Ancient

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Where is Greece?Where is Greece?

• Sunny Greece is 1,500 miles from England.

• It’s capital city is Athens

• It is famous for its beautiful beaches and sea!

Geographical Features

Greece is located in the Northern Hemisphere on the continent of Europe. It is a Peninsula.

The three bodies of water which surround Greece are the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Ionian Sea.

Greece has a rugged coastline with 437 islands surrounding it. Most of the land is rocky and mountainous with only 1/4 of the land suitable for farming.

The Aegean WorldThe Aegean World

• Peninsulas – 3 sides of Water– Largest are the Attica (Athens) and

Peloponnesus (Sparta).

• Islands – Surrounded by water– Crete and Rhodes are the largest islands of

Greece.

Mountainous IslandsMountainous Islands

• Limited transportation and communication have made the country difficult to unite.– Mt. Olympus is the highest peak

• Small separate communities formed because of this. – Sheep, goats, olives, figs.

• Each had independence and resisted outside interference.

Ancient Greece - terrainAncient Greece - terrain

• No part of Greece is more than about forty miles from the coast (a couple of days walking).

• There are lots of islands surrounding Greece.

Soil and plantsSoil and plants

• However, other parts of Ancient Greece had drier soil and less vegetation, particularly around the cities.

• Although surrounded by sea water, they found it difficult to find fresh water away from the valleys.

• The high mountains also prevented large-scale farming, so the Greeks were forced to look beyond their own country for fertile land.

Volcanic ActivityVolcanic Activity

• Another important aspect of the Greek environment is that it is very unstable.

• Greece is in the middle of a volcanic zone, between the European and African tectonic plates.

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

• In Ancient Greece, the different cities were at war with each other.

• The most fearsome fighters came from the town of Sparta.

Importance of the SeaImportance of the Sea• Sea was a good source for food.

• Sea was important for travel.– Traveling by sea was much easier than traveling

through the rough land.

• Trireme – Major sailing vessel– Powered by 3 oarsmen– Greek merchants sailed in triremes to exchange

goods for fish, timber, grains, and meat.

Athenian Trireme ReproducedAthenian Trireme Reproduced

Mediterranean ColoniesMediterranean Colonies

• Colony – settlement of a group of people.

• Greeks competed with Phoenicians (also sea travelers of the Mediterranean) for colonies throughout the Mediterranean region.– They competed to gain control of useful places.

Exchange of IdeasExchange of Ideas

• Greeks learned to write from the Phoenician culture.

• Phoenician alphabet of 22 symbols.

• Greeks learned the symbols by interacting with the Phoenicians.

AdaptationsAdaptations

• Same language and culture despite differences.

• Adopted Coined Money – Lydians– Gave rise to strong merchant class.– Began to challenge nobles and demand a

greater say in government.

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

• Great trading power located on island of Crete

• Knossos – palace city of Minoans– 800 rooms– No defensive walls– Great drainage system

– Frescoes – wall paintings

Achaean CivilizationAchaean Civilization

• Invaded Greece from the North – 2000 B.C.

• Osmosis of Greek Ideas/Thought

• Palaces & Tombs

• Tributes

• Art – jewelry, pottery, tools

The Trojan WarThe Trojan War• The Trojan War actually occurred: The city of

Troy fell into the hands of the Greeks.• Archaeologists have found historical evidence

of the war. • Was it exactly as told in The Iliad?

– No. It was probably fought over commerce and trade between Greece and Asia Minor.

– But Homer’s version (The Iliad) is more exciting.– Some of the characters may have been based on

real personalities.

HomerHomer

• Blind poet who roamed – Told his people the myths of the Gods– Epics – Homer’s detailed poems

• The Iliad and The Odyssey are two well known epics that tell about the war b/t the Greeks and the Trojans.

• Among the oldest works of literature.

What’s a What’s a TrojanTrojan??

• A person from Troy

• One who shows qualities like those of the soldiers who defended ancient Troy: endurance, toughness, determined energy

Where’s Where’s Troy?Troy?

• Troy is across the Aegean Sea from Greece.

• A well-walled city with broad streets and beautiful palaces…until the Trojan War.

When?When?

• The beginning of the 12th century B.C.

• 1193 – 1184 B.C.

Who?Who?

• Greece (Achaeans)– Achilles

• Greatest Greek Warrior

– King Agamemnon– Patroclus

• Fought for Achilles

– Odysseus • Wooden horse

– Menelaus• Helen’s Husband• Brother of Agamemnon

• Troy (Trojans)– Hector

• Greatest Trojan Warrior

– King Priam• Father of Hector and

Paris

– Paris• Helen’s Abductor• Priam’s Son

With whom did the gods side?With whom did the gods side?• Greeks

– Hera – Zeus’ Wife– Poseidon - Sea– Athena - War

• Trojans– Apollo - Sun– Aphrodite - Love

Zeus tries to remain neutral, but he shows empathy for Priam and Hector (Trojans).

How did it start?How did it start?

• Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited to a wedding banquet on Mt. Olympus.

• Into the banquet hall, Eris tossed a golden apple inscribed “For the Fairest.”

• Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite asked Zeus to decide who deserved the apple.

• Zeus would not choose. (He’s no fool!)• Zeus says Paris is an excellent judge of beauty,

and refers the goddesses to him.

The Judgment of ParisThe Judgment of Paris

• Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy.• He was rather weak and cowardly.• Priam had sent him away from Troy because a

prophecy said that he would be the ruin of the city.

• When the goddesses appeared to him, they each offered him a bribe:– Athena would make him a great warrior.– Hera would make him ruler of Europe and Asia.– Aphrodite would give him the most beautiful woman in

the world.

Whom did he choose?Whom did he choose?

• Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite.

• She then took Paris to Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world.

• Hera and Athena, however, vowed revenge.

HelenHelen

• Helen was a daughter of Zeus.

• She was the wife of Menelaus.

• Menelaus was the brother of the Greek King, Agamemnon.

• See the problem?

Paris takes HelenParis takes Helen

The Greeks RespondThe Greeks Respond

• Menelaus asks all of Greece to help.

• Greek armies set off across the sea to lay siege to Troy and leave it in ashes.

• And so begins the Trojan War.

• Helen is often referred to as “The Face that Launched a Thousand Ships.”

Odysseus and Achilles Join LateOdysseus and Achilles Join Late• Odysseus didn’t want to fight for Helen.

– He thought her a faithless woman.– He did not want to leave his home (Ithaca).

• Achilles was kept back by his mother.– His mother knew that he was going to die at Troy.– She had dipped him in the river Styx to try and give

him immortality. (She held him by the heel.)

• Both of these great Greek warriors were later called (forced) into battle where they played important roles in many battles.

The Battle RagesThe Battle Rages

• Due to the influence of various gods and goddesses, the war went back and forth for many years.

• For details of the war, read the epic poem by Homer called The Iliad, a word which means “a series of disastrous events.”

Agamemnon Agamemnon

• Leader of all Greek forces during Trojan War

• Sacrificed his daughter to Artemis in order to get favorable winds for the ships to sail to Troy

• Offended Achilles by taking his “prize” after one battle

Achilles PoutsAchilles Pouts

• Because Agamemnon offended him, Achilles refused to fight.

• Then things went badly for the Greeks, and they begged him to return.

• He allowed his friend Patroclus to fight in his place, wearing his armor.

• Patroclus was killed by Hector (who thought it was Achilles).

Achilles ReturnsAchilles Returns

• Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles returns to battle.

• His mother procures for him some new armor.

• He kills Hector and desecrates the body.

Achilles RelentsAchilles Relents

• King Priam sneaks into the Greek camp and begs Achilles to give him Hector’s body so that his son may have proper funeral rites.

• Achilles allows Priam to take the body.

• After Hector’s death, Achilles does not have long to live.

The Death of AchillesThe Death of Achilles

• Achilles was unconquerable by mortal men, but Apollo stepped in.

• Apollo guided Paris’s arrow into the only weak spot Achilles had: his heel.

• Achilles dies from the wound.• The remaining Greeks decide his divine

armor should go to the bravest remaining warrior.

Odysseus WinsOdysseus Wins

• Odysseus makes a speech explaining why he deserves it, and he is awarded the armor of Achilles.

• He then devises the final plan to end the Trojan War.

The Trojan HorseThe Trojan Horse

• The Greeks pretend to retreat, leaving behind a large wooden horse.

• The Trojans, in celebration, drag the horse inside their city as a war prize.

The Trojan HorseThe Trojan Horse

Odysseus and many other Greek Odysseus and many other Greek warriors are hiding inside the horse.warriors are hiding inside the horse.

The Fall of TroyThe Fall of Troy

• They wait until the Trojans are asleep, and then they come out and slaughter them.

• The Trojan War is ended.• The Greeks won.• The Trojans lost.• Odysseus is the greatest hero remaining

alive…but now he has to get home…

The Odyssey Begins…The Odyssey Begins…

• The story of The Odyssey is about Odysseus’ journey home (to Ithaca) after the Trojan War.

GovernmentGovernmentCity States

• At first ruled by a monarchy (government headed by a king), they later became ruled by the upper class or aristocracies, finally tyranny took over (government ruled by an individual or tyrant, who seizes power by force), tyranny did not last long and democracy took its place.

Birth of DemocracyBirth of Democracy

• In early times, Athens was governed by a Monarchy.– Monarchy – a system of government ruled by a king

or queen. – Ruler called a Monarch.

• Tyranny – was the next form of government.– Ruler was chosen by soldiers and was forced to

obey their wishes to stay in power. Very Unpopular.

OligarchyOligarchy

• Government ruled by a few people (members of rich and powerful families).

• Many Athenians also thought this type of government was unfair.

DemocracyDemocracy

• After several types of governments failed, Athens formed a democracy.

• Government run by the people.

• Athens was the world’s first democracy.

• Assembly – lawmaking body in a democracy.– In Athens, the assembly was made up of male

citizens over the age of 18.

The PolisThe Polis

• 750 B.C. Greece was made up of more than 200 city-states (all independent)

• Polis – Greek City State– Each polis had its own government

– Most powerful – Sparta and Athens

AcropolisAcropolis

• Greek word meaning “high city”

• A hill-top fortress which is one of the world’s most magnificent landmarks.

• Citizens met at the acropolis to discuss affairs.– Largest building was the Parthenon.

GovernmentGovernmentGreek Democracy

• Born in Athens between 508 B.C.

and 338 B.C.

• Once every ten years the male

citizens met in an assembly.

• Each man was allowed to speak,

to propose laws, and to vote.

• Women, foreigners, and slaves

were not considered citizens and

were not allowed to assemble.

AthensAthens

• Located on the Attica Peninsula– Athenians named the city for the goddess

Athena. – Grew as a center of trade.

– Athenians were the most skillful sailors.

– Did not have a strict military life – Athenians believed in living freely.

Life in AthensLife in Athens

• Agora – Central marketplace of the city.– Surrounded by shops, temples, and

government buildings.

– Marketplace• Fruit, vegetables, bread, fish, cheese, pottery,

toys, cloth, jewelry, and many other goods.

Early GovernmentEarly Government

• Archons – three officials ruled with their own interests above those of the polis.

• Citizens met, but those that were not nobles were powerless – Citizenship was an issue.

• Small Farmers = Debt Slavery = Upset– Gave rise to middle class upheaval

Foundations of DemocracyFoundations of Democracy

• Draco = Archon = Written code of laws.– Death penalty for many offenses.– All laws public– Judges had to apply laws equally

Beginnings of ReformBeginnings of Reform

• Solon– Abolished debt slavery– Freed citizens that were forced into slavery– Limited amount of land one could own– Extended citizenship to some artisans from

other cities– Kept prices down and cut down on selling

grain abroad

Solon’s ResultSolon’s Result

• Citizens obtained right to approve government decisions.

• Milder law code enforced.– Land owners served as jurors

Land OwnershipLand Ownership

• Land Ownership was basis of power.

• Landless citizens could not hold many official positions, and families that were freed of slavery could not afford to buy land.

Cleisthenes’ ReformsCleisthenes’ Reforms

• All citizens, regardless of owning land, took part in the Assembly.

• Granted citizenship to immigrants and former slaves.

• Set up council of 500 citizens over age 30 to propose and administer laws.

OstracismOstracism

• Invented under Cleisthenes– Temporary exile of a citizen from the city.

– If person was a threat, people would vote on a piece of pottery to ostracize him.

– 6,000 votes = 10 years

Athenian CitizenshipAthenian Citizenship

• Citizenship was a privilege & responsibility

• At 18, men took an oath to defend the city & its gods for 2 years. After this, they became citizens and took their place in the Assembly

• Athenian education prepared men for citizenship. – Public Speaking, Religion, War, and Sports.

Women in GreeceWomen in Greece

• No political or legal rights. Could not hold office, own property, or go to the Assembly.

• Strict seclusion, marriage chose by parents.

• Husbands and wives lived separate.

SpartaSparta

• Located on Southern tip of Peloponnesus

• Military State

• Little trade with others

• No colonies

• Gained wealth by conquering other city-states.

SpartaSparta

• Strong military state to suppress the slaves of Sparta. 201 Ratio– Helots – Slaves that were conquered by Spartans

• Monarchy headed by 2 kings and 28 elder advisors.– Each year 5 overseers of daily life were selected.

Spartan way of life.Spartan way of life.

• Strong military state dominated all interests.

• Strict discipline & loyalty.– Boys taught military skills at a very young age.– At 20, soldiers married & lived in barracks.– Each soldier was provided land and slaves.– Women – Obedience and loyalty to fathers and

husbands.

Spartan Way of LifeSpartan Way of Life

• Boys spent time reading and writing. – Expected to give short answers. Laconian…

– Women took part in public group exercises and military drills. Also participated in gymnastics.

– Art and literature had no place in Spartan life.– Would not let people leave the city and would not use

coined money.

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

Greece’s Finest HoursGreece’s Finest Hours

Where is Persia?Where is Persia?

HerodotusHerodotus

• Wrote the only account in history of the wars fought by the Greeks and the Persians.

• Imagine a war fought today with only one person recording the events as they happened?

Why did the Persians invade Greece?Why did the Persians invade Greece?

In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people

who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks.

In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the

mainland Greeks to help them rebel

against the Persians. Why? Democracy!

Athens sent warships to help them, but they were

not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.

This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece.

Who were the Ionian Greeks?Who were the Ionian Greeks?

• Known as some of the best traders in the Mediterranean.

• Always were looking for better prices.

• Like Democracy and the idea of representing themselves. Darius did not give them that opportunity.

Crushing the RevoltCrushing the Revolt• Emperor Darius of Persia crushed the

revolt rather quickly

• He decided to punish Athens for helping the colonies

• After training for a few years Darius sent troops to invade Greece

How to get to the fight? How to get to the fight? Darius has 2 options:Darius has 2 options:

• By land, supported logistically by the navy.– Persian strength – Army

– Not limited on the number of troops

– Long, difficult, time consuming route.

• By sea, with an amphibious landing.– Direct route

– Persia is not a naval power.

– Size of invasion force limited by transport capacity.

In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping

the rebels.

The Persians greatly

outnumbered the Greeks.

Marathon

The Persians were amazed at the

strong will of the small Athenian

force. They had no horses or archers, only

fierce foot soldiers.

Persian Empire

Athens

Sparta

A Serious MismatchA Serious Mismatch

• Persian troops—100,000

• Athenian troops—20,000

• Did Athens really have any hope against these odds?

The Battle of MarathonThe Battle of Marathon

• Athens asked Sparta to help, but Spartan troops would not arrive for 9 days (they were in the middle of religious festivals)

• Other jealous city-states decided not to help Athens against the Persian Empire

• So Athens took on the mighty Persian Empire by themselves

Conduct of the BattleConduct of the Battle

• Athenians attack Persians on the beach.– They extend the phalanx, reinforce the flanks and thin their

center.– Persians push through the weakened Greek center.

– The strong Greek flanks destroy the lightly armed Persian flanks, and collapse on the Persian center (double envelopment).

– Hand-to-hand combat = decisive victory for Athenians.

Battle of Marathon (490 Battle of Marathon (490 BCEBCE))

Marathon--Phases of BattleMarathon--Phases of Battle

VictoryVictory• The Athenian army was well-trained and

did not break formation as they charged the Persian lines

• The organized charge surprised the large but scattered (and poorly organized) Persian army

A SlaughterA Slaughter

• The Athenian army almost drove the Persians back to the sea

• Final tally– Persians—6,400 dead– Athens—192 dead– Darius returned to Persia never to return to

Greece

Connection to the PastConnection to the Past• The modern marathon has its roots in the Battle

of Marathon

• A Greek soldier, Phidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (26 miles) to tell the Athenians of the Greek victory and to warn them that the Persians may try to attack

• Phidippides died from exhaustion after delivering his message

• Today’s 26 mile marathon races remember his heroic act of martyrdom

Back for RevengeBack for Revenge

• The Persian Emperor Darius never returned, but his son Emperor Xerxes did in 480 B.C.

• Xerxes said, “No democracy on my watch”

• They brought even more men this time around

Relating the Past to TodayRelating the Past to Today• Has there ever been a time where a father has lost a

war and his son has gone back to defeat the same people?

• Why do people fight?– Pride Greed– Ambition Protector– Imperialistic Opportunist

– Scapegoat??? Weak Opponents?

Xerxes’ Route

Persia Invades Persia Invades GreeceGreece

• The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece.

• It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians. The pass was the only way to access the rest of Greece from the north.

• For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward

A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae.

They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days.

They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind the army.

They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.

Here come the PersiansHere come the Persians

• The Persians poured into Greece

• They got their revenge by wreaking havoc

• They even burned Athens to the ground

• What were the Greeks to do?

The Battle of SalamisThe Battle of Salamis

• As their city-state burned, the Athenian people and the army escaped to the island of Salamis

• Salamis was one mile to the southwest of Athens. Themistocles was the commander of the Athenian Fleet of Ships

Salamis or Corinth?Salamis or Corinth?

• Themistocles wanted to stay at Salamis

• Other Greek commanders wanted to go to the Isthmus of Corinth so they had a way of retreating.

• Themistocles sent a messenger to tell Xerxes of their plan.

Xerxes acts quicklyXerxes acts quickly

• Hearing that the Greeks are going to retreat to a colony of theirs in Italy, Xerxes decides to act swiftly.

• Xerxes and his men surround the Greeks at Salamis.

Who won at Salamis?Who won at Salamis?

Salamis

The Greek fleet consisted of 380 Ships (Trireme’s)

Debate was whether to stay or go from Salamis to

the Isthmus of Corinth.

Athens

Thermopylae

The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water. The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.

More than 600 Persian

ships attacked the

Athenian navy near the

island.

Athenian TriremeAthenian Trireme

Why Salamis?Why Salamis?

• Themistocles argued– 1. Persians will have an advantage in open

water.– 2. If Greeks moved, they would not fight

together.– 3. If they moved, over half of the fleet would

return go to their colony in Italy.

The Final BattleThe Final Battle

• The Battle of Plataea

• The Greeks and Persians at equal strength

• Athens and Sparta fought side by side

• Greek military superiority won out and Persia retreated for good.

How did the Greeks do it?How did the Greeks do it?

• Three reasons– Advantage of the defender

• Are you more loyal fighting at home or abroad?

– They were better soldiers• Persians were poorly trained.

– They used the element of surprise• Persians had bad intelligence.

U.S. Involvement in the World TodayU.S. Involvement in the World Today

• If you were the only historian writing about the U.S. involvement in the world today, what would you focus on and why?

• For example:– Humanitarian Efforts Role of Protector– Violence abroad Imperialists– Military Advances Opportunists

PericlesPericles

• Ruler of Policy in Athens– Joined the assembly when he was 20– Beautifies Athens and Rebuilds ruined

temples.– Athens becomes center for Greek Culture.– Opens political office to all citizens.– Trial by jury. – Jurors were paid.

Athens in the Age of Athens in the Age of PericlesPericles

The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in

Athens.

This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles.

Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government.

He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve

in the government.

The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was

direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government.

ArchitectureArchitecture• Parthenon

built between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C., a rectangular building supported by stately marble columns, inside there is a gold and ivory statue of Athena (goddess of war) and in her hand a small, winged figure of Nike (goddess of victory).

Parthenon: Symbol of Periclean Democracy

Justice for All?Justice for All?

• Democracy in Athens did not give freedom to everyone.

• Only male citizens were allowed to vote and take part in the assembly.

• Women were not allowed to vote.

• Slaves were not allowed to participate in govt.

The Athenian EmpireThe Athenian Empire

• Athens gains great power from the victories in the Persian War.

• The Delian League– Founded in 477 B.C. to unite Greek City-States

against Persia.– Led by Athens.

• Enjoyed political freedom and prosperity.

Delian LeagueDelian League

Greek against Greek against GreekGreek

Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination.

The Greek world split into rival camps.

To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian

League.

Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the

Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy.

The war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War

• Athens and allies battled the Peloponnesian League.

• Spartan army marches into Athens and kills 1/3 of the Athenians and Pericles.

• Fighting Lasts 27 Years.– W/Aid of Persia, Sparta blocks Athenian ports.

• Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.• Athens loses empire, navy, and democratic

government.

The Legacies of The Legacies of Ancient GreeceAncient GreeceThe Legacies of The Legacies of Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

What is a legacy?What is a legacy?

Traditions, skills and knowledge of a culture that get passed on to people in

the future

Something a culture is known for

A gift from the past

What is your Legacy?

The Legacies of Ancient The Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece

The Legacies of Ancient The Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece

architecturearchitecture

philosophyphilosophy

OlympicsOlympics

epicsepics

Greekmythology

Greekmythology

tragedycomedytragedycomedy

trial by jury

trial by jury

democracydemocracyscientificmethod

scientificmethod

SocraticMethod

SocraticMethod

theatertheater

classificationclassification

marathonmarathon

HippocraticOath

HippocraticOath

DemocracyDemocracy

Athens developed the first democracy

Greek word meaning “power of the

people”

A government where the people have the right to make decisions about leaders and

laws

The U.S. government is based on Athenian

democracy.

Democracy in AthensDemocracy in AthensDemocracy in AthensDemocracy in Athens Athens had the first democratic

constitution (a set of rules for how the government should run)

All men over 18 years old could participate in the Assembly (the lawmaking group)

Each year 500 names of citizens were drawn to be on the Council of Five Hundred who ran the daily business of Athens

Trial By JuryTrial By Jury

When a group of citizens decides if a person is innocent or guilty of a crime

Serving on a jury was a citizen’s duty

About 500 jurors for a trial

Jurors were paid for service

EpicsEpics

Long poems written about gods, heroes, and history of a culture

Wrote the Illiad about the Trojan War

Homer most famous author of Greek epics.

The Odyssey about a Trojan War hero, Odysseus

Greek MythologyGreek Mythology

Myths are stories about gods & goddesses that were used to explain events in nature

Poseidon Hades Hermes

Hera Apollo Artemis Hephaestus

Athena Demeter Aphrodite

Ares

Zeus

12 Major Gods & Goddesses of Mt. Olympus

TheaterTheater

Grew out of festivals dedicated to Dionysus and developed into stories that were acted out

Theater was carved into a hillside

Only male actors but women could watch

Plays were performed at festivals and became competitions

Actors wore masks to show gender, age & mood

TheaterTheater

Greek theater in Miletus

Tragedy & ComedyTragedy & Comedy

Types of plays first developed by the Greeks

Tragedy: plays about suffering

Comedy: plays with a happy ending that pokes fun at certain types of people

Aeschylus

Aristophanes

Olympic GamesOlympic Games

Festival held in Olympia to honor Zeus

Every four years-began 776.b.c.

Called a truce from war

Only men: women couldn’t watch

Won an olive wreath

Olympians swore not to cheat

Winners were heroes

Olympic GamesOlympic Games

Foot races

Pancratium

Boxing

Warrior’s Race

WrestlingPentathlo

n

Javelin

Discus

Messengers &

Trumpeters

MarathonMarathon

Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon

Phidippides ran to Athens (about 26 miles) to announce the victory

He reached Athens, cried out Nike! (goddess of victory), and fell over

dead.

Footrace that is 26 miles, 385 yards long

ArchitectureArchitecture

CorinthianDoric Ionic

The art and science of building

Greeks well known for using three styles of columns in their buildings

ArchitectureArchitecture

The Temple of Athena Nike located very close to the Parthenon was built in the Ionic style.

The Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens was built in the Doric style.

ArchitectureArchitecture

The design of many buildings today has been influenced by the classical style of the Greeks.

Supreme Court Building in Wash. D.C.

Why would many U.S. government buildings have been built using Greek architecture?

PhilosophyPhilosophy

Love of wisdom; trying to figure things out through learning and reasoning

Socrates Socratic Method

Plato

Aristotle

Political Science

Science & Logic

Socratic MethodSocratic Method

Teaching through step-by-step questions that are designed to lead the student to

the truth

Socrates was a Greek philosopher

who wanted people to question

and think for themselves

Athenians were afraid and

threatened by his ideas, so he was tried and put to

death.

Classification of Living Classification of Living ThingsThings

A system of grouping plants and animals that have similar

characteristics

Developed by Aristotle

Helps scientists to handle a lot of info.

Still used today

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Process used by scientists to study something

1Collect

Info

2Form

Hypothesis

3Test

Hypothesis

Hippocratic OathHippocratic Oath

A list of rules about practicing medicine that doctors today still

promise to follow

Hippocrates was the “Father of Scientific Medicine”

Believed that disease came from

natural causes not evil spirits

4. Keep the secrets of patients

3. Never give poisons

2. Do their best for the sick

1.Honor their teachers

Human ReasonHuman Reason

• Philosophers – Seekers of Wisdom

• Scientific Approach to Reason– Studied all areas of human knowledge.– Physics, astronomy, music, & art.– Detailed approaches to illness & disease.

• Hippocrates– Founder of moral code of medicine – Hippocratic Oath

PhilosophersPhilosophers

• Socrates– Most famous philosopher– Important to examine laws, social customs, and

religious values.– Socratic Method– Condemned to death.

PhilosophersPhilosophers

• Plato– Student of Socrates– Wrote ideas of Socrates down.– Established the Academy that lasted 900 yrs.

– Meaning of justice, truth, & the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.

PhilosophersPhilosophers

• Aristotle– Student of Plato– Taught Alexander the Great– Explored biology, philosophy, & the arts– Praised self-control and self-reliance– Believed in all forms of government –

monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.– The enlightened King

Spread of Greek CivilizationSpread of Greek Civilization

• Philip of Macedonia – King– Hired Greek generals to train his military &

modeled his society after Greece’s.– Aristotle taught his son – Alexander.– Looked to expand his power over Greece

• Defeats Athens and Thebes– Proclaims himself master of Greece.– Plans invasion of Persia.– Assassinated.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

• Macedonia conquered the Greek Islands.

• Taught the Greek ways by Aristotle as a boy.

• Crowned king when he was 20

• Never lost a battle and was never forced to retreat.

Blend of East and WestBlend of East and West

• ATG spread the Greek culture throughout the lands he conquered.

• Built cities based on the Greek polis.

• Est. 70 cities named Alexandria across his empire.

• Why was he successful?

Roles of men, women and Roles of men, women and childrenchildren

• Men• met in the morning to discuss business matters• spent part of the day in the gymnasium (exercised,

bathed, and had his body massaged with scented oils)

• Women and girls

• stayed in the home doing household chores (washing, cooking, and cleaning)

• were not allowed to vote or attend school

Group Questions #1Group Questions #1• How does monarchy differ from oligarchy?

• What was the Assembly and what role did it play in Athenian democracy?

• In what ways could Athenians take part in government?

• What was the Age of Pericles and how did it get its name?

• How does American democracy differ from the democracy that grew under Pericles?

Group Questions #2Group Questions #2• Do the roles of Greek goddesses

resemble the roles of Greek women?

• What similarities and differences are there between Egyptian and Greek gods?

• What is the subject of Homer’s two epics?

• Who were the philosophers of Ancient Greece?

• What are three of the most important Greek legacies that they left?

Group Questions #3Group Questions #3• How did the Olympic Games come about?• Compare and contrast how people found out

who won ancient Olympic events and how people find out the winners today.

• How do the modern Olympics honor their origins in ancient Greece?

• What are two ways in which today’s Olympic Games differ from the ancient Games?

• Why do you think the Olympics have remained such a popular sports tradition for so long?