Dr. S.L.WewalwalaDepartment of Basic Principles

zrIrs<OyaVyakr[ AXyayçarérasaìkhyävyäkaraëa adhyäya

Su.Sh.05

Enumeration of body parts

t½ ;f¼ zaoaítôae mXy< pÂm< ;ó< izr #it,

tacca ñaòaìga - çäkhäçcatastro madhyaà païcamaà

ñañöhaà çira iti|

It`s (of the body) ñaòaìga (six major parts) are – the four

çäkhä (extremities), madhya (middle part / trunk) the fifth,

and çira (head) – the sixth. (Su.Sh.05) Part Number

çäkhä (extremities) 04

madhya (middle part / trunk) 01

çira (head) 01

Total 06

A¼ - aìga (major parts) – Ācārya Susruta`s classification

zrIrs<OyazarIr (þarŸrasaðkhy˜þ˜rŸra - ca.vi.7)

tÇay< zrIrSya¼iv-ag> t*wa £ ÖaE ba÷ Öe

siKwnI izrae¢Ivm!

ANtraix> #it ;f¼m¼m!,,The body is divided into six parts,

two (02) upper limbs

two (02) lower limbs

head including neck and

the trunk

Ācārya Caraka`s classification

àTy¼ - pratyaìga (minor parts)

mStk %dr p&ó naiÉ llaq icbuk biSt ¢Iva …….

mastaka - head

udara - abdomen

påñöha - back

näbhi - umbilicus

laläöa - forehead

cibuka - chin

basti - urinary bladder

grévä - neck These are one each

k[R neÇ æU zŒ A<s g{f k]a Stn vN][ v&;[ pañR iS)kœ janu kªpRr ba÷ ^é à-&tyae Öe Öe

àTy¼ - pratyaìga (minor parts)

karëa Ears vankñaëa

Groins

netra Eyes våñaëa Testes

bhrü Brows pärçva Flanks

çaìkha

Temples sphik Buttocks

aàsa Shoulders jänu Knees

gaëòa Cheeks kürpara Elbows

kakñä Axilla bähu Arms

stana Breasts üru Thighs

These are two each

A¼‚il - aìguli (fingers and toes together 20)öaets! - srotas (channels / pores) will be discussed in another chapter

Minor parts are divided again as followscorrelation correlation

tvac˜ skin j˜la network

kal˜ membranes k¨rca brush like structures

dh˜tav˜× tissues rajju ropes/ binders

mala wastes sevanŸ sutures / raphae

doÿ˜× vitiators sañgh˜ta confluence of bones

yak®t liver sŸmañta borders

plŸha spleen asthi bones

puppusa lungs sañdhi joints, places of union

uõýuka caecum sn˜yu ligaments

h®daya heart peþi muscles

˜þay˜× viscera marma fatal spots

antr˜õi intestines sir˜ veins

v®kkau kidneys dhamanŸ arteries

srotaÕsi channels, pores, orifices

yogav˜hi srot˜Õsi

passages performing specific functions

kaõýar˜ tendons

Minor parts and their numberminor part Number minor part Number

tvac˜ 07 j˜la 16

kal˜ 07 k¨rca 06

dh˜tav˜× 07 rajju 04

mala 03 sevanŸ 07

doÿ˜× 03 sañgh˜ta 14

yak®t 01 sŸmañta 14

plŸha 01 asthi 300 (modern 210)

puppusa 02 sañdhi 210

uõýuka 01 sn˜yu 900

h®daya 01 peþi 500 (modern 513)

˜þay˜× 07 marma 107

antr˜õi 02 sir˜ 700

v®kkau 02 dhamanŸ 24

srotaÕsi 09 yogav˜hi srot˜Õsi

22

kaõýar˜ 16

āśaya (Seats / place of residence / viscera)

Ayurveda text correlation 01. vātāśaya (seat of vāta) large intestine ?02. pittāśaya (seat of pitta) stomach, duodenum,

pancreas and gall bladder ?

03. śleshmāśaya (seat of kapha) stomach and lungs ?04. raktāśaya (seat of blood) liver and spleen ?05. āmāśaya (seat of undigested food) stomach and small

intestine ?

06. pakvāśaya (seat of digested food) large intestine ?07. mutrāśaya (seat of urine) urinary bladder

08. garbāśaya (seat of fetus) – in women

uterus

antra (intestines)

antra are (two in number); three and half vyāma in length in men and half vyāma less in women Note: vyāma is the distance between two horizontally extended arms and will be 182 cm approx and so 3 and half vyāma is 638 cm approx.

bhahirmuka srotas (nine external orifices) þravaõa ears 02

nayana eyes 02

vadana mouth 01

ghrāna nose 02

guda anus 01

meýhra penis/urethra 01

09

extra 03 in women as below

stanya breasts 02

raktavaha vagina 01

j˜la (networks)

There are four jalas

m˜Õþa 01

sir˜ 01

sn˜yu 01

asthi 01

In maõibañdha (wrist) and gulpa (ankle) these are present together combined with one another and forming windows (spaces in between) by such combination; by these (four kinds of) networks the entire body is made of gavakÿita (having windows / open spaces all over)

k¨rca (Brush like structures)

k¨rca are 06 in number and are present in the hands, feet, neck and penis, two in the hands (one in each), two in the feet(one in each) and one each in the neck and penis.

Note: Brush-like structures are the aponeuroses. (flat, broad end of ligaments), that present in the palm is known as palmar aponeurosis, and that in the sole is known as planter aponeurosis.

m˜Õsa rajju (muscular bands / ropes)

mah˜tŸ m˜Õsa rajju (big muscular ropes / straps) are four in number, meant for binding (attaching) the peþi (individual muscles) to the bones located on both sides of the p®ÿ÷ha vaÕsa (vertibral column) – two outside and two inside

sevanŸ (sutures / raphae)

sevanŸ (sutures / raphae) are seven; of these, five are in the head and one each in the tongue and þephas (scrotum); these should be avoided from the use of sharp instruments (surgical operations).Note: Sutures are marks of joining of two structures specially the bones, the sutures of the head (skull) are frontal, coronal, squamosal (temporal), lambdoidal and saggital.

asthisañgh˜ta (confluence of bones)

confluence of bones are fourteen; of these, three are in gulpha (ankle), jānu (knee) and vañkÿaõa (groin), in the same way the other leg and the two arms are described; one each is at the trika (upper back) and þira (head)

asthi sañkhy˜ (number of bones)

Place Number of bones

þ˜kh˜ (extremities) 120

þroõi (pelvis)

p˜rsva (flanks) 117

p®ÿ÷ha (back)

uras (chest)above neck and in head 63

Total 300

asthi vidha (kinds of bones)

Type Modern type Places

kap˜la flat bones j˜nu (knee), nitamba (buttocks), amsa (shoulder), gaõýa (cheek), t˜lu (palate), þaðkha (temples), þira (head),

rucaka

Teeth

taruõa

Young / cartilages ghr˜na (nose), karõa (ears), grŸv˜ (neck), akÿikoþa (orbit of eye),

valaya curved / irregular bones

p˜rþya (flanks), p®ÿ÷ha (back), uras (chest),

nalaka

tubular / long bones remaining bones

asti pr˜d˜nyat˜ (importance of bones)

Just as the trees remain firm on the ground by their pith inside them, similarly

the body remains erect by the support of the bodies inside it. Though the skin

and muscles get destroyed after sometime, bones do not get destroyed since

these are supported by the bones they do not either get broken or fall off

(from their places)

ceÿ÷˜vañta (Moveable)

sthir˜ (immoveable)

þ˜kh˜ (extremities) hanu (lower jaw) ka÷Ÿ (waist)

all the remaining joints

asti sandhi (joints / articulations)

sandhi vidha (types of joints)

Type Correlation Places

kor˜ sañdhi hinge fingers, wrist, ankle, knee, elbow (k¨rpara)

ul¨khala sañdhi ball and socket axilla, groin, teeth

s˜mudga sañdhi box with lid shoulder, anus, buttocks

pratara sañdhi round float, boat neck and vertebral column

tunnasevanŸ sañdhi

stitch like suture flat bones of head and pelvis

v˜yasatuõýa sañdhi

crows beak lower jaw

maõýala sañdhi round, circular tubes (n˜ýi), throat, heart, eyes, trachea

þankh˜varta sañdhi

spiral like conch, helical, convoluted

ears, þ®ñg˜÷aka (back of the nose inside the head)

sn˜yu vidha (kinds of ligaments)

Type Place

prat˜navati Broad / Spread out extremities, all body joints

v®tta (kaõýar˜)

round / cylindrical

þuÿira hollow / ring like at the end of stomach, large intestines, urinary bladder

p®thula thick / big flanks, chest, back, head

peþŸ svar¨pa - shape of muscles

peþŸ (muscles) are either thick or thin, big or minute, stout/thick

or round/circular, (ring like) short or long, stable, hard or soft,

smooth (silky) or rough (coarse). They cover (envelop or conceal)

the joints, bones, veins and ligaments in their places naturally

(appropriate to each place)

peþŸ prayojana - usefulness of muscles

Since sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), asthi (bones), asthi parva

(joints of bones) and sandhi (other joints of muscles etc.) of the

body are covered by muscles, they are strong.

˜tma ad®þya - soul invisible

It is not possible to see with the (physical) eyes the very minute

vibhu (˜tma or soul) in the body, he can be seen with jñ˜na

cakÿu (eye of knowledge) and tapas cakÿu (eye of

penance)

The physician will become greatly learned only after observing the body carefully (with his own eyes), study of the science, getting rid of doubts by personal observation and study of texts, he should carry on his activities. (ācārya Susruta)su.sha.05.51