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ANCIENT ROME

Wednesday, November 21, 2012

VOCABULARY POWERRoman Republic- Government in which officials were chosen by the people

Senate- A council of nobles that passed laws and handled foreign affairs

Patrician- The landholding upper- class

Plebians- (majority of the population) - farmers, merchants, traders, and artisans

Consuls- Two elected representatives in charge of the military and supervising the government


VOCABULARY POWERTwelve Tables- Codified written laws which caused fair treatment for citizens. Became the foundation for Roman Law

Assemblies- composed of all plebian citizens of Rome to vote.

Punic Wars- Conflicts between Rome and Carthage leading to victory for Rome and control of the Mediterranean basin

Carthage- city-state in North Africa that ruled over a large trading empire.


VOCABULARY POWERHannibal- General of Carthage who crossed the Alps with army and elephants in second Punic War.

Julius Caesar- A Roman general who became dictator (complete power) and ended the Roman Republic.

First Triumvirate- Three person rule- An alliance between Julius Caesar and two others to control Rome- Caesar emerged as dictator having complete power.

Augustus Caesar- First Roman emperor, won the civil war following Caesar's assassination and established the Pax Romana


VOCABULARY POWERPax Romana- 200 year span of Roman peace that began with Augustus Ceasar

Inflation- Decreasing Value of currency

Currency- Money

Roman Empire- Territories ruled by Roman emperors ranging from present day Britain, Germany, North Africa, and Persian Gulf from 27 B.C.- 476 A.D.

Jesus- founder of Christianity the son and incarnation of God.


VOCABULARY POWER

New Testament- 27 books in the Bible that contain the life and teachings of Jesus.

Messiah- savior sent by God.

Apostles- disciples who spread Jesus’ message.

Paul- Apostle of Jesus that spread the teachings of Jesus to non Jews.

Incarnation- spirit or god in human form


VOCABULARY POWERConstantine- Roman emperor who converted to Christianity and made it legal.

Martyrs- People who would choose to die or suffer on behalf of their religion

Persecution- to mistreat or harass

Devaluation- to lose value or worth

Moral Authority- being respected and having good character

Moral decay- loss of faith or beliefs


Aqueducts- Structures that carried waters to cities

Latin- Language of the Romans


ANCIENT ROMAN GEOGRAPHY

Mediterranean Sea

= City of Rome

= Greek Peninsula

Black Sea

Carthage

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mountains

Italian Peninsula

AfricaEgypt


GEOGRAPHY OF ROME

Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers.

Located on the Italian peninsula pushing out to the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea on its eastern coast.

Alps mountains provided some protection

The Mediterranean Sea provided protection and sea- borne commerce (trade along the sea).


ROME


ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

Based on Greek polytheistic religion

Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities and life events


JUPITER

Father of the gods-god of sky and thunder


JUNO

Protector of Love and Marriage


APOLLO

Apollo - god of music and poetry


DIANA

Goddess of wildlife and animals


MINERVA

Roman goddess of

wisdom


VENUS

Roman goddess of loveWednesday, November 21, 2012

IMPACT OF ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

Symbols and images in literature and architecture


ROME


SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Patricians- Powerful Nobility (upper class) few in number

Plebians- Majority of the population (farmers, traders, merchants, etc.)

Slaves- Not based on race; either debt slavery or conquered

in warWednesday, November 21, 2012

CITIZENSHIP IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Citizens included:

Patrician and plebian men

Selected foreigners

Citizens had rights and responsibilities such as paying taxes and military service.


FEATURES OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Representative democracy- elected representatives to serve (Women and foreigners were excluded)

Assemblies- comprised of all plebian citizens to vote

The Senate- Council of 300 nobles that passed all of the laws and handled foreign affairs.

Consuls- Two leaders chosen from the Senate by the Assembly (1 year terms). One Consul usually ruled over the Senate while the other controlled the Army.

Law of Rome codified as Twelve Tables (written down laws)


PUNIC WARS264- 146 B.C.E.

Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.

Carthage was the richest city in the Mediterranean

A series of three wars occurred between Rome and Carthage

During the second war, a Carthaginian general named Hannibal, crossed the Alps mountains and invaded the Italian peninsula and established small victories, but was later defeated.

These three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome.


HANNIBAL CROSSING THE ALPS


BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SPREAD OF

ROMAN CULTURE

Roman Republic eventually begins turning into the Roman Empire stretching from the Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)

Western Europe (Gaul -Present day France & British Isles)


FROM CITY TO EMPIRE


DECLINE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Roman Republic went into a civil war and was replaced by the Roman Empire.

Causes of the decline of the Roman Republic include:

1. Spread of slavery in the agricultural system

2. Farmers were unemployed and migrated to cities

3. Civil war in Rome over the power of Julius Casear.

4. Devaluation (loss of worth) of Roman currency which caused inflation


ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF IMPERIAL ROME

Julius Caesar ended the republic and began the period of the empire.

He began to seize total power of this empire by creating the First Triumvirate which was a three person rule.

Caesar later seized total power (became dictator) before he was assassinated by senators on the Ides of March


ROMAN EMPIREAfter his death, a second triumvirate is formed dividing the empire between Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius), Marc Antony, and Lepidus

Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius) eventually gains power after a civil war with Marc Anthony and becomes Rome’s first emperor.

Roman Empire- Unified and enlarged using imperial (with an emperor) authority and the military

HOWEVER, there was a failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors--(leads to the collapse of the Empire)


THE PAX ROMANA

The Pax Romana was two centuries (200 years) of peace and prosperity under imperial (empire) rule

Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the near east


ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA

Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade

Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads

Promoted prosperity and stability


SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE PAX ROMANA

Returned stability to social classes

Increased emphasis on the family


POLITICAL IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA

Created a civil service system

Developed a uniform rule of law.


ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY

Had its roots in Judaism

Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah

Conflicted with the polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire


BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, AND CUSTOMS OF CHRISTIANITY

Monotheism

Jesus as both the Son and incarnation (human form) of God

NEW TESTAMENT, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians

Christian doctrine established by early church councils


SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY

Popularity of the message-- Appealed to all people (poor and rich)

Early martyrs inspired others

Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire


IMPACT OF THE CHURCH OF ROME

The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal.

Christianity later became the official state religion

The Church became a source of moral authority.

Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.

The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.


CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME


ART AND ARCHITECTURE Pantheon


ART AND ARCHITECTUREColosseum


ART AND ARCHITECTUREForum


TECHNOLOGY

Roads

Roman Arches

Aqueducts (structures that carried waters to cities)


CONTRIBUTIONS

Science: Ptolemy

Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools)

Language: Latin, Romance languages

Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid

Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion


CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME

Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)


DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

Geographic size- Difficulty of defense and administration (hard to protect Rome’s borders)

Economy- The cost of defense and the devaluation of Roman currency

Military- Army membership starting to include non-Romans, resulting in a decline of discipline

Moral decay- people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family

Political problems- Civil conflict and weak administration

Invasion- Attacks on borders by Germanic TribesWednesday, November 21, 2012

DIVIDED ROMAN EMPIRE


DIVISION OF ROMAN EMPIRE

Moved the capital, by emperor Constantine, from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. (Rome was the capital in the West, Constantinople was the capital in the East)

Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 C.E., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor

Eastern Roman Empire became known as the (Byzantine Empire)


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