

Ribosomes

Cilia

Nucleus

Centrioles

Flagellum

Plant Cell

• Plant Cells have Cell Walls• Have Plastids (three types)1. Chloroplast2. Leukoplast3. Chromoplast• Have large vacuoles• Lack Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella• Rectangular

Animal Cell

• Have Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia• Lack Cell Wall• Round

Specialized Animal Cells

• Three types of Blood Cells1. Red Blood Cells2. White Blood Cells3. Thrombocytes (platelets)

Specialized Animal Cells

• Muscle Tissue1. Skeletal-voluntary2. Smooth-involuntary3. Cardiac-involuntary

Sarcolemma

Mitochondria

Myofibrils

A Band

I Band

Z Band

Nucleus

Structure of a Muscle Cell

Specialized Animal Cells

• Epithelial Cells1. Simple Squamous2. Simple Cuboidal3. Simple Columnar

Specialized Animal Cells

• Bone Tissue• Cartilage

Hinge Joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Immovable Joint

Nerve Cell

Specialized Plant Systems

• Plant Root Zone

Vascular Plants

• Have three different types of cells1. Epidermal2. Ground3. Vascular

Epidermal Cell

Epidermal Cell

Ground Tissue

• Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls makes it tough and strong.• Collenchyma: have

strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants.

Ground Tissue

• Parenchyma: are large similar cells that can be used to store nutrients

Vascular tissue

Phloem—vascular cells that transport nutrients within the plant.

Xylem—vascular cells that transport water within the plant

Stems

• Provides support for the plant• Transports nutrients from the roots to the

leaves• Waterproof covering made of epidermal cells

and wax (cuticle)• Some woody stems have cells called cork

which provide protection and prevent water loss

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Leaves

• Cuticle—waxy covering on the leaf• Trichomes—specialized hairs on the outside of

the cuticle• Guard cells-form openings for the stoma• Stoma—regulate gas exchange with the

environment

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Plant Systems

• Vascular plants have specialized tissues used for transport

1. Flowering plants, ferns, trees, shrubs, conifers2. Generally very large in size• Nonvascular plants lack transport tissues1. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, green algae2. Most rely on osmosis and diffusion to

transport nutrients and water

Plant Systems continued…

• Phloem Tissue1. Carry nutrients made by the plant from the

leaves to the stems or roots2. Phloem tissue is composed of parenchyma

cells, sieve tube cells, and companion cells

Flowers

• Contain the reproductive parts of the plant• Pollen is the male gamete is produced on the

stamen the male reproductive organ• Ovary is the female gamete and located at the

bottom of the style (meiosis)• Pistil is the female reproductive organ• Anther produces the pollen (meiosis)• Pollen grains stick to the stigma (top of pistil)

Flowers continued…

• Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where fertilization occurs in the ovule

• Self-pollination occurs when pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower

• Cross-pollination occurs when pollen of one flower is deposited on other flowers (wind, insects, birds)

Structure of a Flower

Plants and Light

• White light made up of all the colors of light• ROY G. BIV• Reflected light bounce off the leaf’s surface

and color is perceived

Plants and Light Continued…

• Plants contain two main pigments1. Chlorophyll a absorption peaks at 665 and

465 nm2. Chlorophyll b absorption peaks at 450 to 500 and 600-650 nm3. Wavelengths 500-600 nm are not absorbed

by either pigment---reflecting green

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Plants and Light Continued…

• Chromoplasts contain yellow, red, orange , blue pigment

• Chromoplasts are found in flowers and fruits,

Photosynthesis and Respiration

• Photosynthesis is the chemical process plants use to trap energy.

• Two stages 1. Light-dependent reaction occurs in the

stroma of the chloroplast2. Light-independent reaction (carbon fixation) uses ATP carbon and NADPH to form glucose

Photosynthesis and Respiration Continued…

• External factors which affect the chemical reaction include

1. temperature2. light intensity3. pH

Cell Respiration

• Cell respiration is the process of breaking down molecules of glucose to release energy.

• Two types of respiration1. aerobic—oxygen is required2. anaerobic—other gases are utilized• Three phases of cellular respiration1. Glycolysis2. Krebs cycle3. Electron transport chain

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Biological Classification

• Taxonomy is the classification of an organism based on factors such as structure, behavior, lifestyle, genetic make-up, nutritional needs, and methods of obtaining food.

History of Taxonomy

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) used two categories to classify plants and animals

• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish botanist developed a system called binomial

nomenclature to classify organisms1. Genus species-----Homo sapien2. Binomial name is written in Latin

Taxonomic Categories

• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

Kingdoms

• Animalia• Plantae• Fungi• Protista• Eubacteria• Archaea bacteria

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Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic factors include all living organisms1. Flowers, insects, mammals, sponges2. Organisms must obtain and store energy

from abiotic factors• Abiotic factors include all non-living

components1. Water, soil, temperature, light 2. Determine the size of an ecosystem

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Population Growth Patterns

• Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area

• Population dynamics include characteristics of populations such as growth rate, density, and distribution of a population

1. Growth rate of a population is the change in population size per unit time.

Population Growth Patterns

• Immigration occurs when organisms move into a population

• Emigration occurs when organisms move out of a population

• Exponential growth (J-shaped curve) occurs when the population growth starts out slowly, then increases rapidly as the number of reproducing individuals increase

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Carrying Capacity

• Carrying capacity is the number of individuals the environment can support in a given area

• Population size exceeds the carrying capacity the number of births will decrease and the number of deaths will increase

• Logistic growth (S-shaped curve) curve will level out at a certain point

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Regulation of Population Size

• Limiting factor occurs in a population that restricts the population size

• Two categories of limiting factors1. Density-dependent factors include

competition, disease, predation2. Density-independent factors include weather,

natural disasters, and seasonal cycles

Ecological Succession

• Ecological succession is described as a series of changes over a period of time

• Two types of succession1. Primary occurs in areas that are barren of life

due to lack of soil (volcanic islands, lava flow)• Pioneer species are the first species to grow

in barren land

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Ecological Succession Continued…

• Secondary succession occurs when the community of living things has been partially or completely destroyed

• Climax community is a mature relatively stable community where there is little change in the predominant species in a area

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