Ancient Greek Architecture

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WHY AM I GREEK

Dr. Marcin Mateusz Kołakowski

ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Everyone who feels a Greek

is a Greek

The School of Athens, Raphael (1509-1510)

What doeas mean to be a

Greek?

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humanism

Humanistic Anarchy – cosmopolitan

science

Thucydides – the first systematic historian

I know one thing, that I know nothing

Phidias-sculptor,

architect, the Parthenon

Pericles: Our polity does not

copy the laws of neighboring states; w It is called a democracy

Pythagoras

Diogenes : stand a little out of my sun.

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Architecture of Ancient Greece Bibliography

John Boardman, Jose Dorig, Werner Fuchs and Max Hirmer, ‘’The Art and Architecture of Ancient Greece’’, Thames and Hudson, London, (1967)Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative method (2001). Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9.Helen Gardner; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art through the Ages. Thomson Wadsworth, (2004) ISBN 0-15-505090-7.Michael and Reynold Higgins, A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean, Cornell University Press, (1996) ISBN 978-0-8014-3337-5Marian Moffett, Michael Fazio, Lawrence Wodehouse, ‘’A World History of Architecture’’, Lawrence King Publishing, (2003), ISBN 1-85669-353-8.Donald E. Strong, ‘’The Classical World’’, Paul Hamlyn, London (1965)Henri Stierlin, Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon,, Taschen, 2004Marilyn Y. Goldberg, “Greek Temples and Chinese Roofs,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 87, No. 3. (Jul., 1983), pp. 305–310Penrose, F.C., (communicated by Joseph Norman Lockyer), The Orientation of Geek Temples, Nature, v.48, n.1228, May 11.Örjan Wikander, “Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations,” Hesperia, Vol. 59, No. 1. (Jan. -Mar., 1990), pp. 285–290William Rostoker; Elizabeth Gebhard, “The Reproduction of Rooftiles for the Archaic Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, Greece,” Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Summer, 1981), pp. 211–2

STONE AGE

(700 000 BP -3 000)Paleolithic Age (700BP-10 000 BP) (e.g. Archanthropus

700 000 BP -oldest known European man traces of fire) Mezolityc (Franchthi Cave 20 000- 3000 domesticated animals and plants deep-sea fishing) Neolitic ( settlement Sesklo)

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BRONZE AGE

(AEGEAN CIVILIZATION )

Cyclades (Cycladic civilization (3000 BC-2000 BC)Crete (Minoan civilization) ( 2400-1400 BCE)Mainland Mycenaean civilization (c. 1900 BCE – c. 1100 BCE)

BRONZE AGE

Collaps (ca. 1200 BC–800 )

THE HELLENIC PERIOD

900 BC - 323 BC.Archaic (700 - 500 BC)Classical (500 - 323 BC)

THE THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

323 BC to about 146 BC (or arguably as late as 30 BC)

�Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter�Kingdom of Cassander�Kingdom of Lysimachus�Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator� Epiruswave of Greek colonization)

FOLLOWED BY ROMAN RULE OVER THE AREAS GREECE

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http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/01/en/pl/housing/index.html

The earliest indication of human presence in Greece is the human skull found at Petralona in Chalkidiki which belongs to the anthropological type Homo sapiens

praesapiens. The known anthropological and archaeological finds so far allow the division of the Palaeolithic in the Aegean area into Lower (350,000-100,000), Middle (100,000-35,000 ) and Upper Palaeolithic (35,000-11,000 BP).

On the adjacent map the most important sites regarding the study of the Palaeolithic in Greece are marked in red. It is worth mentioning the Cave Theopetra in Thessaly and the Franchthi Cave in Hermion

which were inhabited almost continuously throughout the Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic Period.

Theopetra in Thessaly Just 3 kilometres before reaching Meteora, a huge lime rock rises above the village of Theopetra

STONE AGE

Petralona Anthropological Museum: a loyal draft of the Mausoleum, chamber where the Archanthropus skull was found attached to the cave wall.

THE PETRALONA CAVE AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUM

Antropological Museum, which are situated about 50 km SE of Thessaloniki in Chalkidiki

http://www.aee.gr/english/6petrlona/gen_information/gen_information.html

Archanthropus 700 000 BP

oldest known European mantraces of fire - the earliest, which have ever been lightened by human hands on earth

Archanthropus between Homo erectus (Homo Erectus) and Homo Sapiens (Homo Sapiens).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hFj50NtFjg

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The Mesolithic period corresponds to the

geological period of the Holocene, which was

characterized by a stabilization in geological and

climatic conditions, with direct consequences on

habitation and economy. The Mesolithic in the

Greek area covers a period from 11,000 BP to

6800 BC.

The few so far known Mesolithic sites in Greece

are coastal caves and open sites. The study and

analysis of some of the most famous sites, like

Franchthi, Sidari, Ulbrich Cave and Zaimi Cave,

have not been able to provide a complete picture

of Mesolithic habitation in Greece.

(Franchthi Cave 20 000- 3000 domesticated animals and plants deep-sea fishing)

MESOLITHIC HABITATION IN THE GREEK AREA

The Neolithic Period in the Greek area spans according to archaeological finds the period between 6800-3200 BC. This period was characterized by a stabilization in climaticconditions and subsequently the organization of settlements of a permanent character, by an economy based on the systematic practice of farming, stock-rearing, the exchange of raw materials and products, the production of pottery, and by a multiformity in art. During this period the transition from the hunting, food-gathering and fishing stage that characterized the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Periods, to the productive stage of the Neolithic took place.

The study of the Neolithic Period in Greece was inaugurated with the archaeological investigations of Chr. Tsountas (1899-1906) in Thessaly. These investigations included of the location of 63 Neolithic sites and the excavation of certain settlements, such as Sesklo, Dimini, Argissa etc.

THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD

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Sesklo Neolithic settlement nearby the city of Volos, in Thessaly (central Greece), This settlement gives its name to the first Neolithic culture of Europe, which inhabited Thessaly and parts of Macedonia (Greece). The oldest fragments researched at Sesklo place the civilization's development as far back as 6850 BC with a +/- 660 year margin of error. The first settlements, which predate the 6th millennium BCE, are known as proto-Sesklo (main group) and pre-Sesklo (secondary groups with differentiated characteristics)

very early use of pottery that rivals in age those of the Near East

The peoples of Sesklo built their villages on hillsides near fertile valleys, where they grew wheat and barley, also keeping herds of mainly sheep and goats, though they also had cows, pigs and dogs. Their houses were small, with one or two rooms, built of wood or mudbrick in the early period. Later the construction technique becomes more homogeneous and all homes are built of adobe with stone foundations. In the 6th millennium BCE, the first houses with two levels are found and there is also a clear intentional urbanism.

The Middle Neolithic Period, also known as Seskloculture, was characterized by an exceptional variety in painted decoration, while at the same time the production of good quality monochrome (brown, red and gray-black) vases, which were simple, burnished but also incised continued. In many cases an incised design was combined with a painted decoration on the same vase. During this period local pottery variations, were manifest both in the shapes and the decoration of the vases. Globular pithoid vases with a cylindrical or funnel-shaped neck, basins with flat bases, semiglobular skyphoiwith or without a leg, bowls, jugs and cups with an S-profile and band handles were the most common shapes of vases in all the regions of

http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/01/en/nl/mn/mn_potfr.html

The reconstruction of the Sesklo of the 6th milennium, the period that it gives name to that Early Neolithic culture:You see there's no central "megaron" nor the other characteristics of Diminian construction style. This is the Sesklo that was burned and abandoned for about 4 centuries, along with other Thessalian, Serbian and Macedonian villages of the same EN cultural complex.

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STONE AGE



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BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD






Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea. There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland. Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age. The Cyclades converge with the mainland during the Early Helladic ("Minyan") period and with Crete in the Middle Minoan period. From ca. 1450 (Late Helladic, Late Minoan), the Greek Mycenaean civilization spreads to Crete.

AEGEAN CIVILIZATION

Crete (Minoan civilization)Early Minoan EM 3650-2160 BCEMiddle Minoan MM 2160-1600 BCELate Minoan LM 1600-1170 BCE

Mainland (Helladic period)Early Helladic EH 2800-2100 BCEMiddle Helladic MH 2100-1500 BCELate Helladic LH 1500-1100 BCE

Cyclades (Cycladic civilization)Early Cycladic 3300-2000 BCEKastri = EH II-EH III (ca. 2500-2100) BCEConvergence with MM from ca. 2000 BCE

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STONE AGE



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BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD






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STONE AGE



�

BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD






The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC

MINOAN CIVILIZATION

3650-3000 BC EMIPrepalatial

2900-2300 BC EMII

2300-2160 BC EMIII

2160-1900 BC MMIA

1900-1800 BC MMIBProtopalatial

(Old Palace Period)1800-1700 BC MMII

1700-1640 BC MMIIIANeopalatial

(New Palace Period)1640-1600 BC MMIIIB

1600-1480 BC LMIA

1480-1425 BC LMIB

1425-1390 BC LMIIPostpalatial

(At Knossos, Final Palace

Period)1390-1370 BC LMIIIA1

1370-1340 BC LMIIIA2

1340-1190 BC LMIIIB

1190-1170 BC LMIIIC

1100 BC Subminoan

Crete (Minoan civilization)Early Minoan EM 3650-2160 BCEMiddle Minoan MM 2160-1600 BCELate Minoan LM 1600-1170 BCE

• MOST IMPORTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN CRETE:

KNOSSOS, PHAESTOS, MALIA, TYLISSOS, GORTYS,

• AGIA TRIADA, MOHLOS, GOURNIA, ZAKROS

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http://www.matrifocus.com/BEL02/spotlight.htm

Ariadne "...for the Lady of the Labyrinth, a jar of honey.“ Linear B tablets, Knossos, circa 1500 BCE

Theseus

According to legend, Ariadne was the daughter of King Minos, ruler of Crete, Ariadne fell in love with Theseus, the son of King Aegeus of Athens, who along with nine other Athenian youths and maidens had been chosen to become a human sacrifice to the Minotaur. Hoping to save Theseus, Ariadne slipped him a sword and a ball of string on his way into the Labyrinth. The sword was to defend himself against the monster, and the string was to unwind behind him as he negotiated the twists and turns of the dark underground maze. After meeting and killing the Minotaur in an epic struggle, Theseus was then able to follow the string back to the entrance of the maze, where Ariadne awaited him, and together they set sail for Theseus' home on mainland Greece.

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Along with Heinrich Schliemann, Evans was a pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age. The two men knew of each other and Evans visited Schliemann's sites. Schliemann had planned to excavate at Knossos, but died before fulfilling that dream. Evans bought the site and stepped in to take charge of the project that was then still in its infancy. He continued Schliemann's concept of Mycenaean civilization but soon found that he needed to distinguish another civilization, the Minoan.

Sir ARTHUR JOHN EVANS 1851 –1941) was

a British archaeologist most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete and for developing the concept of Minoan civilization from the structures and artifacts found there and elsewhere throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Evans was the first to define Cretan scripts Linear A and Linear B, as well as an earlier pictographic writing.

http://whosthatgirl-searchme.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/ariadne.html

Sir Arthur Evans, who excavated the palace at Knossos, called "Minoan" after Minos, the legendary king of Crete.This civilization lasted over 1500 years, from 2600-1100 BC, and reached the height of its prosperity in the 18th - 16th centuries.Very little was known about Minoan Crete before the great excavations of Greek and foreign archaeologists that began about 1900, and the discovery of the palaces of Knossos and Phaestos, with their astonishing architecture and wonderful finds.

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Bacchus and Ariadne, by Titian, was completed in 1523.

The "Town Mosaic": models of house facades made of faience plaques from the temple repository ___ from Knossos.

Traditional buildings at Karidi, Agios Georgios.

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Akrotiri on Thera island. West House. Building facades from the miniature fresco. 21st EPCA.

Reconstruction of the foundations and stone paved part of Stoa 7 from palace building at Archanes

� Clay house model from Archanes.23rd EPCA. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund

http://www.nmia.com/~jaybird/ThomasBakerPaintings/minoan_palace_scene.html

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A fresco with partridges from the Caravan seraglio of Knossos, 16th century B.C. from the Palace of Knossos. The original frescoe is at the Heraklion Museum.

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Part of the "worshipers fresco" from Xeste 3, Akrotiri of Thera. Museum of Prehistoric Thera.

Reconstruction of part of a relief fresco with female figure from Pseira and detail of weaving patterns of the garment.

Pylos. Fresco of two women.Chora Museum ____. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund. Lang, M., The Palace of Nestor at

Pylos,

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Iraklion Archaeological Museum Iraklion (Heraklion) Archaeological Museum in the center of Iraklion in Crete houses the largest collection in the world, of items related to the Minoan Civilisation that flourished in Crete 4000 years ago.

Sarcophagi The clay sarcophagi were widely used during the post-palatial period. The dead were laid inside them in contracted position. They are of two types: those in the shape of a chest or a box with four feet and a lid, and those in the shape of a bath. The motifs painted on them are decorative or are taken from nature (schematised flowers, fish, octopuses) or have religious significance (double axes, sacred horns etc). The ship depicted on one of them may symbolize the journey of the deceased to the other world. The one from Agia Triada, made of stone, is unique.

Miniature sculptureClay figurines and others made of stone or precious materials. Figurines and other dedications from the cave of Eileithyia at Inatos in South Crete. The figurines are connected with human fertility: loving couples, pregnant women, and women suckling their babies.

StonewareMainly vases made of marble or semi-precious and precious stones. Those which come from the sacred treasuries of the palaces at Knossos and Zakros are outstanding. A special category is formed by the stone utensils used in religious ritual which carry various representations in relief.

Bull leapers, Iraklion Museum, Crete, Greece

http://www.dilos.com/location/11159

Serpent Goddess of Crete: ancient Minoan civilization, where women were equal to men and the Mother Goddess was the supreme deity. Throughout the ancient world, the serpent was a sign of wisdom and associated with the Goddess.

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Part of a fresco which depicts a woman, the so-called Parisienne from the palace at Knossos, Neopalatial period. Herakleion Archaeological Museum. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

�Great pithoi (Giant clay jars) from the Palace of Knossos

�The pithoi (great clay jars) we see here have relief and rope decorations, a characteristic of the beginning of the New Palace period (1700 - 1450 B.C.), at the Palace of Knossos, Crete.

Vases Belonging to the Vasilike style, the polychrome vases from the Kamares Caves, the vases of plant and marine style and those of the palace style are especially notable

MINOAN POTTERY

Minoan pottery is more than a useful tool for dating the mute Minoan civilization. Its restless sequence of rapidly maturing artistic styles reveal something of Minoan patrons' pleasure in novelty while they assist archaeologists to assign relative dates to the strata of their sites. Pots that contained oils and ointments, exported from 18th century BC Crete, have been found at sites through the Aegean islands and mainland Greece, on Cyprus, along the coastal Syria and in Egypt, showing the wide trading contacts of the Minoans. The extremely fine palace pottery called Kamares ware, and the Late Minoan all-over patterned "Marine style" are the high points of the Minoan pottery tradition.

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Marine and Floral Styles.

Bull's-head Vase from LM II.

SPORT mionian

Recreation of bull-leaping scene. Gialouris, N. (ed.), I Istoria ton

Olympiakon Agonon, Ekdotike Athenon, Athens 1982, p. 17, ill. 4.

Clay bull rhyton with acrobats from Koumasa Mesara. Herakleion Archaeological Museum 4126. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

Ivory statuette of a bull leaper from the palace at Knossos.Herakleion Archaeological Museum. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

Detail of the conical rhyton from Agia Triada with the sport scenes, Late Minoan period. Herakleion Archaeological Museum 498. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

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Conical steatite rhyton with sport scenes from Agia Triada, Late Minoan I period. Herakleion Archaeological Museum 498. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

Reconstruction of the luxury board game zatrikio from Knossos.

Evans, A., The Palace of Minos at Knossos, vol. I, Macmillan, London 1921, ill. V.

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Shelves of Early Minoan pottery, mainly Vasiliki Ware, Heracleion Archaeological Museum at Iraklio.

http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/crete/en/gallery/ag_tri.html

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The Phaistos Disc is a disk of fired clay from the Minoan palace of Phaistos on the Greek island of Crete, possibly dating to the middle or late Minoan Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). It is about 15 cm in diameter and covered on both sides with a spiral of stamped symbols. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture, remain disputed, making it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology. This unique object is now on display at the archaeological museum of Heraklion.

Phaistos Disc

Linear A is one of two scripts used in ancient Crete before Mycenaean Greek Linear B; Cretan hieroglyphs is the second script. In Minoan times, before the Mycenaean Greek dominion, Linear A was the official script for the palaces and religious activities, and hieroglyphs were mainly used on seals. These three scripts were discovered and named by Arthur Evans. In 1952, Michael Ventris discovered that Linear B is the early form of Greek that is now known as Mycenaean. He and others used this information to achieve a significant and well accepted decipherment of Linear B, although many points remain to be clarified. A failure to discover the language of Linear A has prevented progress in the decipherment of Linear B.

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Plaster tripod offering tables and horns of consecration.. 23rd EPCA. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

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double axes from Arkalochori Cave -Neopalatial period. Herakleion Archaeological Museum. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

Tools for woodwork.

MINOAN METAL TOOLS.

Mould for axe manufacture of the Middle Minoan period

Bronze bossed bowl, Late Minoan I period.Mitsotakis Collection, Coll.

Copper cup, Late Minoan IIIB period.Mitsotakis Collection, Coll.

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The Boxing Boys fresco from Akrotiri on Thera.Athens, National Archaeological Museum. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

Palace Style amphora with helmet, Katsambas - Late Minoan II period.

Part of a fresco with a woman dancing from the palace at Knossos.Herakleion Archaeological Museum. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

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From the Palace of Knossos, the famous "bull leapers" fresco from the East wing of the palace, dated around 15th century B.C. The different phases of the sport are shown. The bull leapers are both men and women.

Faience plaque with wild goat from the Temple Repository of Knossos, Middle Minoan III period.Herakleion Archaeological Museum 68. Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Receipts Fund.

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Diagrammatic plan of the west court of the palace at Knossos.

Reconstruction of the tholos tomb A at Archanes.

http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/crete/en/gallery/tholos_a.html

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Artist's impression on the Palace of Knossos

Palace of Knossos.

Floor plan of the Palace of Knossoshttp://www.dilos.com/region/crete/minoan_labyrinth.html

Water management

The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.

Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill from springs at Archanes, about 10 km away. Springs there are the source of the Kairatos river, in the valley in which Kephala is located. The aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity feed through terracotta pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. No hidden springs have been discovered as at Mycenae.

Reconstruction of part of the palace at Knossos. Most of the details are conjectural and reflect the ideas of the original excavator, Sir Arthur Evans. But the overall impression must be close to reality. From The Greek World edited by Robert Browning

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http://hgustafs.myweb.usf.edu/

OFFICIAL

PUBLIC PART

PRIVAE

PUBLIC PART

CENTRAL

COURTYARD

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Knossos Palace, is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete

The site has had a very long history of human habitation, beginning with the founding of the first Neolithic settlement circa 7,000 BC. Over time and during several different phases that had their own social dynamic, Knossos grew until, by the 19th to 16th centuries BC (during the 'Old Palace' and the succeeding 'Neo-palatial' periods), the settlement possessed not only a monumental administrative and religious center (i.e., the Palace), but also a city with a population of up to 100,000.The site was destroyed by fire but has been reconstructed.

The great palace was gradually built between 1700 and 1400 BC

Minoan columns of Knossos Palace:

The palace has distinguished red wooden columns unlike the stone Greek ones. While most Greek columns are smaller at the top and wider at the bottom, Minoan’s are the opposite with a smaller base and a wider top. The columns at the Palace were mounted on stone bases and had round, pillow like tops.

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The Great Propylea at the south entrance of the palace as it stands today in the Palace of Knossos

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Artist's impression of the room with the double axes at the Palace of Knossos

From the Palace of Knossos, Southern house of the High Priest

Upper hall of ceremonies of the western wing at the Palace of Knossos.

http://www.dilos.com/region/crete/minoan_pictures.html

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Magazines at the West courtyard at the Palace of Knossos A partial view of the central court at the

Palace of Knossos as it stands today

Interior detail from the Palace of Knossos

The throne of King Minos stands today in the Palace of Knossos

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Recreation of Stoa 7 of the palace building at Archanes

The "Queen's Megaron" at Knossos (reconstruciton by Piet de Jong).

Minoan palaces (anaktora) are the best known building types to have been excavated on the island. They are monumental buildings serving administrative purposes as evidenced by the large archives unearthed by archaeologists. Each of the palaces excavated to date has its own unique features, but they also share features which set them apart from other structures. The palaces were often multi-storied, with interior and exterior staircases, light wells, massive columns, storage magazines and courtyards.

MINOAN PALACES (ANAKTORA)

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Palaikastro. Excavation plan through 1906, with blocks. Plan of Karphi.

The Hagia Triada sarcophagus is a late Bronze Age 137 cm-long limestone sarcophagus. It was originally dated to 1400 BC and was rediscovered in Hagia Triada on Crete in 1903. It provides probably the most comprehensive iconography of a pre-Homeric thysiastikis ceremony and one of the best pieces of information on noble burial customs when Crete was under Mycenaean rule, combining features of Minoan and Mycenaean style and subject matter

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Reconstruction of the bathroom in the private apartments of the palace at Knossos.

The palace at Phaistos.

http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/crete/en/gallery/phaistos.html

Plan of the palace at Mallia.

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Examples of Minoan porticoes

Plato : Atlantis

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Ancient Thera (Αρχαία Θήρα) & MINOAN ERUPTION

The Minoan eruption of Thera, (Santorini event), was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption, which is estimated to have occurred in the mid second millennium BCE (1500 -1600BCE), The eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history, (with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7) The eruption devastated the island of Thera (also called Santorini), including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete. It has been speculated that the Minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at Akrotiri provided the basis for or otherwise inspired Plato's story of Atlantis

THERA

The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean world. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption. radiocarbon dating analysis of an olive tree buried beneath a lava flow from the volcano indicate that the eruption occurred between 1627 BCE and 1600 BCE

Since Thera's culture at the time of destruction was similar to the Late Minoan IA (LMIA) culture on Crete, LMIA is the baseline to establish chronology elsewhere. The eruption also aligns with Late Cycladic I (LCI) and Late Helladic I (LHI) cultures, but predates Peloponnesian LHI

Thera was an island colony of the Minoan civilization of seafarers that was centered on the island of Crete , off the southern coast of Greece, and was the forerunner of classical Greek culture. Located on the island known today as Santorini, Thera was destroyed and buried when the island exploded in a catastrophic volcanic eruption around 1630 BC., an event that may have ultimately doomed the entire Minoan world

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Excavation of Akrotiri on Thera

The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of pumice

Image of a town

Excavations starting in 1967 at the site called Akrotiri under the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known "Minoan" site outside of Crete, the homeland of the culture

A loom-workshop suggests organized textileweaving for export. This Bronze Age civilization thrived between 3000 to 2000 BC, and reached its peak in the period 2000 to 1580 BC

The only gold object found at the excavation of Akrotiri, a small sculpture of an ibex that was hidden under a floor; a thorough evacuation in advance of the catastrophe must have occurred since few artifacts and no corpses were buried in the ash

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Boxing youthFisherman Woman with papyrus

wall murals such as this one, that I have named "Woman With a Necklace

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"The Saffron Gatherer"A reproduction of an ancient Theran wall mural(approx. 3600 years old) by Thomas Baker

Reproduction of a Theran wall mural"Woman With a Necklace"

Eproduction by Thomas Baker

Fresco ship procession or flotilla. Frieze from the West House

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Reconstruction of the capital of Atlantis according to Plato's description, drawn by Walter Heiland in Albert Herrmann's Unsere Ahnen und Atlantis

(1934)

MINOAN ERUPTION

The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean world.

The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption, was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a Dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 60 km3 (14 cu mi), which is estimated to have occurred in the mid second millennium BCE. The eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history

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Minoan eruptionSANTORINITHERA

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STONE AGE

(700 000 BP -3 000)Paleolithic Age (700BP-10 000 BP) (e.g. Archanthropus 700 000 BP -oldest known European man traces of fire) Mezolityc (Franchthi Cave 20 000- 3000 domesticated animals and plants deep-sea fishing) Neolitic ( settlement Sesklo)

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BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD





MYCENAEAN GREECE (c. 1900 BC – c. 1100 BC)

Bronze AgeGreece

Mycenae

Quite unlike the Minoans, whose society benefited from trade, the Mycenaeans advanced through conquest. Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC, the Mycenaean extended their control to Crete, center of the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form of the Minoan script (called Linear A) to write their early form of Greek in Linear B.

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Discovered by

Heinrich Schliemann

Mycenaean civilization

MYCENAE

Reconstruction of Mycenae, c. 1400-1200

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In the second millennium BC Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae.

MYCENAEAN

Lions Gate Mycenae

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Rock crystal vase in the shape of a duck - Grave Circle B

Material gold Created 1550 BC – 1500 BC

Mask of Agamemnon

The Tomb of Agamemnon (Treasury of Atreus)- one of a number of 'beehive' tombs found in the vicinity of the ancient site of Mycenae. It is by far the best preserved of these tholos tombs, although the others are worth a visit as well.

MYCENAEAN GREECE (c. 1900 BC – c. 1100 BC)

The 'Beehive' tombs -Altogether nine of these tombs have been unearthed at Mycenae. Some of them are barely recognizable, others have just the entrance walls standing and the dome roofs have fallen in. The tombs consist of a passageway, or dromos, which leads to the entrance, usually a massive doorway. Inside is the tholos, or round room with a domed roof. The tombs were constructed between 1510 BC and 1220 BC.

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Treasury of Atreus

The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnonis an impressive "tholos" tomb on the Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae, Greece, constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BCE. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons, the largest in the world. The tomb was used for an unknown period. Mentioned by Pausanias, it was still visible in 1879 when the German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the 'agora' in the Acropolis at Mycenae

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Schematic plan of a megaron complex. 1: anteroom, 2: hall (main room), 3: columns in Porch and hall

The megaron (plural megara) (Ancient Greek:

μέγαρον) is the great hall of the

Grecian palace complexes. It was a rectangular hall, fronted by an open, two-columned porch, and a more or less central, open hearth vented though an oculus in the roof above it and surrounded by four columns. It is the architectural predecessor of the classical Greek temple.It was used for poetry, feasts, worship, sacrifice, formal royal functions, councils, and is said to be where guests of the king would stay during their visits.

THE MEGARON

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Nestor house

Archaeological Museum of Chora, Trifylia, Messinia (near the Nestor palace)

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Tiryns ( Τίρυνς; ) is a Mycenaean archaeological site

TIRYNS

STONE AGE



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BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE COLLAPS

(ca. 1200 BC–800 ) Fall of Troy Greek Dark Ages

THE HELLENIC PERIOD






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12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa

BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE

collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria,[1] and the New Kingdom of Egypt in Syria and Canaan[2] interrupted trade routes and severely reduced literacy. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Pylos and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter: examples include Hattusa, Mycenae, and Ugarit

The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the eventual rise of settled Syro-Hittite states in Cilicia and Syria, Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BCE in the Levant, and the eventual rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

The Battle of the Delta. Relief from the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu.

The city of Troy was destroyed many times and rebuilt. Archeologists have found 9 different levels of Troy. Troy 6 and Troy 7 are the likely candidates for the Troy of the Trojan War. Troy 7a is most likely to be the Troy destroyed by a great war and immortalized as a distant legend by Homer in his stories about The Trojan War in The Iliad and The Odyssey. It existed mid- to late-13th century BC and was destroyed about 1190 BC. This city lasted for around 100 years and was abandoned after its destruction until about 700 BC.The city appears to have been destroyed by a

war, but it is not yet clear. There have been discoveries that suggest people who died by violence - partial human remains and bronze arrowheads. A human skull, a human jawbone and a full skeleton suggest that there were no survivors of the catastrophe that ended Troy VII, with no one to bury the dead. All the inhabitants may have been killed or enslaved. Further excavation should answer this question.

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Troy 7a

GREEK DARK AGES (ca. 1200 BC–750 BC)Called also Geometric Age or Homeric Age

The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece. The latter were named Dorian by the ancient Greek writers after the historical population that owned them, the Dorians.

The Dorians colonised a number of sites on Crete such as Lato

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Proto-geometric pottery, but of Athens, not Sparta.

Geometric pottery, Dorian Argos.

Additional progress in the search for the Dorian invasion resulted from the decipherment of Linear B inscriptions. The language of the Linear B texts is an early form of Greek now known as Mycenaean Greek. Comparing it with the later Greek dialects

Linear B

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Greek is now widely believed to be the product of contact between Indo-European immigrants and the speakers of the indigenous languages of the Balkan peninsula beginning c. 2,000 B.C

The Greek Dark Age or Ages

also known as Geometric or Homeric Age (ca. 1200 BC–800 BC) are terms which have regularly been used to refer to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian

invasion and end of the Mycenaean Palatial

civilization around 1200 BC, to the first signs of the Greek

city-states in the 9th century BC. These terms are gradually going out of use, since the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions (thus "dark") has been shown to be an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history

Many explanations attribute the fall of the Mycenaean civilization and the Bronze Age collapse to climatic or environmental catastrophe combined with an invasion by Dorians or by the Sea Peoples or the widespread availability of edged weapons of iron, but no single explanation fits the available archaeological evidence.

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The remains of a 10th century building, including a

megaron, on the top of the ridge have led to

speculation that this was the chieftain’s house. This was a larger structure than those surrounding it but

it was still made from the same materials

(mud brick and thatched roof). It

was perhaps also a place of communal storage of

food and of religious significance. High status individuals did in fact exist in the Dark Age, but their

standard of living was not significantly higher than others of their village. Most Greeks did not live

in isolated farmsteads but in small

settlements. It is likely that, as at the dawn

of the historical period two or three hundred years later, the main economic resources for each family was the ancestral plot of land of the oikos, the kleros

or allotment; without this a man could not marry

NICHORIA

Nichoria reached its greatest extent (5 hectares) in LHIIIA:2, and even sported a royal megaron; although it was always smaller. Nichoria became subordinate to Pylos and lost the use of its megaron

LEFKANDI

Heroön at Lefkandi. Dated to the first half of the 10th century B.

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STONE AGE



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BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD

900 BC - 323 BC.Archaic (700 - 500 BC) (sometimes called Archaic Greece)

Classical (500 - 323 BC) (sometimes called Clasical Greece)





Classical Greece was a 200 year period in Greek culture lasting from the 5th through 4th centuries BC

Ideologically:

Freedom and individual independence

Isodomia: equal right among free men

Human being is the centre

of their culture: everything is

done at man’s measure

Rich mythology and religion:

gods were used to express

beauty ideal.

Reason, observation and

experience are the basis for

the reality: Philosophy and

Sciences developed

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The Hellenic period commenced circa 900 BC, (with substantial works of architecture appearing from about 600 BC) and ended with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.

THE HELLENIC PERIOD

Couples dancing to the sound of the aulos. Neck of a proto-Attic loutrophoros.

circa 690 BC

Protogeometric amphora, BM

PROTOGEOMETRICAL period (c. 1050-900 BC.)

GEOMETRIC ART9th - 8th centuries BC

ORIENTALIZING STYLE 7th - 8th

GEOMETRIC ART

circa 760 BC

circa 1000 BCProto-Corinthian with registers of lions, bulls, ibex and sphinxes

Circa 620-750 BC

The deeds of Theseus, on an Attic red-figured kylix, ca. 440–430 BCE (British Museum)

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BLACK FIGURE

middle to late Archaic, from c. 620 to 480 BC

RED FIGURE

The wedding of Thetis, pyxis by the Wedding Painter, circa 470/460 BCE. Paris: Louvre

Dionysos on a boat, black-figure kylix by Exekias, circa 530 BCE

Erotic scene on an oinochoe by the Shuvalov Painter, circa 430 BCE. Berlin: Altes Museum.

Judgement of Paris, Painter of the Wedding Procession, circa 360 BCE. Malibu: Getty Museum.

Kleobis and Biton, kouroi of the Archaic

period, c. 580 B.C. Held at the Delphi Archaeological Museum.

"Sacred Gate kouros". Marble, ca. 600-590 BC

Peplos kore, circa 530 BCE, Athens, Acropolis Museum.

the standing nude youth (KOUROS), the standing draped girl (KORE),

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Family group on a grave marker from Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Athens

320 BCE

Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE

The

Victorious

Youth c. 310 BCE

320 th century BC

Horse with young jockey 140 BC

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Horse with young jockey 140 BC

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1 BC

Group of Aphrodite Aphrodite , Pan and Eros100BC

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The statue of Laocoön and His Sons

25 BC White marbleVatican Museums, Vatican City

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Architecture of the classical period • Greek created equilibrate and proportional

works

• It is an architecture to be seen (temple)

– Sculptural values, volumes

– Building is conceived as an sculpture

• Beauty= proportion and measure:

– it is conceived from the human point of view

– it is anti-colossal

• The organization of the polis did not help the development of the palace.

• Temple is the essential building, residence of the god, not a place for people

• Other constructions combined beauty with practical solutions:

– Theatres

– Sanctuaries

– Gymnasiums

Importance of urbanism: Hipodamus from Mileto created the orthogonal planning

Building systems

It has lintels, and it is apparently serene and equilibrateDominant lines are horizontal and verticalThe column is the essential elementBuilding materials limestone and white marbleWalls are made of regular ashlars, without mortar (stretcher and header bond= soga y tizón)Buildings were polychrome There are not fixed measures, this is why there are different orders

GREEK TEMPLE

It is based on the pre-Hellenic

megaron

Structure:

Rectangular plan

Longitudinal axes

Circular temples existed too: Tholos

Internal distribution:

One to three naves

Pronaos : Open entrance

Naos or cella: chapel for God’s

image

Opistodomos: room for holding

the treasure of the temple

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1. Tympanum,2. Acroterium, 3. Sima4. Cornice5. Mutules

7. Freize8. Triglyph9. Metope

10. Regula11. Gutta

12. Taenia13. Architrave 14. Capital 15. Abacus 16. Echinus 17. Column 18. Fluting 19. Stylobate

PARTS OF AN ANCIENT GREEK TEMPLE OF THE DORIC ORDER:

Tympanum [1] - In architecture, a tympanum (plural, tympana) is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by a lintel and arch. It often contains sculpture or other imagery or ornaments

A pediment [1+3 +4] is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding. The tympanum, or triangular area within the pediment, was often decorated with sculptures and reliefs demonstrating scenes of Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures

technical term

number of columns at front

distyle 2 columns

tetrastyle 4 columns, term used by Vitruvius

hexastyle 6 columns, term used by Vitruvius

octastyle 8 columns

decastyle 10 columns

An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. Modern scholarship uses the following terms:

Naos Pronaos Cella Adyton (exceptional)

Opisthodomos (sometimes omitted)

Depending on the disposition of the columns in the portico:In antis: the pillars of the side exceed the wallProstyle: columns only in one façadeAnphiprostyle: columns in both façadesPeripteral: columns around the buildingDipteral: double columns around the buildingMonopteral (Tholos) : circular

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Stylistically, Ancient Greek architecture is divided into three “orders”: the

DORIC ORDER, the IONIC ORDER and

the CORINTHIAN ORDER, the names reflecting

their origins. While the three orders are most easily recognizable by

their capitals, the orders also governed the form, proportions, details and relationships of the

columns, entablature, pediment and the stylobate. The different

orders were applied to the whole range of buildings and monuments.

Doric Order showing simple curved echinus of capital

Ionic Order showing volutes and ornamented echinus

the Corinthian Order showing foliate decoration and vertical volutes.

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DORIC ORDER

• Of the three columns found in Greece, Doric columns are the simplest. They have a capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order. The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze [pronounced "freeze"], had simple patterns. Above the columns are the metopes and triglyphs. The metope [pronounced "met-o-pee"] is a plain, smooth stone section between triglyphs. Sometimes the metopes had statues of heroes or gods on them. The triglyphs are a pattern of 3 vertical lines between the metopes.

• There are many examples of ancient Doric buildings. Perhaps the most famous one is the Parthenon in Athens, which is probably the most famous and most studied building on Earth. Buildings built even now borrow some parts of the Doric order.

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The Doric order of the Parthenon

The Roman Doric order from the Theater of Marcellus: triglyphs centered over the end column

THE

DORIC

CORNER

CONFLICT

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A refinement of the Doric Column is the entasis, a gentle convex swelling to the profile of the column, which prevents an optical illusion of concavity

Exaggerated sketch of the curvature of a Doric temple.

OPTICAL ILUSION IN ARCHITECTURE

Finding for idealism

• Greek aimed at creating visually perfect buildings

• To correct optical distortions they

used several resources:

– Curved tablature and stilobatus

– Columns inclined towards the inside

– Entasis: columns are wider in the

middle

– Corner columns are wider than the

rest

– Different distances between columns

• All these deformation corrected optical errors and buildings seemed to be perfect.

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An example of the early archaic Doric order- Temple of Poseidon in Paestum, Great Grece (today Italy) 484 BCE

TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, CORFU

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The reconstructed Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate their victory at the Battle of Marathon.

The Doric Order

The Temple of Hephaestos,

Athens, is a well-preserved

temple of peripteral

hexastyle plan.

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http://www.arquitectura-antigua.es/grecia/el-partenon.htm

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Northington Grange England - Europe's first house designed with all external detail of a Greek temple.

IONIC ORDER

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• Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. This makes the columns look slender. They also had flutes, which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: entasis, which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the building from eye level, the shafts would appear to get narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that - so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn't !] . The frieze is plain. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings. Ionic capitalsconsist of a scrolls above the shaft. The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric.

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The first of the great Ionic temples was the Temple of Hera on Samos, built about 570 BC–560 BC by the architect Rhoikos.( see below)

The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BC in Ionia, the southwestern coastland and islands of Asia Minor settled by Ionian Greeks, where an Ionian dialect was spoken. The Ionic order column was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC.

The Temple of Athena Nike (Victory) at the Acropolis. The capital style in this building is Ionic, the second style of the three main architectural orders of ancient Greece.

THE IONIC

CORNER

CONFLICT

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Temple of Artemis, artist's reconstruction Temple of Artemis at Ephesus,( one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World)http://yourworldreligions.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/images-of-divine-feminine-western.html

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TholosThe Tholos at the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia is a circular building that was constructed between 380 and 360 BC. It consisted of 20 Doric columns arranged with an exterior diameter of 14.76 meters, with 10 Corinthian columns in the interior.The Tholos is located approximately a half a mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi. Three of the Doric columns have been restored, making it the most popular site at Delphi for tourists to take photographs.Vitruvius (vii, introduction) notes Theodorus the Phocian as the architect of the Round Building which is at Delphi.

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CORINTHIAN ORDER

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• The Corinthian order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people like best. Corinthian also uses entasis to make the shafts look straight. The Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices, which are at a slant.

Corinthian, Corinthian Order.

The slenderest and most ornate of the three Greek orders, characterized by a bell-shaped capital with volutes and two rows of acanthus leaves, and with an elaborate cornice. Much used by Romans for its showiness.This era of craftsmanship was a true showing of hand made work, clean and shapely lines with untamed beauty. It captivates my passion for great architecture and inspires me today for my clients.The Corinthian design inspires me to create original work with style and clean lines, but strong enough to become a heirloom to pass through generations of your family

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The origin of the Corinthian Order, illustrated in Claude Perrault's Vitruvius, 1684

Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens: The Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens is an example of the Corinthian order of architecture. Begun in the 2nd century BCE,

it took almost 700 years to finish. (Photo

Credit: Image Source/Corbis)

http://www.history.com/photos/greek-architecture/photo5

The Temple of Olympian Zeus (Greek: Ναὸς τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου Διός, Naos tou Olympiou Dios), also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the Olympian Zeus, is a colossal ruined temple in the centre of the Greek capital Athens that was dedicated to Zeus, king of the Olympian gods. Construction began in the 6th century BC during the rule of the Athenian tyrants, who envisaged building the greatest temple in the ancient world, but it was not completed until the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD some 638 years after the project had begun. During the Roman periods it was renowned as the largest temple in Greece and housed one of the largest cult statues in the ancient world.

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GRECE as a first UNITED NATIONimportant places in antiant Greece

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http://karenswhimsy.com/ancient-athens.shtm

PIRAEUS AND THE LONG WALLS OF ATHENS, RESTORED

ROAD TO ATHENS

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ACROPOLIS

The majority of the religious buildings were concentrated in the Acropolis, or fortified city built on a mountain near the city. (This is Athens’ Acropolis)Acropolis A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

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1.Parthenon2.Old Temple of Athena3.Erechtheum4.Statue of Athena Promachos5.Propylaea6.Temple of Athena Nike7.Eleusinion8.Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia

or Brauroneion9.Chalkotheke10.Pandroseion11.Arrephorion12.Altar of Athena13.Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus14.Sanctuary of Pandion15.Odeon of Herodes Atticus16.Stoa of Eumenes17.Sanctuary of Asclepius or

Asclepieion18.Theatre of Dionysus

Eleuthereus19.Odeon of Pericles20.Temenos of Dionysus

Eleuthereus21.Aglaureion

ACROPOLIS

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6.Temple of Athena Nike

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Propylaea

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4.Statue of Athena Promachos

View from just inside the Propylaea, looking west; with the statue of Athena Promachos and the Old Athena Temple in the background

Aerial view of the virtual reality Acropolis massing model; showing the Old Athena Temple ghosted

http://www.learningsites.com/Acropolis/Acropolis_html-pgs/Acropolis_1999_OAT.html

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Parthenon

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1.6180339887498948482

GOLDEN RATIO

PARTENON AND GOLDEN RATIO

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A matroneum (earlier also matronaeum; plural: matronea or matronaea) in architecture is a gallery on the interior of a building,

originally intended to accommodate women (whence the derivation from "matron").[

Parthenon interior

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3.Erechtheum

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The Porch of the Caryatids.


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• Propylaea or porch was a monumental entrance to a temenosor holy area

• Fountain houses

• Stoa: long narrow hall with an open colonnade that was used as exhibition room

• Agora: a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

• Palestra or gymnasium, the social centre for male citizens

• Bouleterion or council chamber

• Stadium

• Theatre

Public architecture

1.Parthenon2.Old Temple of Athena3.Erechtheum4.Statue of Athena Promachos5.Propylaea6.Temple of Athena Nike7.Eleusinion8.Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia

or Brauroneion9.Chalkotheke10.Pandroseion11.Arrephorion12.Altar of Athena13.Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus14.Sanctuary of Pandion15.Odeon of Herodes Atticus16.Stoa of Eumenes17.Sanctuary of Asclepius or

Asclepieion18.Theatre of Dionysus

Eleuthereus

19.Odeon of Pericles20.Temenos of Dionysus

Eleuthereus21.Aglaureion

Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus

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Theatre:It was used for meeting and dramatic performancesIt consisted of several parts:

Skene: place for the performance, it was circularOrchestra: first line of seats, for the chorusSeats: divided in areas to made it possible the movementStorage rooms (behind the skene)

There were built on a hillThey have perfect acoustic due to their locationThere were small theatres for reading poetry, they were called odeon.

History of Theatre in Athens: During the sixth century BCE, performances associated with the festivals of Dionysus were probably held in the Athenian agora, with spectators seated on wooden bleachers (ikria) set up around a flat circular area, the orchestra, until the ikria collapsed in the early fifth century BCE, an event attested in ancient sources. After the collapse of the stands, the dramatic and musical contests were moved to the precinct of Dionysus on the slope of the Acropolis. The early theater there must have been very simple, comprising a flat orchestra, with a few rows of wooden or stone benches set into the hill. The oldest orchestra in the theater precinct is thought to have been circular with a diameter of around 30m although there is some debate as to its original size and shape.A wooden scene building (skene) was apparently introduced at the back of the orchestra, serving for the display of artificial scenery and perhaps also to enhance the acoustics.It was in this unpretentious setting that the plays were performed

The Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus ( 4th century BC) south slope of the Athenian Acropolis) is a major open-air theatre and one of the earliest preserved in Athens. It was used for festivals in honor of the god Dionysus. It is sometimes confused with the later and better-preserved Odeon

of Herodes Atticus, (161 AD ) located nearby on the southwest slope of the Acropolis.

By the end of the fifth century BCE, some of the wooden constructions had been replaced with stone..

The Theater of Dionysus in its present general state dates largely to the period of the Athenian statesman Lycurgus (ca. 390-324 BCE), who, as overseer of the city's finances and building program, refurbished the theater in stone in monumental form.

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Theater of Dionysus at Athens

PANATHENAIC STADIUMIn ancient times, the stadium on this site was used to host the athletic portion of the Panathenaic Games, in honor of the Goddess Athena. During classical times, it had wooden seating. In 329 BC it was rebuilt in marble by the archon Lycurgus and in 140 AD was enlarged and renovated by Herodes Atticus, giving a seated capacity of 50,000.

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OLYMPIA

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Temple of Hera, Olympia

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Wilhelm Lübke's illustration of the temple as it might have looked in the 5th century BCE

The Temple of Zeus at Olympia was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC

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DELPHI

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The reconstructed Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate their victory at the Battle of Marathon.

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The Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia - Delphi

Tholos

Tholos

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Tholos


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EPIDAURUS

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STADIUM in EPIDAURUS

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STONE AGE



�

BRONZE AGE



BRONZE AGE


THE HELLENIC PERIOD


THE THE HELLENISTIC

PERIOD323 BC to about 146 BC (or arguably as late as 30 BC)



THE HELLENISTIC PERIODDuring the Hellenistic period, 323 BC - AD 30, Hellenic culture was spread widely, firstly throughout lands conquered by Alexander, and then by the Roman Empire which absorbed much of Greek culture

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Even when the basic nucleus is Greece, this civilization expanded to other regions due to:

Greek colonization (forced by the inner difficulties for communication –difficult relieve, politically divided into polis)

• South of Italy and Sicily (Magna Greece) • Easter Mediterranean coasts (Turkey, Middle East)• Rest of Mediterranean coasts.

• Hellenistic expansion• (Alexander).

cella the chamber at the center of an ancient temple

naos in a classical temple, this room is where the cult statue usually stood

entasis the convex profile in the shaft of a column

acropolis high city

kore statue of a goddess or maiden

pediment the triangular space (gable) at the end of a building, formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade

triglyph a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

peristyle a colonnade all around the cella and its porch(es)

stereobate the first step leading up to a building, such as the Parthenon

frieze the part of an entablature between the architrave and cornice; any scupltured or painted band in a building

Nike athena's attendant who is the personification of victory

parapet a low, protective wall along the edge of a balcony or roof

portico roofed colonnade

caryatid a female figure that functions as a supporting column

kouros statue of male youth

tholos temple with a circular plan

Hellenistic term given to the culture that developed after the death of Alex the Great in 323 BCE and lasted almost 3 centuries until

the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 BCE

entablature the part of a building above the columns and below the roof

metope panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief

volute spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the Ionic order

peripteral single row of columns on all sides

Ancient Greek Architecture

Design

Transcript of Ancient Greek Architecture