Anglo nepal war
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Transcript of Anglo nepal war
Geo-Political Situation
• Beginning of 17th Century, EIC opened its trade in South India
• 1757 AD - formed their own force and defeated the Nawabs
• By 19th Century, direct control over Delhi
Geo-Political Situation
• Unification campaign in Nepal
• 1784 – 86 AD – Chaubise states
• 1791 – Mahakali River
• 1791 – crossed River Sutlej
• 1806 – Seized Kangada
Relation Between Nepal & EIC
• Rise of Gorkhali power
• 1767 – Capt. Kinloch expedition
• 1710 – 1801 – Efforts of Diplomatic relations
• EIC planned to compel Nepal to accept British proposals
Main Causes of War
• Policy of expansion• Growing Military power of Nepal• Failure of diplomacy• EIC commercial interests• Self over estimation• Territorial disputes• Strategic interests and objectives of
EIC
Immediate Cause of War
• Border dispute in Seoraj and Butwal
• 1804 AD – Nepalese troops captured Palpa
• EIC proposed to give Seoraj and take back Butwal
• March 1814 – Border Commision
• EIC gave an ultimatum of 25 days
• Nepalese troops recaptured Butwal
03:44:11 AM
Maj-Gen Rollo
Gillespie, 4500
Maj-Gen John Wood 4000
Maj-Gen Bennet Marley
6500
Capt Latter
2000
Anglo-Nepal War 1814-16British Forces Line of Attack
& Nepalese Defence Plan
T I B E T
Maj Gen Ochterlony
6000
AM
AR
S THA
PA
5000 +
UJIR S THAPA3000
R S THAPA
4000
B THAPA
2000
03:44:11 AM
Comparison of Forces
British
Infantry -4,061European
-31,008 Natives
-17,111 Irregulars
• Artillery -3,628• Pioneers -843
Nepalese Infantry 16-18000 Artillery about 200
Political Schemes of EIC
Rise Ex-petty rulers against Gurakha Confine Nepal within hills Annexation of Nepalese territory Pre-conditions for a treaty:
– Surrender of Culprits– Surrender of all disputed lands– War indemnity– Surrender of all lands captured by EIC
EIC Preparation contd..
Factors Considered by EIC Time of operation – limited Area of operation – mountainous Concentration of Nepalese force in two areas
Field Army Capital
Strategy of division and diffusion:• Independent & simultaneous attacks• Attack in two theatres separated by River Kali
Strategy for Invasion Strategy for Invasion
Deharadun
No 4 Div
No 3 Div
N
o 2
Div
No
1 D
iv
Bijayapur
Amar Singh Thapa, Arki
Palpa
Makwanpur
Field Army
Western Theatre
Eastern Theatre
British Military Preparation
Rohilla Khand
CHINA
RangapurGorakhpur
Dinapur
Saharanpur
Rupar Chhauni
Capital
Special arrangements
Hasting’s arrangements for war:
Supporting artillery European troops Ordnance Mobility & cannon for carriage Special clothing Supply depots & food stock Communication
China FactorChina Factor
Nepalese Preparation for War
Factors Considered by Nepal– Advantages over the British
• Knowledge of the Area• Experienced in fighting in the mountainous terrain
– Numerical & Weaponry Inferiority– Mixed opinion & Decision
Military Preparation – French expert– Manufacturing of arms and ammunitions– European titles for army– Uniforms of European pattern– Construction of Barracks– Fortification
Bijayapur
Arki
Palpa
Makwanpur
Field Army
Nepalese Military Preparation
Capital
East India Company
Deployment of Troops
Nepalese Political Maneuver
Bhimsen Thapa’s diplomacy against the common enemy EIC.
Marathas Gwalior Punjab Rohilla Khand Tibet China
Battle of Nalapani
• Battle before the decleration of Anglo Nepal War 24th Oct -30th Nov 1814• Battle of Khalanga • Famous – Nepalese History
Plain land
Fort
Deharadun
Nahan 7km NE
LakhandKharsali Village
Asthala Basti
Tapoban
Events
22nd Oct 1814 – Col Mawby Captured Nahan 24th Oct -0430 Mawby fired cannons – single cannon could not reach fort British experience a failure – retreted
Events a) 26th Nov Gen Gillespie Shifted HQ to Foot Hills – Recce Multi directional/ simultaneous attack
b) 30th Oct Gen Gillespie ordered to fire fort
c) Gillespie forgot signal –Furrious
d) Nepalese raid against cannons
e) Nepalese aggression outside the fort, Several losses on British side including Gen Gillespie at 1115 am 30th Oct 1814
f) 30 NCO and OR died 225 injured
THIRD ATTACKTED AGAINST NALAPANIEvents
a) British 4x18 pounder, 2400 cannons balls, 2 x 8” Mortar 400 mortar shell and reinforcement of extra Bns cdrs Maj. Ludlow & BalduckCapt. Bucke &CaultamaConstruction of Road Cut off of water supply, reinforcement of Nepalese side
b) Nepalese, Strengthen the fort, storage of water, food and supply. Reinforcement –Jawaladal Coy
BATTLE OF JITGADHBATTLE OF JITGADH
Plan• Cdr - Major General John Sullivan Wood
• Assigned responsibility of capturing Butwal, and up to Palpa in Nepal
• On 15th November,1814 - arrived at Gorakhpur
• King’s 17th Regiment and 8th Cavalry
Mahendra Highway
Mahendra Highway
Tinau River
Jitgadh
Butwal Gauda
Siddharth Highway
Nuwakot Gadhi
Palpa
- Cdr – Kaji Bdr Pandey- Very strong posn- 100 slodeirs- Gurubox Coy- Platoon - Sabuj
Plan - 1
Plan - 2
N
First plan was not supported by Kanak Nidhi Tiwari ( Advisor to Wood)
- Difficult to reachDifficult to reach
- No water within 5 km radius- No water within 5 km radius
Guru and advisor to ex Palpa king Prithivi Pal
Trying to regain Palpa from Gorkhali
Contd…
Mahendra Highway
Mahendra Highway
Tinau River
Jitgadh
Butwal Gauda
Nuwakot Gadhi
Palpa
Plan - 1
- 3 Jan, 1815 – Adv from Seoraj
- Guide – Kanak Nidhi
- Adv along Eastern bank
- Thick Sal forest-no roads and tracks
- Difficult for Wood
- Assembled- found only 3 coys
- When further adv- found that forest was ending nearly 30yds from his loc
- Little further adv – fort covered with mosses and creepers
- No sight of Nidhi
THE FIRST BATTLE
Seoraj
Mahendra Highway
Mahendra Highway
Tinau River
Jitgadh
Butwal Gauda
Nuwakot Gadhi
Palpa
Plan - 1
- Ensign Stephens was sent for recce
- Found fort was deserted and vacant
- While returning, barrage of gun fire
- 2 soldiers were hit
- Decided to wait till the remaining tps
- Divided into two gps
- Morale was high
- Reinforcement – Col Ujir Singh Thapa
- Turning in favour of Wood
- Unable to read the exact picture – ordered retreat
THE FIRST BATTLE
Seoraj
Capt Croker
Gen Wood
DeadDead InjuredInjured
British SideBritish Side 1919 100100
Nepal Side – Roughly the sameNepal Side – Roughly the same
Contd…
Casualty( Approx)
Mahendra Highway
Mahendra Highway
Tinau River
Jitgadh
Butwal Gauda
Nuwakot Gadhi
Palpa -Wood not giving up the idea of capturing Jitgadh again
- 6 April, marched towards butwal
- Weather deteriorated
- Rise of Tinau river
- British, 2 x 18 pound canon and 4 mortors
- Nepal had not more than 100 soldiers
- 4 x def posn- Butwal town
- 2 x def posn- Butwal Darbar
THE SECOND BATTLE
Seoraj
Mahendra Highway
Mahendra Highway
Tinau River
Jitgadh
Butwal Gauda
Nuwakot Gadhi
Palpa - British opened up fire with cannons
- Fire exchange continued for some time and stopped
- Thought fort was destroyed and deserted
- Crossing of river
- Intense fire from Jitgadh
- Some swam safely back to the river
- Not worth it and retreated again back to his loc
THE SECOND BATTLE
Seoraj
03:44:12 AM
Battle of Diothal16th April 1815
• Introduction• Background• The Battle• Aftermath• Reasons behind Gorkhali Failure
Tactics & Principle of War
British Side
Political isolation of Nepal
Attack in various fronts to divide the troops of Nepal
Detailed preparation logistic planning
Well thought out time planning for the campaign with respect to the weather and climate of Nepal
Use of overwhelming force and multidirectional attack
Maximum use of local guides to gain local information
Maximum use of artillery weapons
Isolation and encirclement of strongly held position
Use of diplomacy
CONTD…..
Nepalese Side
Maximum use of local resources and improvisation
Well thought out selection of defensive location and defensive battle
Timely counter attack
Taking maximum advantage of terrain and local knowledge
Good leadership
Principles of war used in the War
Selection and maintenance of Aim
Offensive Action
Security
Surprise
Concentration of Force
Economy of Effort
Flexibility
Cooperation
Administration
British Side
The main weaknesses were as follows:-
• Lack of knowledge of adversary• Lack knowledge of the ground• Lack of information• Lack of detailed and precise planning and
also lack of contingency plan• Underestimation of the adversary• Lack of training in the mountainous terrain• Lack of cohesive spirit
Nepalese Side
The main weaknesses were as follows:-
Lack of knowledge of adversaryLack of informationLack of good logistic backup
The positive points were as follows.
Good fighting spiritGood leadership
RESULTS OF WAR
Treaty of Sugauli New Nepalese Boarder Gorkha Recruitment Unification Campaign of Nepal Halted Increase in British Influence in Nepal
EFFECTS OF WAR
Lost the 1/3 territory in the East, South and West Decisive Check for the Gorkhali Expansion Ended the possibility of Gorkhas with Marathas
and Sheikhs Question mark on Sovereign status Interference in the internal politics of Nepal Gorkha recruitment started Though able to maintain the independent status
Nepalese Side
EFFECTS OF WAR
Position became secure in Indian sub-coninent Got the valuable territorial Income from Mines and Timber Trade route opened British resident in Nepal Gorkha recruitment started Re-structuring of Bengal Army Lost lot of Money, man and material
East India Side
CONCLUSION
• After the War, the expansion policy of Nepal Halted and the size of its territory was reduced by one third
• Despite of heavy loss in the war, Nepalese troops were able to demonstrate outstanding courage, bravery, patriotism and leadership and able to protect its sovereignty
• Nepalese became famous all over the world for their bravery