Ancient World HistoryAncient World History

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

1750 – 133 B.C.1750 – 133 B.C.

Section 1Section 1

Early people of the AegeanEarly people of the Aegean

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece2

Minoan CivilizationMinoan CivilizationEuropa, Phoenician princess, married the Europa, Phoenician princess, married the king of Crete, then spread her name to a king of Crete, then spread her name to a new continent – Europe new continent – Europe

Crete, near the Aegean Sea was home to Crete, near the Aegean Sea was home to a brilliant early civilizationa brilliant early civilization

– Named after Minos, a legendary king of CreteNamed after Minos, a legendary king of Crete– Success was based on tradeSuccess was based on trade

Acquired ideas and technology through trade Acquired ideas and technology through trade contact with Egypt and Mesopotamiacontact with Egypt and Mesopotamia

Minoan Civilization (Con’t)Minoan Civilization (Con’t)The Palace of KnossosThe Palace of Knossos

– Housed the rulers of CreteHoused the rulers of Creteincluded religious shrines dedicated to the honor of included religious shrines dedicated to the honor of gods and goddessesgods and goddesses

– Walls covered with colorful frescoesWalls covered with colorful frescoesworshipped bulls and a mother goddessworshipped bulls and a mother goddess

A Civilization DisappearsA Civilization Disappears– By about 1400 B.C. civilization disappearedBy about 1400 B.C. civilization disappeared– Likely invaded by Mycenaeans, first Greek-Likely invaded by Mycenaeans, first Greek-

speaking people of whom we have a written speaking people of whom we have a written recordrecord

Rulers of MycenaeRulers of MycenaeMycenaean civilization was an Indo-Mycenaean civilization was an Indo-European peopleEuropean peopleSuccessful Sea TradersSuccessful Sea Traders

– Mycenaean civilization dominated the Aegean Mycenaean civilization dominated the Aegean world for about 200 yearsworld for about 200 years

Absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences, Absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences, which were passed on to the Greekswhich were passed on to the Greeks

– Built separate city-statesBuilt separate city-statesThe Trojan WarsThe Trojan Wars

– Took place around 1250 B.C.Took place around 1250 B.C.– An economic rivalry between Mycenae and TroyAn economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy

Troy controlled the vital straits, or narrow water Troy controlled the vital straits, or narrow water passages, connecting Mediterranean and Black Seaspassages, connecting Mediterranean and Black Seas

– Considered initially by many as legend, however Considered initially by many as legend, however proven fact with the last 100 yearsproven fact with the last 100 years

The Age of HomerThe Age of HomerFall of the Mycenaean civilization led to Fall of the Mycenaean civilization led to the rise of the Dorians from the norththe rise of the Dorians from the north

– Also a Greek-speaking peoplesAlso a Greek-speaking peoples

Epic Poems, Iliad and Odyssey, which Epic Poems, Iliad and Odyssey, which described the life the Greek people from described the life the Greek people from 1100 – 800 B.C.1100 – 800 B.C.

– Tradition say Homer wrote told these stories Tradition say Homer wrote told these stories through oral historythrough oral history

Later written down after Homer diedLater written down after Homer died

The Age of Homer (Con’t)The Age of Homer (Con’t)Iliad is the chief source of information Iliad is the chief source of information about the Trojan Warabout the Trojan War

– Achilles, mightiest Greek warrior, stubbornly Achilles, mightiest Greek warrior, stubbornly avoids joining the war until friend killedavoids joining the war until friend killed

OdysseyOdyssey– Struggles of Greek hero Odysseus return Struggles of Greek hero Odysseus return

home to his faithful wife, Penelope, after fall home to his faithful wife, Penelope, after fall of Troyof Troy

These writings reveal Greek beliefsThese writings reveal Greek beliefs– Heroes display honor, courage, and Heroes display honor, courage, and

eloquenceeloquence

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

Dorians, though not major sea Dorians, though not major sea traders initially, evolve into one of traders initially, evolve into one of the most influential civilizationsthe most influential civilizations

Section 2Section 2

The Rise of Greek City-StatesThe Rise of Greek City-States

Geography of the Greek HomelandGeography of the Greek Homeland

Mountains and ValleysMountains and Valleys– Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula, Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula,

into the Mediterranean Seainto the Mediterranean Sea– Built many small city-states, cut off Built many small city-states, cut off

from one anotherfrom one anotherFiercely defended their independence from Fiercely defended their independence from each othereach other

Geography of the Greek Homeland Geography of the Greek Homeland (Con’t)(Con’t)

The SeasThe Seas– Seas were a vital link to the outside Seas were a vital link to the outside

worldworldcontains many safe harbors for shipscontains many safe harbors for ships

– Became skilled sailors, carrying Became skilled sailors, carrying materials and ideasmaterials and ideas

Expanded the Phoenician alphabet, creating Expanded the Phoenician alphabet, creating base for all western languagesbase for all western languages

– Greeks traveled all over the Greeks traveled all over the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

Governing the City-StatesGoverning the City-StatesCity-States (called polis) were designed City-States (called polis) were designed with a hilltop acropolis and walled main with a hilltop acropolis and walled main city belowcity below

– Many cities were small, allowing people to be Many cities were small, allowing people to be involved in community triumphs and illsinvolved in community triumphs and ills

Early GovernmentsEarly Governments– Initially ruled by monarchiesInitially ruled by monarchies– Eventually moved to an aristocracyEventually moved to an aristocracy

rule by a landholding eliterule by a landholding elite– However as trade expanded, and middle However as trade expanded, and middle

class arose, an oligarchy style government class arose, an oligarchy style government resultedresulted

power by a small, powerful elite peoplepower by a small, powerful elite people

Governing the City-States (con’t)Governing the City-States (con’t)

Change in WarfareChange in Warfare– Creation of iron weapons, allowed ordinary Creation of iron weapons, allowed ordinary

people to become involved in warfarepeople to become involved in warfare– Evolution of warfare to PhalanxEvolution of warfare to Phalanx

massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiersmassive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

– Led to the creation of two opposite citiesLed to the creation of two opposite citiesSpartaSparta– Stressed military virtues and stern disciplineStressed military virtues and stern discipline– Athens glorified the individual and extended political Athens glorified the individual and extended political

rights to more citizensrights to more citizens

Sparta: A Nation of SoldiersSparta: A Nation of SoldiersDorians who conquered Laconia, or Dorians who conquered Laconia, or PeloponnesusPeloponnesus

– Southern part of GreeceSouthern part of Greece– Turned the conquered people in helotsTurned the conquered people in helots

State-owned slaves that worked the landState-owned slaves that worked the land

Spartan government included two kings Spartan government included two kings and a council of elders who advised the and a council of elders who advised the monarchsmonarchs

– Citizens were male, native-born Spartans Citizens were male, native-born Spartans over the age of 30over the age of 30

The Rigors of CitizenshipThe Rigors of Citizenship– Age of seven, boys began training for a Age of seven, boys began training for a

lifetime in the militarylifetime in the militaryage 20, man could marry, but continued to live in age 20, man could marry, but continued to live in the barracks for another 10 yearsthe barracks for another 10 years

Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers (Con’t)Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers (Con’t)

WomenWomen– Expected to produce healthy soldier Expected to produce healthy soldier

boysboys– Given the opportunity to inherit propertyGiven the opportunity to inherit property

Sparta and its neighborsSparta and its neighbors– Looked down on trade, travel, new ideas Looked down on trade, travel, new ideas

and wealthand wealth

Athens: A Limited DemocracyAthens: A Limited Democracy

Worked its way from a monarchy Worked its way from a monarchy style government to an aristocracystyle government to an aristocracy

Demands for ChangeDemands for Change– While an aristocracy, there was a great While an aristocracy, there was a great

deal of discontent over the power of deal of discontent over the power of the noblesthe nobles

– Slowly began moving towards a Slowly began moving towards a democracydemocracy

government by the peoplegovernment by the people

Athens: A Limited Democracy Athens: A Limited Democracy (Con’t)(Con’t)

Solons ReformsSolons Reforms– Appointed archon (chief official, in 594 Appointed archon (chief official, in 594

B.C.B.C.– He outlawed debt slavery and freed He outlawed debt slavery and freed

those who had already been sold into those who had already been sold into slavery for debtslavery for debt

basically expanded rights to more peoplebasically expanded rights to more people– Encouraged more trade of wine and olive oilEncouraged more trade of wine and olive oil

– Led to the rise of tyrantsLed to the rise of tyrantspeople who gained power by forcepeople who gained power by force

Athens: A Limited Democracy Athens: A Limited Democracy (Con’t)(Con’t)

Later ReformsLater Reforms– Athenian tyrant Pisistratus gave land Athenian tyrant Pisistratus gave land

and loans to farmersand loans to farmers– Reformer Cleisthenes broadened Reformer Cleisthenes broadened

citizen roles in governmentcitizen roles in governmentcreated a genuine legislaturecreated a genuine legislature– law making bodylaw making body

debated laws before deciding to approve debated laws before deciding to approve or reject themor reject them

Athens: A Limited Democracy Athens: A Limited Democracy (Con’t)(Con’t)

Limited RightsLimited Rights– Compared to other civilizations during Compared to other civilizations during

this time period, Athenians were very this time period, Athenians were very active in the political processactive in the political process

– Though by today’s standards, there Though by today’s standards, there were no many rights for individualswere no many rights for individuals

Athens: A Limited Democracy Athens: A Limited Democracy (Con’t)(Con’t)

WomenWomen– Lacked status under the Athenian cultureLacked status under the Athenian culture– They did “womanly things” and were They did “womanly things” and were

relatively secludedrelatively secluded

Education for DemocracyEducation for Democracy– Boys attended school if their families could Boys attended school if their families could

afford itafford itGirls were not able to attend schoolGirls were not able to attend school

– Studied to become skilled speakers, military Studied to become skilled speakers, military training, and athleticstraining, and athletics

Forces for UnityForces for UnityDespite divisions, Greeks spoke same Despite divisions, Greeks spoke same language, honored the same ancient language, honored the same ancient heroes, participated in common festivals heroes, participated in common festivals and prayed to the same godsand prayed to the same gods

Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs– PolytheisticPolytheistic– Believed that gods lived on Mount OlympusBelieved that gods lived on Mount Olympus

Most powerful Olympian was ZeusMost powerful Olympian was Zeus– Aphrodite goddess of loveAphrodite goddess of love– Ares god of warAres god of war– Athena, goddess of wisdom (mother of Athens)Athena, goddess of wisdom (mother of Athens)

built temples and festivalsbuilt temples and festivals– consulted oracles, priests or priestessesconsulted oracles, priests or priestesses

Forces for Unity (Con’t)Forces for Unity (Con’t)

View of Non-GreeksView of Non-Greeks– Greeks held high regard for Greeks held high regard for

themselves compared to other themselves compared to other civilizationscivilizations

called them barbaroi, which is the root for called them barbaroi, which is the root for barbarianbarbarian– Including Phoenicians and EgyptiansIncluding Phoenicians and Egyptians

Section 3Section 3

Victory and Defeat in the Greek Victory and Defeat in the Greek WorldWorld

The Persian WarsThe Persian WarsKing Darius of Persia demanded the King Darius of Persia demanded the Athenians and Spartans to Athenians and Spartans to surrender to Persiasurrender to Persia

– Both Greek city-states threw the Both Greek city-states threw the messengers into a wellmessengers into a well

Athens was the wealthiest Greek Athens was the wealthiest Greek city-statecity-state

– However Persia was a very powerful However Persia was a very powerful empire as wellempire as well

The Persian Wars (Con’t)The Persian Wars (Con’t)Victory at MarathonVictory at Marathon– Darius wanted to punish Athens for interfering Darius wanted to punish Athens for interfering

with Ionian Greek city-states (who were under with Ionian Greek city-states (who were under the rule of the Persians)the rule of the Persians)

Darius sent a fleet of fighters to punish AthensDarius sent a fleet of fighters to punish Athens

They met at the city of MarathonThey met at the city of Marathon

– Athenians, though greatly outnumbered, drove Athenians, though greatly outnumbered, drove the Persians back to their shipsthe Persians back to their ships

Began the Persian WarsBegan the Persian Wars

The Persian Wars (Con’t)The Persian Wars (Con’t)Renewed AttacksRenewed Attacks

– Darius’ son Xerxes, sent a bigger army back Darius’ son Xerxes, sent a bigger army back to Greece in 480 B.C.to Greece in 480 B.C.

The Greek states were more united this timeThe Greek states were more united this time

– Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of ThermopylaeSpartan King Leonidas, held out against the Persian Spartan King Leonidas, held out against the Persian forcesforces– However, ultimately losing the battleHowever, ultimately losing the battle

– Battle of ThemistoclesBattle of ThemistoclesAthenians filled their fleet of ships, and ultimately Athenians filled their fleet of ships, and ultimately took down the naval fleet of the Persianstook down the naval fleet of the Persians

The Persian Wars (Con’t)The Persian Wars (Con’t)ResultsResults

– Greek victories against the Persians, Greek victories against the Persians, renewed the own uniquenessrenewed the own uniqueness

– Athens emerged as the most powerful city-Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state of Greecestate of Greece

– Athens organized the Delian League, an Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with the order to protect Greece alliance with the order to protect Greece from Persiafrom Persia

Alliance is a formal agreement between two or Alliance is a formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defenseone another’s defenseUltimately Athens used the Delian League to Ultimately Athens used the Delian League to rebuild Athens and force control over other Greek rebuild Athens and force control over other Greek City-StatesCity-States

Athens in the Age of PericlesAthens in the Age of PericlesYears after Persian Wars led to the Years after Persian Wars led to the golden age for Athens with Pericles golden age for Athens with Pericles as the head statesmanas the head statesman

Political LifePolitical Life– Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

a large number of citizens take direct part a large number of citizens take direct part in the day-to-day affairs of governmentin the day-to-day affairs of government

Athens in the Age of Pericles Athens in the Age of Pericles (Con’t)(Con’t)

Political Life (Con’t)Political Life (Con’t)– Periclean DemocracyPericlean Democracy

All male citizens should take part in All male citizens should take part in governmentgovernmentpay stipend for members who participatedpay stipend for members who participated

– fixed salaryfixed salary

Serve on juriesServe on juries– A panel of citizen who have the authority to make A panel of citizen who have the authority to make

the final judgment in a trialthe final judgment in a trial– Also received stipendsAlso received stipends

Athenians would ostracize citizens who Athenians would ostracize citizens who posed a threat to the democracyposed a threat to the democracy

– Send awaySend away

Athens in the Age of Pericles Athens in the Age of Pericles (Con’t)(Con’t)

The Funeral OrationThe Funeral Oration– Pericles gave a speech praising democracyPericles gave a speech praising democracy

still considered by many as the earliest and still considered by many as the earliest and greatest expressions of democratic idealsgreatest expressions of democratic ideals

The Economic Cultural LifeThe Economic Cultural Life– During Pericles reign, they rebuilt the During Pericles reign, they rebuilt the

acropolisacropolisnew temples and colossal statues were builtnew temples and colossal statues were built

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian WarResentment toward Athenians pride, Resentment toward Athenians pride, created a rival to the Delian Leaguecreated a rival to the Delian League

– Sparta started the Peloponnesian League, Sparta started the Peloponnesian League, which supported an oligarchy style which supported an oligarchy style government, as opposed to democracygovernment, as opposed to democracy

Greek against GreekGreek against Greek– Sparta had a geographical advantage against Sparta had a geographical advantage against

Athens in the warAthens in the warSparta was inland, able to avoid the powerful Sparta was inland, able to avoid the powerful Athenian navy fleetAthenian navy fleet

– Ultimately Sparta allied with Persia and Ultimately Sparta allied with Persia and defeated the Athenian armydefeated the Athenian army

The Peloponnesian War (Con’t)The Peloponnesian War (Con’t)

The Aftermath of WarThe Aftermath of War– Athenian economy was revived, Athenian economy was revived,

however corruption and selfishness however corruption and selfishness ruined many of the ideas of service ruined many of the ideas of service from governmentfrom government

– Greek city-states continued to battle Greek city-states continued to battle between each other, until a leader between each other, until a leader from Macedonia rose and took controlfrom Macedonia rose and took control

Section 4Section 4

The Glory that was GreeceThe Glory that was Greece

Greek PhilosophersGreek PhilosophersPhilosophers challenged the idea that Philosophers challenged the idea that Gods were in control of the universeGods were in control of the universe

– ““Lovers of Wisdom”Lovers of Wisdom”– They used a great deal of LogicThey used a great deal of Logic

Rational ThinkingRational Thinking

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues– Greatly questioned ethics versus moralityGreatly questioned ethics versus morality

developed skills in rhetoricdeveloped skills in rhetoric– the art of skillful speakingthe art of skillful speaking

Greek Philosophers (Con’t)Greek Philosophers (Con’t)SocratesSocrates

– An Athenian stonemason and philosopherAn Athenian stonemason and philosopherMost of what we know about Socrates comes from Most of what we know about Socrates comes from his student Platohis student Plato

– Used the Socratic Method,Used the Socratic Method,pose a series of questions to his students and pose a series of questions to his students and challenge them to examine the implications of their challenge them to examine the implications of their answersanswers

help students to seek truth and self-knowledgehelp students to seek truth and self-knowledge

– Ultimately was tried and received the death Ultimately was tried and received the death penalty for a crime of “corrupting the youth”penalty for a crime of “corrupting the youth”

Greek Philosophers (Con’t)Greek Philosophers (Con’t)PlatoPlato

– Death of Socrates led Plato to dislike Death of Socrates led Plato to dislike DemocraciesDemocracies

– Setup a school called the “Academy”Setup a school called the “Academy”emphasized the importance of reasonemphasized the importance of reason

– Wrote the book Wrote the book The RepublicThe Republic describing his vision of an ideal statedescribing his vision of an ideal state

argued that the state should regulate argued that the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens’ lives in order every aspect of its citizens’ lives in order to provide for their best intereststo provide for their best interests

Greek Philosophers (Con’t)Greek Philosophers (Con’t)AristotleAristotle

– Plato’s most famous studentPlato’s most famous student– Analyzed all governments and decided that a Analyzed all governments and decided that a

single strong and virtuous leader was the single strong and virtuous leader was the bestbest

– Reason should be the guiding force for Reason should be the guiding force for learninglearning

– Set up a school for the study of all branches Set up a school for the study of all branches of knowledgeof knowledge

same pattern used 1,500 years later for the same pattern used 1,500 years later for the development of collegesdevelopment of colleges

Architecture and ArtArchitecture and ArtArchitectureArchitecture

– Greek architects sought to convey a sense of Greek architects sought to convey a sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony and perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universeorder of the universe

Parthenon was a temple dedicated to the goddess Parthenon was a temple dedicated to the goddess AthenaAthena

Sculpture and PaintingSculpture and Painting– By 450 B.C. Greek sculptors had developed a By 450 B.C. Greek sculptors had developed a

new style to emphasized natural posesnew style to emphasized natural posestrying to show individuals in their ideal/perfect formtrying to show individuals in their ideal/perfect form

Poetry and DramaPoetry and Drama

Greek literature began with the Greek literature began with the epics of Homerepics of Homer

Beginnings of Greek DramaBeginnings of Greek Drama– Literature was from the field of drama, Literature was from the field of drama,

that evolved out of religious festivalsthat evolved out of religious festivalsperformed outside with little to no sceneryperformed outside with little to no scenery

Great deal of use of masks to show Great deal of use of masks to show emotionsemotions

Poetry and Drama (Con’t)Poetry and Drama (Con’t)TragedyTragedy

– Plays that told stories of human suffering Plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disasterthat usually ended in disaster

purpose was to stir emotions of pity and fearpurpose was to stir emotions of pity and fear– AntigoneAntigone

Sophocles explored what happens when an Sophocles explored what happens when an individual’s moral duty conflicts with the laws of individual’s moral duty conflicts with the laws of the statethe state

– Ultimately the playwrights stressed that Ultimately the playwrights stressed that people, not gods, were the cause of human people, not gods, were the cause of human misfortunemisfortune

ComedyComedy– Humorous plays that mocked people or Humorous plays that mocked people or

customscustoms– Generally sharply criticized society, much as Generally sharply criticized society, much as

political cartoonists do todaypolitical cartoonists do today

The Writing of HistoryThe Writing of History

Herodotus was called the “father of Herodotus was called the “father of history” in the western worldhistory” in the western world

Live through and wrote about the Live through and wrote about the Persian Wars and the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War

– He stressed the importance of He stressed the importance of research and to avoid biasresearch and to avoid bias

Section 5Section 5

Alexander and the Hellenistic AgeAlexander and the Hellenistic Age

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatTo the Greeks, Macedonia was a To the Greeks, Macedonia was a backwards areabackwards areaPhillip’s DreamPhillip’s Dream

– Phillip of Macedonia hired Aristotle to teach Phillip of Macedonia hired Aristotle to teach his son Alexanderhis son Alexander

Phillip used threats, bribery, and diplomacy to gain Phillip used threats, bribery, and diplomacy to gain power and influencepower and influence

– In 338 B.C. he brought all of Greece under In 338 B.C. he brought all of Greece under his controlhis control

– He dreamed of taking over the Persian He dreamed of taking over the Persian empire, however he was assassinatedempire, however he was assassinated

murder of a public figure, usually for a political murder of a public figure, usually for a political reasonreason

– Then Alexander ascended to the throneThen Alexander ascended to the throne

Alexander the Great (Con’t)Alexander the Great (Con’t)Conquest of PersiaConquest of Persia

– At the age of 20, Alexander amassed an At the age of 20, Alexander amassed an army to take on the famed Persian Empirearmy to take on the famed Persian Empire

– Alexander won his first victory against the Alexander won his first victory against the Persians at the Granicus RiverPersians at the Granicus River

Led to more and more victories across the Persian Led to more and more victories across the Persian Empire, until all of the Persian Empire was under Empire, until all of the Persian Empire was under Alexander’s controlAlexander’s control

Onward to IndiaOnward to India– Crossed the Hindu Kush into northern IndiaCrossed the Hindu Kush into northern India

though they did not lose a battle, Alexander’s though they did not lose a battle, Alexander’s soldiers forced him to retreat back to Babylonsoldiers forced him to retreat back to Babylon

Alexander the Great (Con’t)Alexander the Great (Con’t)

Sudden DeathSudden Death– While planning another conquest, While planning another conquest,

Alexander died of a sudden illnessAlexander died of a sudden illness– Leaving no one to take over his empireLeaving no one to take over his empire– For 300 years, their descendants For 300 years, their descendants

competed for power over the lands competed for power over the lands Alexander had conqueredAlexander had conquered

The Legacy of AlexanderThe Legacy of AlexanderHis most lasting achievement was the His most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culturespread of Greek cultureA Blending of CulturesA Blending of Cultures

– Created many new cities, many of them Created many new cities, many of them named after himselfnamed after himself

– Built Greek Statues and temples from Built Greek Statues and temples from Greece, Egypt to IndiaGreece, Egypt to India

– Local people assimilated Greek Ideas, and Local people assimilated Greek Ideas, and spread the eastern ideas back to Greecespread the eastern ideas back to Greece

absorbedabsorbed– The Hellenistic Culture emerged following The Hellenistic Culture emerged following

Alexander’s deathAlexander’s deathBlending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian Blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian InfluencesInfluences

The Legacy of Alexander (Con’t)The Legacy of Alexander (Con’t)

AlexandriaAlexandria– The heart of Hellenistic Civilization was The heart of Hellenistic Civilization was

the city of Alexandria in Egyptthe city of Alexandria in Egypt– Home of great diversity of goods and Home of great diversity of goods and

peoplespeoplesAlso home to the Pharos or “Lighthouse of Also home to the Pharos or “Lighthouse of Alexandria”Alexandria”

– They built a museum which contained They built a museum which contained laboratories, lecture halls, and a zoolaboratories, lecture halls, and a zoo

Also had a library that housed many of the Also had a library that housed many of the scrolls from the ancient worldscrolls from the ancient world– However it burned in a fireHowever it burned in a fire

The Legacy of Alexander (Con’t)The Legacy of Alexander (Con’t)

Opportunities for WomenOpportunities for Women– Women were no longer restricted to Women were no longer restricted to

their homes during the Hellenistic their homes during the Hellenistic periodperiod

Even Cleopatra came to power in EgyptEven Cleopatra came to power in Egypt

Hellenistic CivilizationHellenistic CivilizationNew Schools of ThoughtNew Schools of Thought

– Political turmoil allowed the rise of Political turmoil allowed the rise of Stoicism philosophyStoicism philosophy

accept calmly whatever life brought to youaccept calmly whatever life brought to you

preached high moral standards and rights preached high moral standards and rights of fellow humansof fellow humans

Hellenistic Civilization (Con’t)Hellenistic Civilization (Con’t)Advances in LearningAdvances in Learning– Pythagoras developed the Pythagorean Pythagoras developed the Pythagorean

theoremtheorem– Euclid wrote Euclid wrote The ElementsThe Elements, base for most , base for most

geometry booksgeometry books– Aristarchus argued that the earth rotated on its Aristarchus argued that the earth rotated on its

axis and orbited the sunaxis and orbited the sunheliocentric theoryheliocentric theory

– sun centered solar systemsun centered solar system

– ArchimedesArchimedesapplied physics to make practical inventionsapplied physics to make practical inventions

Hellenistic Civilization (Con’t)Hellenistic Civilization (Con’t)

MedicineMedicine– Hippocrates studied the causes of Hippocrates studied the causes of

illnesses and looked for curesillnesses and looked for curesHippocratic oath set ethical standards for Hippocratic oath set ethical standards for doctors todaydoctors today

Swore to “Help the sick according to my Swore to “Help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with a view ability and judgment but never with a view to injury and wrong”to injury and wrong”

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

During the Hellenistic Period, Rome During the Hellenistic Period, Rome rose to prominencerose to prominence

Though the end of the Greek Though the end of the Greek Civilization came, Greek culture Civilization came, Greek culture greatly influence the rising Roman greatly influence the rising Roman CivilizationCivilization