(English grammar) (The definite article) (The indefinite article) (Nouns) (Adjectives) (Adverbs) (Numerals) , , (Personal, possessive, reflexive and emphatic pronouns) (Reciprocal pronouns) (Demonstrative pronouns) (Interrogative pronouns) (Relative and conjunctive pronouns) (Indefinite pronouns) (Ordinary verbs) (Auxiliary verbs) (Modal verbs) (The tenses of the verb) (Sequence of the tenses) (The moods of the verb) (The progressive forms) (Expression of habit) (The passive voice)to - (Infinitive without to)to - (Infinitive with to) (Special use of the infinitive) (Accusative with infinitive) (Nominative with infinitive) (The gerund) (The participles), , (Transitive, Intransitive, reflexive verbs) (Phrasal verbs) (The prepositions) (The conjunctions) (Irregular verbs) (THE)(The definite article)1.the[]: :the book, the boy, the lady, the university, the union2.the[i]: :the American, the animal; h- :hour, honour, honest; h- :the horizon .I . :towards the North, in the North,:from north to south, from east to west . :theEast-Indies, the Netherlands, the Hebrides. , , , , :theThames, the Atlantic, the Alps :themoon- ,theearth- ,thesun- . :I bought a postage stamp yesterday. The stamp is very interesting. republic, union, kingdom, states :The United states of America- :theEnglish- ,theold- ,thewolf- . :thefirst week- ,thesecond floor- . :thehighest mountain in the world- . :theSmiths- , , , :theDaily News, the Bach Choir, the Beatles:all, both, half, double, quite, twice- "the".all the world, double the sum, all the money.II . (poor, old, little, good, saint-) :poor Peter, little John :dmiral Nelson, King Richard, Queen Elizabeth, Uncle Sam, Dr.Miller:theQueen of England . : the :emperor, czar, archduke, elector:the Emperor William, the Czar Peter I :Switzerland, Turkey, London,:theLondon of today- .Mount- , cape- , lake- , harbour- , bay- :Mount Everest, Cape Trafalgar, Lake Geneva, New York Harbour, Hudson Bay,:theCape of Good Hope ., , , :Oxford street, Trafalgar square, Windsor castle, London bridge. :life, death, love, Earth, Heaven, Hell; He was weary of life.:thelife of the whole nation . , :two boys, his friend, this room, some apples.Church, school, college, prison, bisiness, chapel, hospital, market, sea, table, town, work, bed :church is over, school begins, he was sent to prison, go to bed.: :Theschool is near the church.- . :coal, iron , wood, gold: coal is important for export,:thecoal of Wales( ) . :cats, mice, dogs, birds: swallows are pretty birds.: the swallows of this summer- ., , :summer, March, Sunday: on Monday, in Winter, in April, at Christmas:thelast Sunday in August. . :My brother studies algebra.- .Photography is my hobby.- .:"of"- .theCape of good Hope, The England I know is different from . . .

(, AN)(The indefinite article)1.a: :aboy, a lady, a European2.an: :ananimal, an english book, h- :anhour, an heir, an honour h- :an historian :I have a pen. I see a dog. :adof is domestic animal.("" ), , :my brother is a painter, he is an englishman, she became a Protestant:the title of(doctor),the rank of(general),the dignity of(senator)- ., , , :four shillings a yard, sixpence a pound, twice a year, four times a day :amillion, a thousand, a dozen, a couple, a little: "" - half, such, quite, many( ),rather, what- :half a dozen- 6 ,such a good story- ."" - as, so, too, how, however- :as good a swimmer as I am- ;to heavy a weight- ;too difficult a task-

(The noun)I . : = . , hehimhishe met his friend

, shehershe saw her friend

ititsthe book is in its place

. :The lion licked its paw.: . () = :the dog, his name ( ) = :the cat, she is dead "-ess" . : actor - actress, host - hostess, prince - princess, waiter - waitress, lion - lioness, duke - duchess: , :the 'Atlantic' lost her crew, England and her dominionsII . Singular + s:dog - dogs, friend - friends "-s". :leg -legs, wall - walls, tree - trees, table - tables. :s, ss, x, z, ch, sh, tch,"-es". :ass - asses, box - boxes, church - hurches + y"-ies" . :baby - babiesfe, f"-ves". :wife - wives, knife - knives, wolf - wolves .:chief - chiefs, roof - roofs .- "- oes":hero - heroes, potato - potatoes. :photo - photos, piano - pianos, radio - radios .Y , :sheep- ,deer- ,swine- ,fish- ,fruit- ,grouse- . :trout- ,salmon- ,carp- ,pike- . herring, -s= ,eel, -s= . , :Japanese, Swiss, Vietnameseox, child, brother -(r)en :ox - oxen, child - children, brother - brethren . :man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, mouse - mice, person -people, louse - lice:man- :gentleman - gentlemen, Frenchman - Frenchmen .:German, -s; Roman, -s; Norman, -s "-s" . (Abstract) (Collective) . :advice- ,business- ,furniture- ,knowledge- ,merchandise- ,progress- .: :scissors- ,tongs- ,spectacles - ,lungs- ,trousers- ,scales- ,These spectacles are strong.- .!: .They came in with their hats on their heads- .III . (The case)(Normative)=(the, a, an)(Genitive- )=of (the, a, an) (Dative- )=to (the, a, an)(Accusative)=(the, a, an) 's, s'- . : :Jack's blue book. they boys' book , , :a week's holiday, a month's stay, a mile's walk, at arm's length, a stone's throw : for Heaven's sake- ,for God's sake- ,for goodness' sake- : house, shop, church, practice .I am at my uncle's (house).- () .at the doctor's (practice)- to - .

WeGavethe beggara penny

ISentyousome books

: to - . ..

WeGavea pennyto the beggar

ISentsome booksto you(and not to him)

to- . :englishmongolianenglishMongolianenglishmongolian

to add- to reply to- cruel to

to listen to, to happen to- just to

to declare, explain to- to say to, polite to,

to mention to kind to,

. :englishmongolianenglishmongolianenglishmongolianenglishmongolian

to giveto bringto forgiveto tell

to lendto take- to cost to write

to offer to send- to owe to sell

to promiseto fetchto payto show

: "it" - :give it me- ;bring it us- (The adjective) .The great poets of England- . I . (Degrees of Comparison of the Adjective)(positive)(comparative)(superlative)

- er- est

longlonger the longest

largelarger the largest

moreMost

beautifulmore beautiful the most beautiful

goodBetter the best

badworse the worst

: "the"- . : ) b ) :(polite - politer - the politest , severe - severer - the severest) -y, -le, -er, - ow, - some- :happy - happier - the happiest, clever - cleverer - the - cleverest . : a ) :cautious - more cautious - the most cautious, useful - more useful - the most useful.b ) :interesting - more interesting - the most interesting, delighted - more delighted - the most delighted. :"e"- -er, -est. :fine - finer - finest, polite - politer - politest "y" "y" - "- i -" . :dry - drier - driest, happy - happier - happiest. , , . :big - bigger - biggest, hot - hotter - hottest, fit - fitter - fittest. .

latelaterlatest I'll see you later- .the latest paper-

latterlast the latter sentence- VV,(the) last time-

farfartherfarthest the farthest way-

furtherfurthestwithout frther delay-

oldolderoldest he is older than I- ,the oldest tree-

eldereldest my elder brother- ,his eldest son-

nearnearernearest the nearest way to the station-

next next month- . the next stop-

littlesmallersmallest the smallest room-

lessleast he drinks less wine than milk-

II . : as - as :my sister is as big as I am- . : not so - as ( not as - as):he is not so (not as) tall as his brother- (comparative) + than :he is bigger than his brother- .the - the :thefurther they went the worse the road was- .the less - the less :the lessyou work, the less you will earn- . :the former- , the same the- . . . the latter- . . . other than- . . . - , . . . - III . (Substantivization of adjectives) V , , , the- .the good , man / woman, boy / girl, gentleman / lady, person / people . : the blind women, the poor person, poor people . ..

the blind

the poor

"-sh", "-ch''- man / woman, gentleman / lady- . :the English - an Englishman, the French - a French lady, the Scotch - two Scotchmen, the Dutch some Dutchmen . :(the) Americans, (the) Germans, (the) RussiansIV . 1. (attributive use). :This is an interesting book. - .They live in the old house.- .2. (predicative use) :This book is interesting. - .Their house is old.- .

(Adverb) , , , , , .I . Adjective + ly = Adverb, "- ly" .1. + "- y""-y"-"-i"- . :happy - happily, easy - easily.2. "-y"- .drylydrily, :gay - gaily .3. -e.true - truly, whole - wholly, due - duly, noble - nobly4.full-fully5. "- ic" "- ally"- . :fantastic - fantastically, diplomatic - diplomatically! "-ly" in a . . . manner (way) . :in afriendly manner; in a lovely way . "-ly":early, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly . . . . prettyonlyStillvery

(adjective) , ,

(adverb), , , ,

"-ly" . :hardly- , ;nearly- , : " " = very- :verygood, very badly,(very)muchV V :I thank you very much. : (Adjective) (adverb) :to work hard- ,to walk slow- ,to talk loud (low)- ,to spell right (wrong)- () ,to feel happy- ,to stop short- II. (Degrees of Comparison of the adverb)1. :("-ly"- "more, most"- )brightly - more brightly-most brightly ; slowly - more slowly - most slowly2. :("-ly" "-er, est")soon - sooner - soonest ; often - oftener - oftenest ; early - earlier - earliest3. :well -better - best; badly -worse - worst; little -less - least; much -more - mostlate -latter - last; far -farther (further) - farthest (furthest) ; near - nearer- nearest (next)III. : . :1. (, ) . ( !) : : in 1999 we went to London :I met him yesterday. :We thanked him heartily2. ( ) , . : : She allways heard the child cry.- .I have often been in America- :I did not quite understand you.- .3. : + + . :We arrived safely in London yesterday.

(The Numeral) (Cardinal numerals)1 -one, 2 -two,3 -three,4 -four,5 -five,6 -six,7 -seven,8 -eight,9 -nine,10 -ten,11-eleven,12 -twelve,13 -thirteen,14- fourteen,15- fifteen,16 -sixteen,17 -seventeen,18 -eighteen,19 -nineteen,20 -twenty,21 -twenty one,22- twenty two,30 -thirty, 40 -forty, 50 -fifty, 60 -sixty,70 -seventy,80 -eighty, 90 -ninety, 100- a (one) hundred,101 -a (one) hundredandone, 200 -two hundred, 1000 -a (one) thousand, 2000 -two thousand, 100 000 -a (one) hundred thousand, 1 000 000- a (one) million, 2 000 000- two million(s) (Ordinal numerals and Fractional numerals)Ordinal numerals = Cardinal numerals + th :the hundredth . :first, second, third (1st, 2nd, 3rd) :five -fifth,eight -eighth,nine -ninth, twelve -twelfth, twenty -twenthieth . :He was born on July 14thon the 23rd of July ; : Elizabeth II - Elizabeth the second() "the" .the first, the second, the eleventh,101 -the hundred and first (Common Fractions):1/2a (one) half, 1/3one third, 2/5two fifths, 2.3/7two and three sevenths (Decimal Fractions):0.3nought (zero) point three, 2.35two point three five (thirty five) : - =first - then :Firsthe lived at home, then he went to England.- . : - =at first - at last, at lenght :At firstI believed him, but at last I became distrustful.- , . := firstlyin the first place; =thirdlyin the third place. . . ; in the fifth place . : =in the sixth place : =once ?=how many times? three times (thrice)

=twice, =sometimesonce more

: =single =treble, threefould100 =a (one) hundredfold

=double =fourfold =manifold

, , (Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns) .-self- .

= Nominative = Subject = Accusative = ObjectiveI II

Ime-, my- mine- myself- () ,

you you- , , , your- , yours- , yourself- (, ) ,

he- ()him- , his- his - himself- , ()

she- ()her- , her- hers- herself- , ()

it- , it- , ,, its- ( )its- itself- , (, )

we- , us- , , our- , ours- , ourself- , ()

you- you- , your- , yours- , yourselves- ( ) ,

they- , them- , , their- , theirs- , themselves- () ,

oneoneone'sone's (own)oneself

: to -:give me the book to-:give the book to me :

.-Ishall speak to him.- .

That was he.- .

.- I shall speak to him.- .

I Herpaper was interesting.-

II My ruler is long yours is longer.- , .

This car is his.- .

We haven't seen your paper, we have seen only theirs.- ,

I wash myself.- .

( )- He himself saw it.- .He saw it himself.- .

(Reciprocal pronouns)each other- ,one another- , :They greeted each other.- .We know each other very well.- .The children look at each other in the mirror.- . (Demonstrative pronouns)

this- that

these- those

1. :This was pleasant.- .2. :It was that.- .3. :He likes this.- . (Interrogative Pronouns) 1. 2.

(, )

who?= ?Who can swim?what?= ?What is this?which?= , , , ?Which of you is ill?what?,which?

whose= ?of whom?= ?1. Whose book is this?2. Of whom did you speak?of what?= ?Of what did you speak?of which?= , ?There were two accidents. Of which did you near?what (which)boy?what (which)table?

to whom?= ?To whom did you give?to what?= ?To what does this refer?to which?There are two teams, to which do you belong?

whom?= ?Whom did you call?what?= ?What do you see?which?Which do you like better, tea or coffee?

: (Prepositions) :Whom are you speaking of?- .What is he laughing at?- ?What are you talking about?- . (Relative and conjunctive pronouns)

whowhichthat

whose, of whomof which (whose)(that - of)

to whomto which(that - of)

whomwhichthat

whomy friend who made a trip to London-

whosethe girl whose father I know-

the house whose walls are grey-

of whomthe boy of whom we spoke-

to whomthe pupil to whom he gave the book-

whomthe man whom I asked-

whichthe train which (that) arrived-

of whichthe house, the windows of which . . .( )

to whichthe story to which we listened-

whichthe things which (that) we need-

: (Preposition) .The man whom I was waiting for.- .The house, that I lived in.- .that- .1.who, which- :Who was the man that you were talking of?- ?This is the bird (that) he caught.- .2. (Indefinite pronouns) :all, everything, something, anything, much, little, nothing, the same :That is everything (that) I know. - .3. it is . . . , it was . . .- :It wasthe storm that destroyd the house.- .4. V :They talked about the natives and plants (that) they had found interesting.- . : that - V .The train that I waited for arrived.- . : .This is the boy (whom) Iike best.- .The house (that) we live in.- .

(Indefinite pronouns)some= , , , ( )1. :We had some books.- .2. :In the evening we had some tea.- .any= , , 1. , :You may come at any time.- .2.a):Do you see any mistakes?- ?b):No, I do not see any mistakes.- , .c):If you see any mistakes ...- ...3. " " :Give me any book.- . some any- .someone, somebody- , ;something- , ;somewhere- , , ;anyone,anybody- V, ;anything- , , ;anywhere- , , , each= , , , (, ) :Each player did his best- :Each of themdid his best- every= (, ) :Every house has a roof- . :everyone,everybody- , , ;everything- , :every day- ;every fortnight- 14 ;every other day- all= , ( ) :all men- :all of them- :he was all dirty- :all the better- ;not at all- , ;all at once- :after all- , ;first of all- , ;once for all- ;all the day- , ;whole= , (all- ):the whole town, the whole of Asia :the whole day- , ;either= , ;neither= , , , :on either side of river- ;neither way is right- :either one or the other one must leave- ;neither of us could help him- :either ... or- ... ...;neither ... nor- ... ... nor - either- I cannot swim, nor my borther either- ,

not - eitherI cannot swim, he cannot swim either- ,

other= , , :the other girl- :the others stayd at home- :the other day- , ;the other morning- ;every other day- ;one after another- ;some day or other- ;some time or other- , ;on the other hand- ;another (cup of coffee)- ( )

much= it takes too much timemany= many families live theremany a= ()a little= , a few= , ,

little= I have little hopefew= I saw only few boys

a greate deal of= ; agood many= , ;very much= ;in few words= V;very many, greate many= (Ordinary verbs) to open (, ) . (Affirmate) (Negative) (Interrogative) (Interrogative-negative)

(The present indefinite tense)Iopenhe opensI do notopenhe does notopendo Iopen?does he open?do I notopen?does he not open?

(The past indefinite tense)IopenedI did notopendid Iopen?did I notopen?

(The present perfect tense)I haveopenedI have notopenedhave Iopened?have I notopened?

(The past perfect tense)I hadopenedI had notopenedhad Iopened?had I notopened?

(The future indefinite tense)I shallopenyou will openI should notopenyou will not openshall Iopen?shall (will) you open?shall I notopen?shall (will) you not open?

V (The future indefinite in the past)I shouldopen you would openI should notopen you would notopenshould Iopen?should (would )youopen?should I notopen?should (would) you notopen?

:- V V when, if, while, as soon as- VV V.:I shall go out when I am ready- .he would do it if he could- VV .

V V(Auxiliary verbs)to have= -, :he has come- to have+ + = - , :I have my hair cut- .to have+ / + (infinitive) = -, , - , :the teacher will the boys learn by heart- .to have+ to - (infinitive with to) = :he has much to do- .to have- ( got ) : have you (got) a new house? to do- .Do you have a new house?- ?to be= (passive) :the story was told by father- (progressive form) :it is raining- .to be+ to - (infinitive with to) = (3 ) :he was to die in Africa- .to be + = - :the lesson is to be finished- .to be- : "To be or not to be" that is the question- " " .to do= , :do you like it?- ? to do- :1. :will he come?- ?2. :who knows that?- ? to do- :who does not know that?- ? :we do not forget it- to do- :1. :he cannot swim- .2.not(never, nothing etc.) - :you never can tell- .we sow nothing- .3.not :is she ill? - no I suppose not. ? .: to do- to haveto be- :do not have a look at it? - don't be sorry!- ? ! ( ) to do- :1. :he knows more then I do. - .2., yesno- :Do you listen to the music? Yes, we do. No we do not.3. " ", " ", " ", " "- :He reads much - so do I- , .She does not read much - nor do we- .4. " ? ?" :You feel better, do not you?- , ? :he didn't say so, did he?- ? :You are not glad, are you?- , ? ( to do- ):He did his best- .How do you do?- ?

(Modal verbs) .

I can ...- I could ...- :I can swim- :he could translate- :can I help you?- ?to be able to:I play chess=I'm able to play chess- ( )to be unable to- ( 2-):to know, (know to)-

I shall ( 3 )I should shall: :you shall not steal!- !should: :the teacher said we should work , :you should tell the truth- to be to :what am I to do- ? :his death was to decide her fate- :to be said - to besupposed to : he is said (supposed) to be ill-

I will ... - I would ... - will: :I will get on in my life- would: ( ):he would not go abroad- . :I would I were at home- :boys will be boys- .she would play every day- .:to want, to wish, to like: I wantto see him- .do as you like- . :going to, to mean to, to propose to :to be willinf to:he is willing to do all- . :to wish - would + :I would the day were over- . :to pretend:he pretends to be ill- .

may-, might- may::this may be true- :you may come. :cannot:this cannot be true- . :may not( ):you may not use this book- . :must not( ):you must not smoke- . :may not:may you never be unhappy!- !might: :he might have missed the trian- .to be allowed to / to be permitted to= I have not been allowed to smoke- .they will not be permitted to play- .it is possible- .

I must .() ( )(I must) ( )I ought tomust: :all men must survive- . : must not,need not: you must not tell a lie- . :need not:I need not tell you this story- .I ought to: :I ought to go to church- .to have to:I had to stay at home- to be forced to:he was forced to leave his country- .to be obliged to:she was obliged to earn her living- to be compelled to:they were compelled to work hard- to be bound to:she is bound to her freedom-

: :(to) need- , .he does not need to come / he need not come(to) dare- , he did not dare to go out / he dared not go out

(The tenses of the verb) (active) 16 (passive) 10 , 26 .:P1 - P2 - / ( ) (The active tenses) (Tenses) (Form) (Example) (Translation)

(Present tenses) (The present indefinite tense)verb / verb+s (es)she works ()

(The present continuous tense)am / are / is+ P1 (verb+ing)heis working ()

(The present perfect tense)have / has+ P2 (verb+ed)shehas worked

(The present perfect continuous tense)have / has been+ P1 (verb+ing)hehas beenworking

(Past tenses) (The past indefinite tense)verb+ed(d){only irregular verb}she worked

(The past continuous tense)was / were+ P1 (verb+ing)hewas working

(The past perfect tense)had+ P2 (verb+ed)shehad worked

(The past perfect continuous tense)had been+ P1 (verb+ing)hehad beenworking

(Future tenses) (The future indefinite tense)shall / will+verbshewillwork

(The future continuous tense)shall / will be+ P1 (verb+ing)hewill beworking

(The future perfect tense)shall /will have+ P2 (verb+ed)shewill haveworked

(The future perfect continuous tense)shall / will have been+ P1 (verb+ing)hewill have beenworking

(Future in the past) (The future indefinite in the past tense)should / would+verbshewouldwork

(The future continuous in the past tense)should / would be+ P1 (verb+ing)hewould beworking

(The future perfect in the past)should / would have+P2 (verb+ed)shewould haveworked

(The future perfect continuous in the past)should / would have been+ P1 (verb+ing)hewould have been working

1. "ed" . :work + ed = worked2. "e"- "d". :receive + d = recieved3. "ed" . :stop + ed = stopped4. "y""ed" "y""i". :carry + ed = carried( "". :obey + ed = obeyed)

(The passive tenses) (Tenses) (Form) (Example) (Translation)

(Present tenses) (The passive present indefinite tense)am / are / is+ P2Iam called ( )

(The passive present continuous tense)am / are / is being+ P2Iam being called ( )

(The passive present perfect tense)have / has been+ P2Ihave been called ( )

(Past tenses) (The passive past indefinite tense)was / were+ P2Iwas called ( )

(The passive past continuous tense)was / were being+ P2Iwas being called ( )

(The passive past perfect tense)had been+ P2Ihad been called ( )

(Future tenses) (The passive future indefinite tense)shall / will be+ P2Ishall be called ( )

(The passive future perfect tense)shall / will have been+ P2Ishall have beencalled ( )

(Future in the past) (The passive future indefinite in the past)should / would be+ P2Ishould be called ( )

(The passive future perfect in the past)should / would have been+ P2Ishould have beencalled ( )

(Sequens of tenses) . :a) ( ):

hesays(present)that sheisangry (present)

wasangry (past)

hehas said(perfect)has beenangry (perfect)

had beenangry (past perfect)

hewill say(future)will beangry (future)

would beangry (conditional)

hesaid(past)that shewasangry (past)

hehad said(past perfect)had beenangry (past perfect)

hewould say(conditional)would beangry (conditional)

: (present) .:He stated that the earth is round- .b)"if "- .

V VV (The moods of the verb) The Imperative Mood , , , , , .Come here!- ! ,Close the door!- !

The Indicative Mood

The Subjective Mood , . ( )

:1. :a) 3- "-s"-. :He have ; He live

)I, you, heetc.be : If that be true- .I, you, heetc.were :I wish I were you- ;I wish I were rich.- .2. : may - might: I wish(ed) he may(might) win the game. - .should( ) :It is impossible that he should know it.- . :1. - - - it is right, wrong, natural, necessary, good (better), impossible, time V should, may, might- . :It is natural that she should marry him.- .It is possible, is probable-may might- . :It is possible that he may (might) come.2. :(al)though - whatever - whoever- however :Whoever he may be, we shall help him.- .3. :If - PresentPastPast perfect

Future indefiniteConditional 1Conditional 2

4.a) .Ifyou ask me, I shall answer.- .

b) . :

I (Conditional 1)

IfI were in your place( )I should go home( )

II (Conditional 2)

IfI had been in your place( )I should have gone home( )

5.6. , :

a), : , . :We are afraid that we shall lose our money- . may - might- . :She feared that she might be gravely ill.- .

b) - - - should- . :to be glad- ;it is a pity- ;It is pity than they should be so lazy.- .

c) : . :I wish I were in England now. . may - might. :Mayyou be right !- !I wished that he might be right.- .

d) , : thatin order to- may - might- . :Speak loud that I may hear you.- .

V VV(Progressive forms) to be + (to be + Participle present or Participle 1). .I am reading (now)= () .It was raining (then)= . : (Progressive form).We were working, while they were sleeping. (Expression of Habit) (Present tense)will + to- (will + infinitive without to) :In April the weather will often change.- . .would to- (infinitive without to):I wouldgo there.= .

used to + (infinitive) :I used totake a bus.= .

V (The passive voice) .to be + Participle perfectorParticiple 2( to be- to get- )ActivePassive

(Present)The master punishes JohnJohnis punished by the master

(Past)Did the master punish John?WasJohn punished by the master?

(Future)The master will not punish JohnJohnwiil not be punished by the master

(Progressive form)They are looking at JohnJohnis being looked at by then

"to"- (Infinitive without to) "to"- :1. to do- :I shall go home- .We do not drink.- .2. (Active)to make, to let, to did- :I let him come.- .3. :I hear him sing (singing)- .4. :I had rather . . . ; I had better . . . ; I cannot but . . . ; I had as good . . .."to"- (Infinitive with to) "to"- :1. :o. :Always to help is not easy.- .o. :It is better to stayhere.- .2. :He seemed to be angry.- .3. :He promised to come.- .4. :o :We helped him to translate the letter.- .o :Be slow to promise.- .o :I have the pleasure to know him- .o :He was the first to swim- 5. :o :I harried to fetch a doctor.- .oV :He was too tired to learn.- .

(Special use of the Infinitive) how to, want to, where to, so (such) . . . as to, in order to- ., , how to( ) .He learns how to ride a bike- .what to(),where to()- :He did not know what to say; I showed him where to buy the books. "so""such"- as to- ( ) :You were such a fool as to believe him.- .in order to(- )- :He made him come in order to punish him.- . : .1. :This apple is good to eat.- .2.there is, there are- :There is nothing to say.- .3.to let, to blame V :Rooms to let, you are to blame.

(Accusative with the infinitive)to -(without to) :1.to see(),to hear(),to feel( ),to watch(, ),to observe( ) :I saw him come.- .2. :) :to make, to have(to bid):You make me laugh.- V .

) :to let(, ). :Let the boy return!- !to - (with to) :1. to want, to wish, to like- . I wish his to learn.- .2. :) to cause, to order, to command . :We caused him to send for a doctor.-

) to allow, to permit, to suffer . :We allowed the girls to come in.- .3., to declare, to deny, to expect, to believe, to think, to suppose, to remember :England expect every man to do his duty.- . : that- . : to say, to tell(, ),to answer, to reply, to hope, to fear that- . :He hoped that she would come. - .

(Nominative with the infinitive) (Accusative with the infinitive)- (Passive) (Nominative with the infinitive). :He was heard to come in.- .I am told to stay away. - .My father was told to prepare everything.- .: (Infinitive)- (Adjective)- for - . :The town is too distant for me to be seen- . (The gerund) "-ing" . .1. :Swimmingis healthy.- .2. :That is running a great risk- 3. : , .

:to go onto have done withto put offto give upto stop

to keepI do not mindto riskI cannotto finish

4. :Go on reading.- VVV .

.to liketo preferto mindto rememberto excuse

to hateto enjoyto loveto regretto start

5. :I like walking - I like to walk- .6. , , .) :to complain ofto delight into insist (up) onto object toto succeed in

to depend onto despire ofto prevent fromto quarrel aboutto think of

7. : He succeeded in escaping.

) :to be in the habit ofto be in danger ofa plan forto be on the point ofthe way of

8. : He was in danger of getting drowned.

) :fond ofcapable ofkeen onaccustomed to

proud ofdisappointed atfar from

9. : She was found of being admired.10. .) before - after - on - upon- (temporal) :onleaving America-

) for(= - , , ),for the sake of(= - ),on account of(= - , - ) - (causal) :He was punished for having stolen.- . . . - .

) by(-),with(- ),without(- ),instead of(- ) - :He left without saying goodbye.- .

) by(- , ) - (instrumental) :Byinventing a machine he became famous. - .

) in spite of(-, , ) - :In spite ofbeing late you can hear the speech.- .: . (after- ) :after having finished-after finishing= , ;for having stolen-for stealing-

(The participles) "-ing""-ed" . (The prsesent participle)= (Participle 1) (The perfect participle)= (Participle 2) . "-ing" :I saw a boy beating a dog.- . "-ed" . ( )There lived a little girl called Red riding hood.- .I . :1. : . :The American, visiting our town, was very delighted.- .2. (adverbial clause) :) : Having done their work, they went home.- .) :(being) tired of waiting, I went off) : He entered the room carrying some books. - .) : This poem, if carefully declaimed, will be impressive .(while, though )II . ( ) .a) : This done, we went home.) : The task being too hard, he gave up all hope : . :considering ,

excepting , , -

including, , ,

supposing,

strictly speaking

generally speaking, ,

, , (Transitive, intransitive, reflexive verbs)1. (The transitive verb) (Indirect object), (Direct object) . : :to think - He thanked his father.- . . :His father was thanked by him.2. (The intransitive verb) ( ) . :He shouted laudly.- .I am going to the shop.- .

: (The perfect participle)- ( ) to be - .He is gone.- .

to.Englishmongolian

to add to-

to mention to-

to prefer to

to belong to-

to present to-

to deliver to-

to explain to-

to introduce to-

to seem, appear to-

to communicate to-

to propose to-

to yield to

to add to-

to relate to-

to say to-

to repeat to

3.( )4. (The reflexive verb):

a) ( ) :to avail o.s- to pride o.s- , . :Don't pride yourself!

) :to defend

to excuse

to enjoy,

to prove

to warm

to mix,

5. :I warmed my hands. - He warmed himself at the fire.

) :to approach

to fear

to remember,

to wash

to refuse

to mind-

to join,

to dress

6.) :to amount to- ,

to sit down

to wonder at-

to depend (up) on-

to care for-

to surrender

to happen,

to turn to-

to be mistaken,

to rejoice,

to complain of ,

to bow to-

to be glad to, of-

to differ from-

to rise,

to be ashamed of- ,

to long for- ,

to apply to-

.to drop

,to grow

Vto run

to stand

to fly

to return

, to sink,

: The ball dropped. - . ;He dropped the ball.- .!VVV V V V (Passive)VV. :the captain decided to sink the ship - - the ship was sunk by the captain.

(Phrasal verbs) . : . what? when? where? . :give away- , ;give up- , ;look after- , ;look for- , ;look out- .I . + (verb + adverb)a) . :My parents get up very early.- , .

) . :The man called back his words.- .

II . + (verb + preposition): . :I am looking for my passport- .I rely on her. - .She asked me for help. - T .

III . + + (verb + adverb + preposition): + + . :Let's go on with our lesson.- .You should lead up to the exams.- .

(The preposition) 7 . (Prepositions of Place)englishMongolianexample

ononthe house

inin the house

at, , at the house

over, over the house

nearnearthe flat

in front of, in front of the flat

behind, behindthe flat

acrossacrossthe street

through, , -throughthe window,

between, betweenthe vases

amongamongthe students

around(round), around the table

atop , atop his head

beneath, beneath the tree

beside, beside the house

beyond, beyond the building

by, , by the river

nearby, nearby the flat

withinwithin the city

under(below, beneath), under the house

(Prepositions of Direction)englishmongolianexample

to-, -, -tothe house

into-, -, -()intothe house ()

out of- ( )outof the house

roundround the house

from-from the flat

overover the city

along, along the river

towards(toward), . . .- , , , towardsthe house

(Prepositions of Time)englishmongolianexample

on-, - ()onSaturday

on May 115 11-

on week days

in-, -, inMarch3-

in 20022002

`in summer()

in the morning()

in an hour

in a day

in 4 months4

in 5 years5

at-, - ()at7 o'clock7

at first

at the beginning

by( )by3 o'clock3

since- since19971997

since 1 o'clock1

forforan hour

for 5 months5

during, duringthe lesson

before, beforethe lesson

before lunch

afterafterthe lesson

after 3 years3

till, untiltillJune6-

until I come back

from . . . till. . . . . . from 2 till 4 o'clock

lastlast night

last month

nextnext week

next month

next April 4

ago, a day ago

a month ago

at the ago of 2121

aroundat around 10 o'clock10

betweenbetweenone andtwo o'clock

(The conjunction) .I . (Co-ordinating Conjunctions):Englishmongolian

And, ,

neither . . . nor. . .

As,

both . . . and , . . .

Whereas,

Or

as well as

not only . . .but also . . . ,

But

While- ,

either . . . or

:I and my brother- He is small but strong. - .He can't (either)read or write. - .I know both you and your friend. - .II . (Subordinating Conjunctions):englishMongolian

that

till (until),

because ,

lest. . . -

though, although . . .

before

where,

if

when. . . , -(4)

unless-

for,

if weather(2), . . .

while

since , ,

in order that. . . - , . . . (4)

provided (that)()

as soon as-(4), -(2)()

as long as, -

as, , , -(4)

supposing . . .(4)

after-(4)

wherever ,

so that,

in case-, -, , -

(comparative conjuctions) (conjunctive words). .

I know who lives in this house.The man who lives in this house works in a bank.

. .

(Irregular verbs)EnglishMongolian

(Indefinite infinitive) (Simple past) (Past participle)

I .

bidbidBid

burstburstBurst,

castcastcast,

costcostcost

cutcutcut,

hithithit,

hurthurthurt,

letletlet,

putputput

readreadread

setsetset,

shedshedshed

shutshutshut,

spreadspreadspread,

II . -t

bendbentbent,

buildbuiltbuilt,

burnburntburnt,

dreamdreamtdreamt,

dwelldweltdwelt ,

leanleantleant,

learnlearntlearnt,

lendlentlent,

meanmeantmeant,

sendsentsent,

smellsmeltsmelt

spellspeltspelt,

spendspentspent() ,

spoilspoiltspoilt,

III .

bleedbledbled

breedbredbred,

creepcreptcrept

dealdealtdealt,

feedfedfed

feelfeltfelt,

fleefledfled,

keepkeptkept

kneelkneltknelt,

leadledled,

leaveleftleft,

lightlitlit,

meetmetmet

sleepsleptslept,

sweepsweptswept

weepweptwept,

IV .

bringbroughtbrought

buyboughtbought

catchcaughtcaught

havehadhad- , -

hearheardheard

laylaidlaid,

loselostlost,

makemademade,

paypaidpaid ,

saysaidsaid,

seeksoughtsought,

sellsoldsold,

teachtaughttaught

telltoldtold,

thinkthoughtthought,

V .

arisearosearisen, ,

beginbeganbegun,

drinkdrankdrunk,

drivedrovedriven,

flyflewflown

rideroderidden

ringrangrung,

riseroserisen,

singsangsung

sinksanksunk,

springsprangsprung,

swimswamswum

writewrotewritten

VI .

beatbeatbeaten,

becomebecamebecome,

bidbadebidden, ,

blowblewblown

comecamecome

drawdrewdrawn,

eatate(eat)eaten,

fallfellfallen,

forbidforbadeforbidden,

forgiveforgaveforgiven,

givegavegiven

growgrewgrown,

knowknewknown,

mistakemistookmistaken,

runranrun,

seesawseen,

shakeshookshaken

slayslewslain

taketooktaken,

throwthrewthrown,

VII .

awakeawokeawoke(awaked)

bearboreBorne

bind`boundbound, ,

bitebitbitten,

breakbrokebroken,

choosechosechosen,

clingclungclung,

digdugdug,

fightfoughtfought,

findfoundfound

forgetforgotforgotten

freezefrozefrozen

getgotgot,

hanghunghung,

hidehidhidden

holdheldheld,

lielaylain

shineshoneshone,

shootshotshot,

sitsatsat

speakspokespoken,

spinspunspun

spitspatspat

standstoodstood

stealstolestolen

stickstuckstuck,

stingstungstung,

strikestruckstruck,

swearsworesworn

swingswungswung,

teartoretorn,

wearworeworn,

winwonwon,

wringwrungwrung,

VIII .

mowmowedmown

sewsewedsewn,

showshowedshown

sowsowedsown,

strewstrewedstrewn ,

IX .

dodiddone,

gowentgone,

bewasbeen, , ,