The Dark Ages England

The Anglo-Saxons: 449–1066

300s B.C.Celts in Britain

55 B.C–A.D.409Roman Occupation

A.D. 449Anglo-Saxon Invasion

A.D. 400–699Spread of Christianity

A.D. 1066Norman Invasion

A.D.878King Alfred against the Vikings or Danes

A.D.600

A.D.300

A.D. 1

300 B.C.

A.D.900

A.D. 1200

The Celts in Britain

• Celtic religion animism

Before and during the 4th century B.C.

Stonehenge

• Druids were Celtic priests

• Scotland , Ireland and Brittany France today

• Britain home to several Celtic tribes

Druids

Worshiped nature magic spells Human sacrifice to

wood gods and godesses

Celtic Art

Abstract art

Celtic Art

Celtic Jewelry

The Roman Occupation

Hadrian’s Wall

Romans evacuate their troops

• Central government breaks down

Roman ruins

• Britain left vulnerable to attack

A.D. 409

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion

A.D. 449 The Anglo-Saxons invaded pushing the Celts into Wales, Ireland and Scotland.

Angles

Saxons

Jutes

Celts

Danish or Anglo Saxon gold drinking horn

King Arthur

The legend of King Author perhaps a Celt or Roman fighting off Anglo Saxon Invasions.

King Arthur

The legend of King Arthur, a Celt or Roman fighting off the Anglo Saxons.

7 small states

Rival clan chiefs and kings

fighting constantly

Sometimes 3 kings in a year

in one area

Constantly changing over

lordships

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion

Anglo-Saxon Society

• kinship groups led by strong warrior chief

• Wittagamout (counsel of nobles)

• top warriors elected King (whoever could beat up everyone else

King Penda of Mercia 655

A Pagan king

Killed up to 20 other kings in his lifetime

Page from Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion most Kings could not even write

Old English a combination of Anglish, Latin, and Celtic

languages

First historian in Angleland Bede the venerable

Old English

Slaves and Serfs

Slaves made up of conquered peoples

Rural slaves became serfs, who worked the land and provided labor to clan warriors and kings for protection

The Anglo-Saxon religionSimilar to Norse

• valued earthly virtues of bravery, loyalty, generosity, and friendship

Thunor Thunder and Lightning

Thor

Woden WAR and MagicOdin (one eye)

Day of weekAnglo-Saxon godNorse god

Wednesday

Thursday

The Anglo-Saxon Religion

The Anglo-Saxon Bards

Anglo-Saxon harp

• played harp and sang

• sang of heroic deeds

• were often warriors

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion

• St Patrick (d493) travels from Rome to Ireland and converts Celts, drives all snakes out of Ireland

The Spread of Christianity

Around A.D. 400 Irish CrossCombines eye of Odin

And Christian crossSt Patrick of Ireland

The Spread of Christianity Angleland

By 627, King Oswald of Northumbria had converted to Irish Christianity.

King Penda of Mercia kills Oswald in battle.

The Spread of Christianity

Oswald’s brother King Oswy kills King Penda (655) of Mercia, and joins the Roman Catholic Church.

The Spread of Christianity Wessex

Pope Gregory Great 590-640

Sends out St Augustine to England to convert the Anglo Saxon to the Roman Catholic Church.

First Archbishop of Canterbury

By 600, Augustine converts King Æthelbert of Wessex to the Roman Catholic Church.

The Spread of Christianity

• British pagan religions • replaced by Roman Christianity

By A.D. 699

Christian Wessex supplied all the high kings of England, after Oswy’s death.

The effects of Christianity

As Bishops taught that killing, looting, and raping Christians was wrong, people became less violent.

Kings should protect and Christianize their people.

8th–9th centuries

A new set of barbarians invaded Europe, the Vikings.

The Wessex Kings worked to unite England, but things got worst.

Vikings, Danes or Norsemen

700 to 1150

• The Vikings, from Scandinavian, raided Europe, Asia, and North America. Great fishermen turned pirate.

Offensive WeaponsDefensive Weapons

Viking longboats

Could travel on rivers or across the ocean.

Norwegian Vikings settle Iceland, Greenland and eventually reach North America.

Monasteries an easy target.

Viking longboats

• Initially, Vikings raided.

• They would strike before local armies could respond, then quickly return home.

• By the 9th Century, raids turned into invasions and settlements.

Figureheads would be raised at stem and stern .

In the 750’s, the Swedish Rus settled north of the Black Sea

In the 900’s, their leader Oleg captured Kiev, founding Kievan Russia.

The Normand Vikings In 911, the French Carolingian King Charles

the Simple settled a group of Vikings (led by Rollo) in Normandy as a buffer state against other Vikings.

A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its existence is thought to prevent conflict between them.

The Normand Vikings Their settlement proved successful, they

adopted knights, converted to Christianity, and protected France from other Vikings.

Danish Vikings defeated the Anglo Saxon Kings of England.

Danish Vikings defeated the Anglo Saxon Kings of England.

King Alfred against the Danes

871-899 King Alfred of Wessex creates a treaty with the Vikings.

Dane law 886-954

½ England ruled by the Danish King

½ by Wessex Kings

Cnut the Great 985- 1035A Danish Christian Viking conquers

England, Norway, and some of Sweden.

Cunut’s son Harthacunute ruled England till 1042.

On his death, the throne went to the English King Edward the Confessor of Wessex.

King Edward had promised the throne to Harold Godwinson, and William Duke of Normandy

Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England.

September 1066 Norway invades

King Harald Hardrada of Norway claims the English crown and invades.

Harold marches his army and defeats the Danes.

October 1066 Norman Invasion

William of Normandy invades and lands his army

in England.

Harold marches south

and the two armies meet at

Hastings.

HastingsSunday October 14, 1066

Strategic ContextKing Edward died at the beginning of 1066, his immediate successor Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats, was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighboring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

HastingsSunday October 14, 1066

Strength

English

Well

Normans

Harold Godwinson

2,000 Housecarls foot 5,000 infantry

1,000Archers

2,000 knights 4,000

knights 6,000 Fyrd foot

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

HastingsSunday October 14, 1066

English Normand:

4,000

Including King Harold

and his brothers

or

50%

2,000

or

29%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Bayeux Tapestry 70 meters long

end

• William of Normandy introduces Feudalism and French becomes the language of the ruling class.

The Norman Invasion

The Norman Invasion, Bayeux Tapestry

1066

Doomsday book

William audits England and puts taxes on anything he could.

William the conquer

He orders wood castles to be built throughout England supported by feudalism and mannerism.

William the conquer

Eventually these become stone.

William the conquer

The most famous the White Tower, still the central keep of the Tower of London today.

All nobles had to swear an oath of obedience to William, and provide knights for his army.

Feudalism

Feudalism

Feudalism a system of government based on land and military service Kings gave land to tenants in chief, or aristocracy. They gave land to lords and knights for serving in the army. Knights protected and ruled serfs working their land. A man’s word (Oath) was the cornerstone of social life.

Feudalism

Key terms Fief = land given by a lord in return for a vassal’s military service and oath of

loyalty

Home work

Reading in the book 291-296 feudalism 317-322 mannerism

The Holy Roman Empire

In the tenth century, the powerful dukes of the Saxons became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom, which came to be known as Germany.

The Holy Roman Empire

Otto I finished converting pagans and protected the pope. The Pope crowned Otto I emperor

of the Romans in 962.

The Holy Roman Empire

Frederick I wanted to create a true empire. He planned to get his chief revenues from

Italy. He considered Italy the center of a “holy

empire”.

The Holy Roman Empire

Frederick’s attempt to conquer northern Italy led to problems with the Pope and independent city states of Northern Italy .

The Holy Roman Empire

An alliance of these northern Italian cities and the pope defeated the forces of Frederick I in 1176.

The Development of Russia

By the 8th Century, the Rus (Swedish Vikings ) dominated the Slavic tribes of the Ukraine.

The Development of Russia

Oleg, settled in Kiev at the beginning of the tenth century and created the Rus state known as the principality of Kiev.

The Development of Russia

Vladimir, married the Byzantine emperor’s sister and officially accepted Eastern

Orthodox Christianity for himself and his people in 988.

The Development of Russia

However, civil wars and new

invasions brought an end to the

first Russian state in 1169.

The Development of Russia

In the thirteenth century, the Mongols

conquered Russia

The Development of Russia

Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod,

defeated a German invading army in northwestern

Russia in 1242. The khan, leader of the western Mongol

Empire, rewarded Nevsky with the title of grandprince

end

EarlyFeudalism

No social mobilityBorn a knight or serf

end

From Rome to Constantinople

Constantinople

(former city of Byzantium) became new capital and control centre for Roman Empire

Was largest city by population in the world west of China

Strategic location on trade routes One of largest natural harbours in the world linked

the east and west Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main

currency of international trade Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors,

bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and favouring of royal family and priests in trade and taxes

Expanding Influence of the Church

Christian Church has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe

Leading officials of Church were the Pope and Patriarch

Banning of heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)

conversion by force Eventually in 11th Century, Church split

into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome

You scratch my back…

I’ll scratch yours….

Church was granted favours by Roman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption from taxes, immunity in courts, positions in courts) and in return the Church would endorse kings to help secure their rule

Kings looked to Church to supply educated administrators to help run kingdoms and in return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other religions

Monasticism and Saints

Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life

Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learning

Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict

Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God

St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church

Justinian the Great (ruled 527-565 CE)

Byzantine Emperor

goal to reunite the Roman world as a Christian Empire and suppressed all paganism

Ordered the codification of Roman laws in the Justinian Code or “Body of Civil Law” that defined civil law in the Middle Ages and the modern world

Crushed the Nika Riot with the help of his wife Theodora

During his reign Latin was the official language of the Byzantine Empire, but was later changed to Greek (another difference between two regions)

Byzantine Empire in 6th Century

Merovingians

Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Franks

First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes

and expanded territory His conversion to Christianity won him support from the

Church Clovis I wrote Salic Law - assigned a specific financial

value to everyone and everything; concept of trial options (trial by oath and trial by ordeal)

Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe

IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy

Carolingians Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who

dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century

He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life

His son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms and eventually with the support of reformed Church, removed last Merovingian king from throne

Established the Carolingian dynasty, named to protect thepapacy and establish the popeand bishops are the makers of kings

Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne

The Holy Roman Empire &

Charlemagne Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a

military general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled

In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacy

Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700 years

Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the Church and state

Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwriting

All these promoted education and scholars and produced a precise written language (Latin)

Birth of Modern Languages

Development of Middle Ages New languages born through

migration, resettlement, conflict and changes

Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to incorporate words borrowed from Latin and Old French, Old German and Old Norse

Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages

High Middle Ages New royal dynasty called Capetians in France

System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth)

Lords and knights however had little loyalty and began competing more fiercely for land, power, influence and control

Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church

were set to protect the unarmed populace by limiting warfare in countryside

Truce of God= set in 1027 CE and outlawed all fighting from Thursday to Monday morning, on important feast days and during religious days

Truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defence of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war)

1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians

Feudalism Increasing violence and lawless

countryside Weak turn to the strong for protection,

strong want something from the weak Feudalism= relationship between those

ranked in a chain of association (kings, vassals, lords, knights, serfs)

Feudalism worked because of the notion of mutual obligation, or voluntary co-operation from serf to noble

A man’s word was the cornerstone of social life

Key terms Fief = land given by a lord in return for a

vassal’s military service and oath of loyalty

Serfs= aka villeins or common peasants who worked the lords land

Tithe = tax that serfs paid (tax or rent) Corvee= condition of unpaid labour by

serfs (maintaining roads or ditches on a manor)

Feudalism Increasing violence and lawless

countryside Weak turn to the strong for protection,

strong want something from the weak Feudalism= relationship between those

ranked in a chain of association (kings, vassals, lords, knights, serfs)

Feudalism worked because of the notion of mutual obligation, or voluntary co-operation from serf to noble

A man’s word was the cornerstone of social life

Key terms Fief = land given by a lord in return for a

vassal’s military service and oath of loyalty

Serfs= aka villeins or common peasants who worked the lords land

Tithe = tax that serfs paid (tax or rent) Corvee= condition of unpaid labour by

serfs (maintaining roads or ditches on a manor)

Wars and Conflicts War of Investitures (Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman

Emperor Henry IV)

Norman Conquests & William the Conqueror (who was crowned King of England and ordered the Doomsday Book)

Magna Carta (king is subject to the law)

Crusades

Effects of Crusades (military failure but many positive effects (spreading of culture, goods, scientific knowledge, Arabic language and thought, economic growth in rural communities, and trade)

New Ideas and Culture Effects of Crusades Guild and communes Towns, cities and manors New thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writers Creation of universities New art and architecture (gothic, castles) Knighthood and chivalry Courtly entertainment (fables, playwrights)

Late Middle Ages

Black Deatha devastating worldwide pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid 14th centurykilled about a third of Europe’s population, an estimated 34 million people.

The Bubonic PlagueCalled “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skinSpread by fleas and ratspainful lymph node swellings called buboes buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus and blood. damage to the skin and underlying tissue until they were covered in dark blotchesMost victims died within four to seven days after infection

EFFECTSCaused massive depopulation and change in social structureWeakened influence of ChurchOriginated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and lepers

Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411).

Ideas, Inventions and Key Figures

Roger Bacon (gunpowder)Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey Chaucer (writer)Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War)Pope Urban II (indulgences)Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions)Parliamentary Government in England

Vocabulary

Decline ภาวะตกต��าDefeated ความพ่�ายแพ่�Military ทหารBarbarians คนหยาบคายTribes พ่�นธุ์��Clans กลุ่��มคนท��สนใจในเร��องเดี�ยวก�นEvacuate ถ่�าย (อากาศ) ออกInvasion การร�กราน animalism

Legend ต�านาน

Monks and monasteries an easy target