and Hormonal Systems - Henderson State Universityfac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3 Courses/1 General...

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1

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PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition, in Modules)

David Myers

PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad

Henderson State University

Worth Publishers, © 2007

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Neural and Hormonal Systems

Module 4

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Neural CommunicationNeurons

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

The Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

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The Endocrine System

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History of the Mind

Plato correctly located mind in the brain, however his student Aristotle believed that

mind was in the heart.

Ancient conceptions about mind

Today we believe mind and brain are faces of the same coin. Everything that is psychological

is simultaneously biological.

OBJECTIVE 4‐1| Explain why psychologists

are concerned with human biology, and

describe the ill‐fated phrenology theory.

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History of the Mind

In 1800, Franz Gall suggested, that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His

theory though incorrect, nevertheless proposed different mental abilities

were modular.

Phrenology

Bettman/ C

orbis

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Neural Communication

The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.

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Neural CommunicationWe are biopsychosocial systems.

Cellular Level(Interconnected

Neurons)

Organ Level(Brain)

System Level(InformationProcessing)

Individual Level(Human Being)

Group Level(Family)

Ethnic Level(Culture)

Community Level(Society)

OBJECTIVE 4‐2| Explain how viewing each

person as a biopsychosocial system helps us

understand human behavior, and discuss why

researchers study other animals in search of

clues to human neural processes.

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Neural Communication

Note similarity of brain regions involved withinformation processing of similar kind.

Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that information processing in humans and animals operate similarly.

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Neuron

A nerve cell or a neuron consists of many different parts.

OBJECTIVE 4‐3| Describe parts of a neuron

and explain how its impulses are generated.

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Parts of a Neuron

Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.

Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receives messages from other neurons.

Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY‐uh‐lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.

Terminal Branches of axon: Branched ending of axons. Transmitting messages to other neurons.

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Action PotentialA neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the

movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s

membrane.

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Depolarization & Hyperpolarization

Depolarization: Depolarization occurs, when positive ions enter the neuron, making it more susceptible to fire an action potential. When negative ions enter the neuron making it less susceptible to fire, hyperpolarization occurs.

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Threshold Threshold: Each neuron receives depolarizing

and hyperpolarizing currents from many neurons. When the depolarizing current (positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current (negative ions) exceed minimum

intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential.

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Refractory Period & Pumps Refractory Period: After a neuron has fired an action potential it pauses for a short period to

recharge itself to fire again.

Sodium‐Potassium Pumps: Sodium‐potassium pumps pump positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another

action potential.

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Action Potential PropertiesAll‐or‐None Response: When depolarizing

current exceeds the threshold a neuron will fire, and below threshold it will not.

Intensity of an action potential remains the same, throughout the length of the axon.

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Synapse

Synapse [SIN‐aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap

is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

OBJECTIVE 4‐4| Describe how nerve cells

communicate. Synapse was coined by Lord

Sherrington (1857‐1952) who inferred it through

behavioral experiments. Cajal (1852‐1934)

described the synapse based on his anatomical

studies of the brain.

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Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending

neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron,

thereby influencing it to generate an action

potential.

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitters in the synapse are

reabsorbed into the sending neurons

through the process of reuptake. This process

applies brakes on neurotransmitter

action.

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How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

Serotonin pathways are involved with mood

regulation.

From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

OBJECTIVE 4‐5| Describe how

neurotransmitters affect behavior and outline

the effects of acetylcholine and endorphins.

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Dopamine Pathways

Dopamine pathways are involved with

diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.

From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

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Neurotransmitters___________________________________

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Lock & Key Mechanism

Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key‐lock mechanism.

OBJECTIVE 4‐6| Explain how drugs and other

chemicals affect neurotransmission, and

describe the contrasting effects of agonists and

antagonists.

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Agonists___________________________________

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Antagonists___________________________________

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Nervous System

CentralNervousSystem(CNS)

PeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)

OBJECTIVE 4‐7| Describe the nervous

system’s two major divisions, and identify the

tree types of neurons that transmit information

through the system.

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The Nervous System

Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.

Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

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The Nervous System___________________________________

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Kinds of NeuronsSensory Neurons carry incoming information from the

sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and

glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons.

Sensory Neuron(Bipolar)

Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar)

Motor Neuron(Multipolar)

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Kinds of Glia Cells

Astrocytes provide nutrition to neurons. Oligodendrocytesand Schwann cells insulate neurons as

myelin.

Astrocytes

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Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.

OBJECTIVE 4‐8| Identify the subdivisions of

the peripheral nervous system, and describe

their functions.

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The Nerves

Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral nervous system, and connect muscles, glands, and sense

organs to the central nervous system.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic Nervous System: division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic NS “Arouses”

(fight‐or‐flight)

Parasympathetic NS “Calms”

(rest and digest)

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Central Nervous System

The Spinal Cord and Reflexes

Simple Reflex

OBJECTIVE 4‐9| Contrast the simplicity of the

reflex pathways with the complexity of neural

networks.

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Central Nervous System

The Brain and Neural Networks

Complex Neural Network

Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify

with growth and experience.

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The Endocrine System

Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”

chemical communication

system. Communication is carried out by hormones

synthesized by a set of glands.

OBJECTIVE 4‐10| Describe the nature and

functions of the endocrine system and its

interaction with the nervous system.

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Hormones

Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands and secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain many other tissues of

the body.

For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar and feelings of excitement during emergency

situations.

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Pituitary Gland

Is called the “master gland.” Anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. Posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

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Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands

Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.

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Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consists of adrenal medulla and cortex. Medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stress and emotions, and adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate

metabolism.

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Gonads

Sex glands are differentially placed in men and women. Regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.

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