Ancient World HistoryAncient World History

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Early Civilizations in India and Early Civilizations in India and ChinaChina

Section 1Section 1

►Cities of Indus ValleyCities of Indus Valley

Geography of the Indian Geography of the Indian SubcontinentSubcontinent

►Located in the region of South Asia or Located in the region of South Asia or also known as the subcontinent of Indiaalso known as the subcontinent of India Large landmass that jets out from a Large landmass that jets out from a

continentcontinent

►Today the second most populous regionToday the second most populous region►Mountains to the NorthMountains to the North

Including the HimalayasIncluding the Himalayas

Geography of the Indian Geography of the Indian Subcontinent (Con’t)Subcontinent (Con’t)

►RegionsRegions Three major zonesThree major zones

►Northern Plains Northern Plains ►just south of the mountainsjust south of the mountains

Ganges and Indus RiversGanges and Indus Rivers► Named India after the Indus RiverNamed India after the Indus River

►Deccan PlateausDeccan Plateaus Very arid and sparsely populatedVery arid and sparsely populated

►Coastal PlainsCoastal Plains Heavy monsoon rainsHeavy monsoon rains Major fishing and trading regionMajor fishing and trading region

Geography of the Indian Geography of the Indian Subcontinent (Con’t)Subcontinent (Con’t)

►MonsoonsMonsoons October, dry hot winds hit IndiaOctober, dry hot winds hit India May-JuneMay-June

►West summer monsoonsWest summer monsoons►Delicate balance of rain desiredDelicate balance of rain desired

►Cultural diversityCultural diversity A Big number of languages, customs and A Big number of languages, customs and

traditionstraditions

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization

► Original civilization appeared in about 2500 Original civilization appeared in about 2500 B.C. near Pakistan on the Indus RiverB.C. near Pakistan on the Indus River Mysteriously vanishedMysteriously vanished

► Well Planned CitiesWell Planned Cities Two main citiesTwo main cities

► Harappa and Mohenjor DaroHarappa and Mohenjor Daro 3 mile circumference city with huge warehouses3 mile circumference city with huge warehouses

► Laid out in a grid patternLaid out in a grid pattern Semi-modern plumbingSemi-modern plumbing Merchants had a uniform system of measure Merchants had a uniform system of measure

and weightsand weights► Assumed well organized government and Assumed well organized government and

leadersleaders

Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization (Con’t)(Con’t)

►People also known as DravidiansPeople also known as Dravidians►Farming and TradeFarming and Trade

Most people were farmersMost people were farmers►First to cultivate cotton and weave it into clothFirst to cultivate cotton and weave it into cloth

Some people were merchants and tradersSome people were merchants and traders►Sailed all the way to SumerSailed all the way to Sumer

►Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs PolytheisticPolytheistic

►Mother Goddess source of creationMother Goddess source of creation

Decline and DisappearanceDecline and Disappearance

►Cities began losing quality of lifeCities began losing quality of life►Possibly over ran by the Aryans with Possibly over ran by the Aryans with

their horse drawn chariotstheir horse drawn chariots Aryans are from Ganges River regionAryans are from Ganges River region

Section 2Section 2

►Kingdom of the GangesKingdom of the Ganges

Aryan CivilizationAryan Civilization

► Warriors from the Ganges River regionWarriors from the Ganges River region Most history comes from VedesMost history comes from Vedes

► Collection of prayersCollection of prayers Mostly nomadic herders who greatly valued Mostly nomadic herders who greatly valued

cattlecattle► Aryan SocietyAryan Society

Three Groups workThree Groups work► Brahmins: PriestBrahmins: Priest► Kshatriyas: WarriorsKshatriyas: Warriors► Vaisyas: Herders, merchants, farmers, artisansVaisyas: Herders, merchants, farmers, artisans► Sudras: Farm workers, LaborersSudras: Farm workers, Laborers

Gave rise to a caste systemGave rise to a caste system► Social groups people are born into and cannot changeSocial groups people are born into and cannot change

Aryan Civilization (Con’t)Aryan Civilization (Con’t)

►Aryan Religious BeliefsAryan Religious Beliefs PolytheisticPolytheistic Fierce IndraFierce Indra

►Main Deity, God of WarMain Deity, God of War►Weapon was a ThunderboltWeapon was a Thunderbolt

Also honored monkey and snake GodsAlso honored monkey and snake Gods However began moving to a single However began moving to a single

spiritual power, Brahamspiritual power, Braham►Spiritual power that resided in all thingsSpiritual power that resided in all things►Led to MysticsLed to Mystics

People who devote lives to seeking spiritual truthPeople who devote lives to seeking spiritual truth

Expansion and ChangeExpansion and Change

►Aryans were led by RajahsAryans were led by Rajahs Skilled war leaders, elected by assembly of Skilled war leaders, elected by assembly of

warriorswarriors

►From nomads to farmersFrom nomads to farmers Learned farming from those they conqueredLearned farming from those they conquered By 800 B.C. learned to make tools out of ironBy 800 B.C. learned to make tools out of iron By 500 B.C. Indian Civilization emergedBy 500 B.C. Indian Civilization emerged

►Blended by Aryans and DravidiansBlended by Aryans and Dravidians►New written language of sanskritNew written language of sanskrit

Built no cities and left no statues

Nomadic warriors

People born into castes, or social groups, which they could not change

Felt superior to the peoplethey conquered

Polytheistic

Religious teachings from the Vedas

The Aryans destroyed and looted the civilization of the Indus Valley and built a new Indian civilization, which reflected the following characteristics:

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Aryan CivilizationAryan CivilizationAryan CivilizationAryan Civilization

Epic CivilizationEpic Civilization

►MahabharataMahabharata India’s greatest epicIndia’s greatest epic Contains Bhagavad-GitaContains Bhagavad-Gita

►Shows Indian religious belief and becomes Shows Indian religious belief and becomes foundation of Hindu religionfoundation of Hindu religion

►RamayanaRamayana Epic hero Rama saves his beautiful bride Epic hero Rama saves his beautiful bride

SitaSita►Rama and Sita become the model for men and Rama and Sita become the model for men and

women in Indian Culturewomen in Indian Culture

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

►Aryan’s help bring about the religions Aryan’s help bring about the religions of Hinduism and Buddhismof Hinduism and Buddhism

Section 3Section 3

►Early Civilization in ChinaEarly Civilization in China

The Geography of ChinaThe Geography of China

►Most isolated of all early civilizationsMost isolated of all early civilizations►Geographic barriersGeographic barriers

West and southwest of China lies West and southwest of China lies MountainsMountains

►Tien Shan and Himalayan MountainsTien Shan and Himalayan Mountains North of China lies DesertNorth of China lies Desert

►Gobi DesertGobi Desert Southeast of China lies thick junglesSoutheast of China lies thick jungles East of ChinaEast of China

►Pacific OceanPacific Ocean China Traded, even to the Middle EastChina Traded, even to the Middle East

The Geography of China The Geography of China (Con’t)(Con’t)

► Main RegionsMain Regions RiversRivers

► Huang He (Yellow) River and Yangzi RiverHuang He (Yellow) River and Yangzi River

RegionsRegions► Xinjiang, Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet (Xizang)Xinjiang, Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet (Xizang)

Most nomadic people in these regionsMost nomadic people in these regions

The River of SorrowsThe River of Sorrows► Civilization started near Huang HeCivilization started near Huang He► Needed to control riverNeeded to control river

Yellow from loessYellow from loess► Wind blown yellow soilWind blown yellow soil

► Flooding Devastated the regionFlooding Devastated the region

China Under the ShangChina Under the Shang

► 1650 B.C. to 1027 B.C. Northern corner of 1650 B.C. to 1027 B.C. Northern corner of China ruled by the Shang DynastyChina ruled by the Shang Dynasty

► GovernmentGovernment Kings ruled small areas with Nobles governing Kings ruled small areas with Nobles governing

most lands as clansmost lands as clans► Groups of familiesGroups of families

Social ClassesSocial Classes► Mirrored other early civilizationsMirrored other early civilizations

Peasant LifePeasant Life► Most people were peasants living in farming villagesMost people were peasants living in farming villages

Everyone farmed, built dikes, and fought alongside Everyone farmed, built dikes, and fought alongside their Lordstheir Lords

Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs

►PolytheisticPolytheistic Chief Goddess Shang DiChief Goddess Shang Di

►Brought Plants and Animals to earthBrought Plants and Animals to earth Did not pray to the God, but instead to Did not pray to the God, but instead to

great ancestorsgreat ancestors►Delicate balance between Yin and Delicate balance between Yin and

YangYang YinYin

►Earth, darkness and female forcesEarth, darkness and female forces YangYang

►Heaven, light, and male forcesHeaven, light, and male forces

System of WritingSystem of Writing

►Used both pictographs and ideographsUsed both pictographs and ideographs►Consulting the Ancestors for WisdomConsulting the Ancestors for Wisdom

Oracle BonesOracle Bones►Wrote questions on a boneWrote questions on a bone►Heated it up till the bone crackedHeated it up till the bone cracked►Interpreted the cracksInterpreted the cracks

System of Writing (Con’t)System of Writing (Con’t)

►A difficult studyA difficult study Chinese people must memorize up to Chinese people must memorize up to

10,000- characters10,000- characters►Each means a letter, word or ideaEach means a letter, word or idea

Used calligraphyUsed calligraphy►Fine handwritingFine handwriting

A force for unityA force for unity►Spoken language was different throughout Spoken language was different throughout

the regions of China, but the written the regions of China, but the written language stayed the samelanguage stayed the same

The Zhou DynastyThe Zhou Dynasty

►Zhou from Western China overthrew Zhou from Western China overthrew Shang DynastyShang Dynasty

►Promoted Mandate of HeavenPromoted Mandate of Heaven Divine right to ruleDivine right to rule Became a Dynastic CycleBecame a Dynastic Cycle

►Dynasty in power till weak or corruptDynasty in power till weak or corrupt►Then taken over by another DynastyThen taken over by another Dynasty►Floods and Catastrophes signaled end of Floods and Catastrophes signaled end of

DynastyDynasty

Gained control of corner of Gained control of corner of northern China along Huang northern China along Huang He.He.

Drove off nomads from Drove off nomads from northern steppes and deserts.northern steppes and deserts.

Held complex religious beliefs.Held complex religious beliefs.

Developed written language Developed written language used by all Chinese people. used by all Chinese people.

Overthrew the Shang.Overthrew the Shang.

Promoted idea of Mandate of Promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven.Heaven.

Set up feudal state. Set up feudal state.

Economy and commerce grew. Economy and commerce grew.

Population increased. Population increased.

Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C.–256 B.C.)

Chinese civilization took shape Chinese civilization took shape under the Shang and Zhou.under the Shang and Zhou.

Shang Dynasty (1650 B.C.–1027 B.C.)

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The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of dynasties.

The Dynastic Cycle in The Dynastic Cycle in ChinaChina

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The Zhou Dynasty (Con’t)The Zhou Dynasty (Con’t)

►A Feudal StateA Feudal State Federalism during the Zhou DynastyFederalism during the Zhou Dynasty

►System of government in which Lords governed System of government in which Lords governed their lands but owed support to their rulertheir lands but owed support to their ruler

►Economic GrowthEconomic Growth Ironworking developedIronworking developed Better irrigation, roads, and canalsBetter irrigation, roads, and canals Use of coins, or money economyUse of coins, or money economy

►Population explosionPopulation explosion

Chinese AchievementsChinese Achievements

►Made an accurate 365 ¼ days Made an accurate 365 ¼ days calendarcalendar

►Silk makingSilk making Became biggest exportBecame biggest export

►Later developed trade route to Middle East Later developed trade route to Middle East called called Silk RoadSilk Road

►First BooksFirst Books Made first books of thin wood or bambooMade first books of thin wood or bamboo